Amalek Defeated
Exodus 17:8-16
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Exo.17.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- עמלק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וילחם: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- עם: PREP
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ברפידם: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 25:17-19 (allusion): Recalls and legislates Israel’s response to the Amalek attack on the road from Egypt — commands remembrance and eradication of Amalek, directly referring back to the event in Exodus 17.
- 1 Samuel 15:2-3 (thematic): God commands Saul to punish Amalek for what they did to Israel, treating the Exodus/Exod.17 incident as the theological and moral basis for later judgment against Amalek.
- 1 Chronicles 4:42-43 (structural): A later historical notice in the Chronicler’s material where Simeon’s descendants attack the remnants of Amalek — a parallel episode in the ongoing Israel–Amalek conflict.
- Psalm 83:6-8 (thematic): Psalmist lists Amalek among the peoples conspiring against Israel, echoing the motif of Amalek as a perennial enemy introduced in Exodus 17.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then Amalek came and fought with Israel at Rephidim.
- Then Amalek came and fought with Israel at Rephidim.
Exo.17.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- יהושע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בחר: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- לנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
- אנשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- וצא: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- הלחם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בעמלק: PREP+PN,m,sg
- מחר: ADV
- אנכי: PRON,1,sg
- נצב: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- ראש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הגבעה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ומטה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- האלהים: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בידי: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,suff1s
Parallels
- Exod.17:11-13 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same episode—Moses stands on the hill with the rod, his hands are held up (Aaron and Hur assist), and Joshua defeats Amalek; completes the action Moses predicts here.
- Exod.14:15-16 (verbal): Similar motif of Moses using his hand/rod on a height to secure Israel’s deliverance—God commands Moses to raise his rod/hand to bring victory/overturn the enemy (the sea episode parallels the means of divine action).
- Deut.25:17-19 (thematic): Later legal/ethical injunction to remember Amalek’s attack (the same encounter at Rephidim) and to blot out the memory of Amalek—ties the battle Moses directs here to ongoing national memory and command.
- 1 Sam.15:1-3 (thematic): Divine command given through Samuel to Saul to attack and utterly destroy Amalek—later theological and historical sequel to Israel’s conflict with Amalek initiated in Exodus 17.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses said to Joshua, "Choose for us men and go out; fight with Amalek. Tomorrow I will stand on the top of the hill, with the staff of God in my hand."
- And Moses said to Joshua, "Choose men for us and go out, fight against Amalek. Tomorrow I will stand on the top of the hill, with the staff of God in my hand."
Exo.17.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהושע: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- כאשר: CONJ
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- להלחם: VERB,qal,inf
- בעמלק: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ומשה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחור: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg
- עלו: PREP+3ms_suff
- ראש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הגבעה: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Exod.17:11-13 (structural): Immediate continuation of the episode: describes Moses' uplifted hands (with Aaron and Hur supporting them) and Joshua's battlefield success—directly linked to v.10's report that Joshua obeyed Moses and that Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up the hill.
- Deut.25:17-19 (thematic): Recalls the lasting Israelite injunction to remember Amalek's attack and to blot out their memory—places the Exodus 17 encounter within the broader theme of Amalek as a perennial enemy.
- 1 Samuel 15:2-3 (quotation): God's command to Saul to ‘utterly destroy’ Amalek echoes the military confrontation with Amalek in Exodus 17 and shows continuity in divine hostility toward that nation.
- Num.27:18-23 (allusion): Moses appoints and commissions Joshua by laying on hands and setting him before the people—parallels Joshua's role as Moses' military deputy in Exodus 17 and highlights Joshua's emerging leadership.
- Exod.24:13 (verbal): Both passages describe Moses and Joshua going up a mountain: Exodus 17 places Moses (with Aaron and Hur) on a hill while Joshua fights below, echoing the motif of Joshua accompanying Moses to high places and participating in leadership tasks.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Joshua did as Moses told him, to fight with Amalek; and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill.
- And Joshua did as Moses told him, to fight against Amalek; and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill.
