Tabernacle Lamps, Bread, and Blasphemer
Leviticus 24:1-23
Lev.24.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Leviticus 1:1 (verbal): Same introductory formula — 'The LORD called/spake unto Moses, saying' — used to introduce priestly/ritual legislation throughout Leviticus.
- Leviticus 23:1 (verbal): Identical phrasing ('And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying') introducing the festival legislation; demonstrates the recurring divine-speech literary marker in the book.
- Exodus 25:1 (verbal): Another occurrence of 'And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying' that introduces cultic instructions (the tabernacle offerings), showing the formula's role in priestly/ritual commands.
- Numbers 9:1 (structural): 'And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai… saying' — similar structural function (setting time/place and introducing divine instruction) in the narrative-legal sections.
- Exodus 3:4 (thematic): God's direct address to Moses at the burning bush ('Moses, Moses… I am the LORD') is thematically parallel as an instance of God initiating revelation and commission to Moses, though in a narrative rather than legal formula.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
Lev.24.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- צו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויקחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- שמן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זך: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- כתית: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- למאור: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- להעלת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תמיד: ADV
Parallels
- Exodus 27:20-21 (verbal): Direct parallel command: Israelites are told to bring pure beaten olive oil for the lamps in the sanctuary—nearly the same wording and purpose as Lev 24:2.
- Exodus 25:31-40 (structural): Detailed description of the tabernacle lampstand (menorah) that the pure oil was to illuminate; provides the cultic setting and design for the lamps mentioned in Leviticus.
- Numbers 8:2-3 (thematic): Instruction to Aaron to keep the lamps burning continually (trim and light the lamps), echoing the Levitical concern for a continual/regularly maintained sanctuary light.
- Zechariah 4:2-3,11-14 (allusion): Vision of a golden lampstand supplied by two olive trees whose oil keeps the lamps burning—connects olive oil, lampstand, and perpetual light in a symbolic/post-exilic prophetic context.
- Psalm 119:105 (thematic): Uses the motif of a lamp/continuous light to symbolize guidance and divine presence—reflects the broader biblical symbolism of lamps and ongoing light represented by the sanctuary lamp.
Alternative generated candidates
- Command the Israelites that they take to you pure pressed olive oil for the light, to keep the lamp burning continually.
- Command the Israelites, that they take to you pure, crushed olive oil for light, to keep a lamp burning continually.
Lev.24.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מחוץ: PREP
- לפרכת: PREP
- העדת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- באהל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מועד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יערך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מערב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לפני: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- תמיד: ADV
- חקת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לדרתיכם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 27:20-21 (quotation): Directly parallels the command that Aaron (and his sons) keep the lamps from evening to morning before the LORD; repeats the duty of tending the sanctuary lamps as a continual statute.
- Exodus 25:31-40 (structural): Gives the detailed description and function of the golden lampstand (menorah) that Aaron is to tend—connects form and cultic role of the lamps mentioned in Leviticus 24:3.
- Numbers 8:1-4 (verbal): Repeats instruction to 'set up the lamps' and to have the lampstand give light continually; echoes the practical and ritual prescription for lighting and arranging the lamps.
- Leviticus 6:9-13 (thematic): Speaks of the perpetual/continual nature of priestly ritual duties (the altar fire to be kept burning), paralleling Leviticus 24:3's language of perpetual statute (תמיד, חקת עולם) for priestly service.
Alternative generated candidates
- Outside the veil of the Testimony in the Tent of Meeting, Aaron shall set it in order from evening until morning before the LORD continually—a statute forever throughout your generations.
- Outside the curtain of the testimony in the Tent of Meeting, Aaron shall arrange it from evening to morning before the LORD continually; an everlasting statute throughout your generations.
Lev.24.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- על: PREP
- המנרה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הטהרה: ADJ,f,sg,def
- יערך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הנרות: NOUN,m,pl,def
- לפני: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- תמיד: ADV
Parallels
- Exodus 25:31-37 (verbal): Detailed instructions for crafting the golden lampstand (menorah) and its lamps—parallels the Levitical prescription to arrange and provide light on the pure lampstand.
- Exodus 27:20-21 (verbal): Command to bring pure olive oil and to keep the lamps burning continually in the tabernacle—closely parallels the injunction in Leviticus to maintain the lamps before the LORD continually.
- Numbers 8:1-4 (structural): God’s instruction to Aaron about setting up the lamps so the seven lamps give light before the lampstand—repeats and reinforces the arrangement and lighting duties reflected in Lev 24:4.
- Zechariah 4:2-6 (thematic): Vision of a golden lampstand fed by two olive trees; the lampstand imagery is used symbolically here, echoing the menorah as a sign of God’s presence and Spirit rather than merely a ritual fixture.
- Revelation 1:12-13,20 (allusion): John’s vision of seven golden lampstands (interpreted as the seven churches) alludes to the menorah imagery of the OT, using the lampstand as a symbol of divine presence and witness among God’s people.
