Daily Offerings
Numbers 28:1-8
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Num.28.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Exod.25.1 (verbal): Same introductory formula—'And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying'—used to introduce cultic/tabernacle instructions, paralleling Num 28’s opening to sacrificial laws.
- Num.9.1 (structural): Another nearby passage in Numbers that begins with the same divine-address formula to introduce ritual/feast regulations (Passover), showing the canonical pattern for priestly/legal directives.
- Lev.1.1 (structural): Leviticus opens with divine speech to Moses (introducing sacrificial legislation); parallels Num 28’s role as the introduction to offerings and cultic rules.
- Exod.3.4 (thematic): God speaks directly to Moses at the burning bush—a key instance of the divine→Moses communication motif echoed by the formula in Num 28:1.
- Deut.5.4 (thematic): Affirms the motif of God speaking to Israel/Moses from Sinai—contextual background for the authority of the commandments and ritual instructions introduced by 'The LORD spoke to Moses.'
Alternative generated candidates
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
- And the LORD said to Moses,
Num.28.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- צו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואמרת: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- קרבני: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss,1,sg
- לחמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss,1,sg
- לאשי: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss,1,sg
- ריח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ניחחי: ADJ,m,sg
- תשמרו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- להקריב: VERB,hiph,inf
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- במועדו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,pss:3,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 1:9 (verbal): The burnt offering is called an 'odor of sweet savour' to the LORD—uses the same 'sweet‑savour' sacrificial formula found in Numbers 28:2.
- Exodus 29:39 (thematic): Prescribes the daily burnt offerings 'one lamb in the morning, and the other lamb at even'—parallels the requirement to offer sacrifices at prescribed times.
- Leviticus 23:37-39 (structural): Describes offerings associated with the appointed feasts 'in their seasons,' echoing Numbers 28:2's injunction to offer sacrifices 'in their due season.'
- Psalm 141:2 (thematic): Prayer is likened to incense and the evening sacrifice—connects the idea of offerings as a 'pleasing aroma' or 'sweet savour' before God, a theological parallel to Numbers 28:2.
Alternative generated candidates
- “Command the people of Israel and say to them: ‘This is the offering of my burnt offering to be offered to the LORD — a pleasing aroma; you shall be careful to offer it to me at its appointed time.’”
- Command the people of Israel and say to them: These are the offerings of my food for the fire—a pleasing aroma; you shall keep them to offer to me at their appointed time.
Num.28.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואמרת: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
- האשה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- תקריבו: VERB,qal,imprf,2,m,pl
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- כבשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תמימם: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ליום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- תמיד: ADV
Parallels
- Exodus 29:38-42 (verbal): Gives the same prescription of two lambs offered daily (morning and evening) as the continual burnt offering; close verbal and ritual parallel.
- Numbers 28:6-8 (structural): Immediate contextual parallel within the same chapter specifying one lamb in the morning and one at twilight and detailing the continual burnt offering ritual.
- Leviticus 6:12-13 (thematic): Commands the perpetual fire on the altar and the ongoing nature of the burnt offerings, undergirding the idea of a continual (tamid) sacrifice.
- Hebrews 10:11-12 (allusion): New Testament theological contrast: Jewish priests offered continual daily sacrifices, whereas Christ offered one once-for-all sacrifice—explicitly presupposes the practice described in Num.28:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- “And say to them: ‘This is the burnt offering that you shall offer to the LORD: two year‑old lambs, without blemish, offered every day as the continual burnt offering.
- Say to them: This is the offering that you shall present to the LORD: two year-old rams without blemish each day for a continual burnt offering.
Num.28.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- את: PRT,acc
- הכבש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- תעשה: VERB,qal,imf,2,m,sg
- בבקר: PREP
- ואת: CONJ
- הכבש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- השני: ADJ,m,sg,def
- תעשה: VERB,qal,imf,2,m,sg
- בין: PREP
- הערבים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- Exodus 29:38-39 (quotation): Almost identical injunction: two lambs offered day by day, one in the morning and one at evening — the same tamid (daily) offering formula.
- Leviticus 6:12-13 (verbal): Describes the perpetual fire and the continual offerings on the altar, linking the morning/evening sacrificial rhythm and the never‑ceasing cultic routine.
- Exodus 30:7-8 (thematic): Mandates twice‑daily liturgical action (incense burned morning and evening), reflecting the regular, twice‑daily pattern of worship found in the tamid offerings.
- 2 Chronicles 29:35 (thematic): Narrates Hezekiah’s restoration of the morning and evening burnt offerings in Jerusalem — a historical reimplementation of the morning/evening sacrificial practice.
- Psalm 141:2 (allusion): Uses the image of the ‘evening sacrifice’/incense to describe prayer, echoing the cultic significance of the evening offering mentioned in Num 28:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall offer one lamb in the morning and the other lamb between the evenings.
- One ram you shall offer in the morning, and the other ram you shall offer at twilight.
Num.28.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועשירית: NOUN,f,sg,const
- האיפה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- סלת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- למנחה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בלולה: ADJ,ptc,pas,f,sg,abs
- בשמן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כתית: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- רביעת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- ההין: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 2:1-2 (verbal): Prescribes the grain (meal) offering of fine flour mixed with oil (and often frankincense) — the same recipeal formula for a minchah as in Num 28:5.
- Leviticus 6:14-18 (structural): Gives procedural and priestly details for the grain offering (cakes of fine flour mingled with oil), paralleling the composition and cultic handling of the offering in Num 28:5.
- Exodus 29:2 (verbal): In the consecration rites, fine flour mingled with oil appears as part of offerings — a direct verbal parallel in terminology and ingredient mixture.