Exo.17.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- כאשר: CONJ
- ירים: VERB,qal,yiqtol,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ידו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- וגבר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכאשר: CONJ
- יניח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ידו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- וגבר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עמלק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.17.12 (structural): Immediate continuation of the scene: explains that Moses’ hands grew heavy and Aaron and Hur supported them so Israel could prevail — directly tied to the raised‑hand motif in v.11.
- Deut.25:17-19 (thematic): Commands Israel to remember and blot out Amalek, providing the larger covenantal context for Israel’s conflict with Amalek introduced in Exod 17.
- 1 Sam.7:8-12 (thematic): Samuel’s prayer and prophetic action produce a decisive victory for Israel over its foes; parallels the role of leadership/appeal to God producing military success in Exod 17.
- Judg.4:14-16 (thematic): Deborah and Barak’s victory is attributed to Yahweh’s intervention in battle, echoing the motif that Israel’s military success depends on divine action rather than merely human effort.
- Ps.144:1 (verbal): Speaks of the LORD training one’s hands for war — a verbal and theological link between ‘hands’ and combat efficacy in Exod 17:11 (raised or supported hands affecting Israel’s victory).
Alternative generated candidates
- And whenever Moses raised his hand, Israel prevailed; and whenever he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed.
- And whenever Moses raised his hand, Israel prevailed; and whenever he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed.
Exo.17.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידי: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כבדים: ADJ,f,pl,abs
- ויקחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אבן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וישימו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- תחתיו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- וישב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עליה: PREP,3,f,sg
- ואהרן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תמכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בידיו: PREP,3,m,pl
- מזה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- ומזה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ידיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs,suff:3,m,sg
- אמונה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- השמש: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 17:11 (structural): Immediate context: verse links Moses’ raised hands directly to Israel’s success — verse 12 explains why his hands had to be supported.
- Exodus 17:13 (structural): Immediate outcome: Joshua defeats Amalek 'as Moses’ hands were upheld' — ties the sustained posture to battlefield victory.
- Joshua 10:12-13 (thematic): Both passages connect divine aid and the prolonging/ordering of daytime in the service of Israel’s military success (victory linked to the day’s duration).
- 1 Timothy 2:8 (verbal): Paul’s injunction to 'lift up holy hands' echoes the biblical motif of raised hands as a posture of prayer/intercession linked to God’s action on behalf of the people.
- Psalm 134:2 (thematic): Liturgical parallel: lifting up hands in worship/benediction — communal gesture of support and reliance on God similar to Moses’ raised hands as intercession.
Alternative generated candidates
- But Moses’ hands grew heavy; so they took a stone and put it under him, and he sat on it; and Aaron and Hur supported his hands, one on one side and the other on the other side; so his hands were steady until the sun went down.
- But Moses' hands grew heavy; so they took a stone and put it under him, and he sat on it, and Aaron and Hur supported his hands, one on one side and one on the other; and his hands were steady until the sun went down.
Exo.17.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויחלש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהושע: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- עמלק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- לפי: PREP
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deut.25.17-19 (allusion): Refers back to the Amalekite attack at Rephidim and issues the command to remember and blot out Amalek — an explicit legal/ethical outcome of the Exodus/Amalek episode recorded in Exod 17.
- 1 Sam.15.2-3 (quotation): God's command to Saul to 'attack the Amalekites and devote them to destruction' echoes the divine hostility toward Amalek arising from their attack on Israel (the event in Exod 17 serves as the background for this command).
- 1 Sam.30.1-20 (thematic): Narrates David's pursuit and defeat of the Amalekites after they raided Ziklag — a later episode that repeats the pattern of Israelite conflict with and military victory over Amalek.
- 1 Chr.4.41-43 (allusion): Chronicles records men of Simeon (and others) smiting the remnants of the Amalekites who had escaped, paralleling the theme of pursuing and destroying Amalekite foes found in Exod 17.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Joshua overwhelmed Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword.
- And Joshua defeated Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword.
Exo.17.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כתב: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- זאת: DEM,f,sg
- זכרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בספר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושים: VERB,qal,imperat,2,m,sg
- באזני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,cstr
- יהושע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- מחה: VERB,qal,infabs
- אמחה: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- זכר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עמלק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מתחת: PREP
- השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- Deut.25:17-19 (verbal): Reiterates the charge to remember Amalek’s ambush and commands that their name be blotted out — echoes Exodus’ language about erasing Amalek’s memory.
- 1 Sam.15:2-3 (quotation): God (through Samuel) commands Saul to punish Amalek and ‘devote them to destruction,’ an explicit application/fulfillment of the divine judgment announced in Exodus.
- Num.24:20 (allusion): Balaam’s oracle predicts Amalek’s doom (‘his end shall be destruction’), thematically anticipating the eradication declared in Exodus.
- Hab.2:2-3 (verbal): Uses the same prophetic formula to ‘write the vision’/‘write it on a tablet’ — parallels Exodus’ instruction to ‘write this for a memorial in a book’ as a means of preserving a divine decree.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then the LORD said to Moses, "Write this as a memorial in a book, and recite it in the hearing of Joshua: for I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven."
- And the LORD said to Moses, "Write this as a memorial in a book, and recite it in Joshua's hearing, that I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven."
Exo.17.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויבן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מזבח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויקרא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- נסי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1,sg
Parallels
- Judg.6:24 (structural): Gideon builds an altar to the LORD and gives it a theophoric name (YHWH‑shalom) after divine deliverance—parallel action of erecting a memorial-altar and naming it for Yahweh.
- 1 Sam.7:12 (thematic): Samuel sets up a stone called 'Ebenezer' ('Thus far the LORD has helped us')—a commemorative monument marking victory and divine help, functionally like Moses' altar-naming.
- Gen.12:7 (structural): Abram builds an altar to the LORD upon a divine appearance—similar motif of constructing an altar in response to God's intervention/presence and dedicating it to Yahweh.
- Gen.33:20 (structural): Jacob builds an altar and names the place 'El‑Elohe‑Israel'—another example of erecting and naming an altar/site after God, echoing Moses' naming of the altar.
- Ps.60:4 (verbal): Uses the image of God as a 'banner' (Hebrew nes), 'You have set a banner for those who fear you'—echoes the title YHWH Nissi ('The LORD is my Banner') and the martial/victory symbolism behind the name.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses built an altar and called its name "The LORD is my Banner."
- And Moses built an altar and called its name The LORD is my Banner.
Exo.17.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- יד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- כס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- בעמלק: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מדר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deut.25.17-19 (thematic): Commands Israel to remember Amalek's attack and to ‘blot out the memory of Amalek’—an explicit legal/ethical continuation of the perpetual enmity declared in Exod 17:16.
- 1 Sam.15.2-3 (quotation): God (through Samuel) commands Saul to wage war against Amalek and utterly destroy them—an explicit royal/prophetic enactment of the divine hostility announced in Exodus.
- Ps.83.7-9 (thematic): A communal prayer listing Amalek among Israel’s enemies and asking God to defeat them—echoes the motif of divine warfare against Amalek across generations.
- Esther 3:1; 9:24 (allusion): Haman is called an Agagite (Esther 3:1) and the Jews’ destruction of their enemies in Esther 9 is sometimes read as undoing ancestral threats—an implicit link to the Amalekite/Agagite tradition of enmity referenced in Exodus.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he said, "Because a hand is upon the throne of Yah, the LORD will be at war with Amalek from generation to generation."
- And he said, "Because a hand is upon the throne of the LORD, the LORD will have war against Amalek from generation to generation."
Then Amalek came and fought against Israel at Rephidim. And Moses said to Joshua, “Choose for us men, and go out, fight against Amalek. Tomorrow I will stand on the top of the hill, with the staff of God in my hand.” And Joshua did as Moses said to him, to fight against Amalek; and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill.
Whenever Moses lifted up his hand, Israel prevailed; and whenever he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed. But Moses’ hands grew heavy; so they took a stone and put it under him, and he sat on it; and Aaron and Hur supported his hands, one on one side and one on the other; and his hands were steady until the sun went down. So Joshua defeated Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword.
Then the LORD said to Moses, “Write this as a memorial in a book and recite it in Joshua’s hearing, for I will surely blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven.” And Moses built an altar and called its name “The LORD is my Banner.” And he said, “For a hand upon the throne of the LORD: the LORD will have war with Amalek from generation to generation.”