- Leviticus 23:11 (thematic): In the festival/firstfruits context a meal offering of fine flour mingled with oil (two-tenths of an ephah in that case) is prescribed — a thematic parallel concerning quantity and oiling of grain offerings.
- Leviticus 5:11-12 (allusion): Specifies one‑tenth of an ephah for a poor person's trespass offering but explicitly forbids oil — a contrasting legal parallel that highlights the distinguishing role of oil in voluntary meal offerings (Num 28:5) versus sin/trespass offerings.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a tenth of an ephah of fine flour shall be the meal offering, mixed with a quarter of a hin of pressed oil.
- And a tenth of an ephah of fine flour for a grain offering, mixed with a quarter of a hin of pressed oil,
Num.28.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- עלת: VERB,qal,perf,3,_,pl
- תמיד: ADV
- העשיה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- בהר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- סיני: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- לריח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ניחח: ADJ,m,sg
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 29:38-42 (verbal): Gives the same instructions for the daily (continual) burnt offering—two lambs morning and evening—and uses similar language about offering it before the LORD continually.
- Leviticus 1:9 (verbal): Describes a burnt offering as an 'offering made by fire' and explicitly calls it 'a sweet savour unto the LORD,' echoing the phrasing of Num 28:6.
- Leviticus 6:9-13 (structural): Sets out the priestly regulations for the continual burnt offering and the perpetual fire on the altar, paralleling Numbers’ concern for the ongoing daily sacrifice.
- Genesis 8:21 (allusion): Earliest occurrence of the phrase 'a sweet savour unto the LORD' in relation to a burnt offering (Noah’s), providing a theological background for sacrificial language used in Numbers.
- Psalm 141:2 (thematic): Compares prayer to incense and the evening sacrifice—echoing the idea that offerings (or prayers) are a 'pleasing aroma' or pleasing act before God, thematically linked to Num 28:6.
Alternative generated candidates
- This is the continual burnt offering, the offering made by ordinance at Mount Sinai for a pleasing aroma to the LORD.
- This is the continual burnt offering that was instituted at Mount Sinai—a pleasing aroma to the LORD.
Num.28.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונסכו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,3,m,sg
- רביעת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- ההין: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לכבש: VERB,qal,inf
- האחד: PRON,indef,sg,m
- בקדש: PREP
- הסך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- נסך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שכר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 29:38-41 (verbal): Gives the parallel prescription for the daily (morning and evening) lambs with a fourth part of an hin of oil poured on the burnt offering—near-verbatim ritual instruction.
- Numbers 28:4-6 (structural): Immediate context within the same chapter describing the two daily lamb offerings (morning and evening) and associated measurements—direct internal parallel to v.7.
- Leviticus 2:1-2 (thematic): Describes poured oil as part of the grain (meal) offering; parallels the use of oil in sacrificial liturgy and the idea of oil as an essential accompaniment to offerings.
- Ezekiel 46:1-3 (thematic): Prescribes the prince’s duty to bring burnt offerings morning and evening with accompanying oil and meal—reflects the continued motif of daily burnt offerings and oil in later temple legislation.
Alternative generated candidates
- And its libation shall be a quarter of a hin for one lamb; a libation of strong drink — a drink offering to the LORD.
- And its libation—a quarter of a hin—you shall pour out with the one ram in the sanctuary; it is a drink offering of wine to the LORD.
Num.28.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- הכבש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- השני: ADJ,m,sg,def
- תעשה: VERB,qal,imf,2,m,sg
- בין: PREP
- הערבים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- כמנחת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,const
- הבקר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וכנסכו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs,PRON,3,m,sg
- תעשה: VERB,qal,imf,2,m,sg
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ריח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ניחח: ADJ,m,sg
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 29:38-39 (verbal): Gives the same prescription of two daily lambs—one in the morning and the other ‘between the evenings’—using similar language about the continual burnt offering and its pleasing aroma to the Lord.
- Numbers 28:3-6 (structural): The immediately parallel instruction for the morning lamb; together with 28:8 these verses form the paired daily (tamid) offerings (morning and evening).
- Leviticus 1:9 (verbal): Uses the identical cultic formula “an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD” applied to burnt offerings, echoing the technical language of Num 28:8.
- Exodus 30:7-8 (thematic): Prescribes paired morning and evening cultic actions (incense and lamp-tending); parallels the ritual pattern of twice-daily worship (morning and evening) found in the daily offerings.
- Genesis 8:21 (thematic): Describes God’s favorable response to a sacrifice as a ‘sweet savour’—the same metaphoric language used in sacrificial texts to denote divine acceptance of offerings.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the second lamb you shall offer between the evenings; and the meal offering like the morning meal offering, and its libation you shall make as a pleasing aroma to the LORD.”
- And the second ram you shall offer at twilight like the morning offering; and you shall make for it its libation—an offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.
And the LORD said to Moses,
Command the people of Israel and say to them: 'These are my offerings, the food of my fire—a pleasing aroma; you shall be careful to present them to me at their appointed time.' And say to them: 'This is the offering that you shall present to the LORD: yearling lambs, without blemish, two each day for a continual burnt offering.'
The one lamb you shall offer in the morning, and the other lamb you shall offer at twilight, between the evenings. And a tenth of an ephah of fine flour for a grain offering, mixed with oil—one quarter of a hin.
This continual burnt offering, the making of it, was ordained at Mount Sinai as a pleasing aroma to the LORD. And its libation shall be one quarter of a hin for each lamb; it is a libation, a drink offering of strong drink to the LORD. And the second lamb you shall offer between the evenings, like the grain offering of the morning; with its libation you shall make it a pleasing aroma to the LORD.