Alternative generated candidates
- On the pure lampstand he shall set the lamps in order before the LORD continually.
- On the pure lampstand he shall arrange the lamps before the LORD continually.
Lev.24.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולקחת: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- סלת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואפית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- שתים: NUM,card,f,dual
- עשרה: NUM,card,m,pl
- חלות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- שני: NUM,m,pl,construct
- עשרנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- החלה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- האחת: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 24:8 (structural): Immediate parallel in same pericope—commands to arrange the twelve loaves on the table before Yahweh, continuing the ritual context of baking and presenting the showbread.
- Exodus 25:30 (allusion): Earlier tabernacle instruction to place 'bread of the Presence' on the table—provides the cultic furniture and function for which the twelve loaves are baked.
- 1 Samuel 21:1-6 (thematic): Narrative showing the consecrated showbread (shewbread) as holy food; the episode with David illustrates the cultic status and exceptional eating of these loaves.
- Mark 2:25-26 (quotation): Jesus cites the Davidic episode (1 Sam 21) about the showbread to argue about lawful exceptions—shows New Testament awareness and interpretation of the showbread tradition.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall take fine flour and bake it into twelve loaves; two tenths of an ephah shall be in each loaf.
- And you shall take fine flour and bake from it twelve loaves; two tenths of an ephah shall be for each loaf.
Lev.24.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושמת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- אותם: PRON,3,m,pl,obj
- שתים: NUM,card,f,dual
- מערכות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- שש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המערכת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- על: PREP
- השלחן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הטהר: ADJ,m,sg,def
- לפני: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 25:30 (verbal): Commands that showbread be set on the table before the LORD — a closely parallel instruction about the placement of the loaves on the table of presence.
- Leviticus 24:5 (structural): Immediate companion verse in the same pericope describing the baking of the twelve loaves that are then arranged on the table (complements v.6’s arrangement).
- 1 Samuel 21:3-6 (allusion): Narrative application where the priest gives David the consecrated/showbread, showing how the Levitical regulations about the showbread functioned in practice.
- Matthew 12:3-4 (quotation): Jesus cites David’s eating of the consecrated bread (the showbread) to justify actions on the Sabbath — New Testament citation that presumes knowledge of the Levitical institution.
- Hebrews 9:2-3 (thematic): New Testament description of the tabernacle furnishings includes the table and the showbread (shewbread), using the Levitical furniture theologically in a typological argument.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall set them in two arrangements, six per arrangement, on the pure table before the LORD.
- And you shall set them in two arrangements, six per arrangement, on the pure table before the LORD.
Lev.24.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונתת: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- על: PREP
- המערכת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- לבנה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- זכה: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- והיתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- ללחם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאזכרה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 25:30 (verbal): Gives the original command concerning the table of showbread (bread of the Presence) to be set in the tabernacle—direct verbal parallel to Lev 24:7's instruction about the bread on the table.
- 1 Samuel 21:1-6 (verbal): Narrative showing the use of the showbread: David and his men eat the 'bread of the Presence' (holy bread) when the priests give it to them, echoing the designation and function of the table bread in Leviticus 24:7.
- Mark 2:25-26 (allusion): Jesus alludes to the David-and-showbread episode (1 Sam 21) to justify actions regarding Sabbath law, implicitly invoking the Levitical institution of the bread of the Presence described in Lev 24:7.
- Hebrews 9:2 (thematic): Describes the sacred furniture of the tabernacle (lampstand, table, and consecrated bread), using the showbread/table imagery of Leviticus 24:7 in a typological argument about sanctuary arrangements.
Alternative generated candidates
- And you shall put pure frankincense on each arrangement, and it shall be for the bread as a memorial portion, an offering by fire to the LORD.
- And you shall put on each arrangement pure frankincense, and it shall be for the bread as a memorial portion, a food offering to the LORD.
Lev.24.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ביום: PREP
- השבת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ביום: PREP
- השבת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- יערכנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לפני: PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- תמיד: ADV
- מאת: PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ברית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 24:5-9 (structural): Immediate context: the full instruction about the showbread (bread of the Presence), its arrangement on the Sabbath, and its status as a perpetual covenant.
- Exodus 25:30 (verbal): Commands setting the bread of the Presence on the table before God always — closely parallels the duty to arrange the showbread continually.
- Exodus 31:16-17 (thematic): Describes the Sabbath as a sign/everlasting covenant between God and Israel — thematically linked to Leviticus’ phrase 'perpetual covenant' in the context of Sabbath placement of the bread.
- 1 Samuel 21:1-6 (quotation): Narrates David's eating of the consecrated showbread (bread of the Presence), which presupposes the cultic practice described in Leviticus 24:8.
- Mark 2:25-26 (cf. Matthew 12:3-4; Luke 6:3-4) (allusion): Jesus appeals to David’s eating of the showbread when defending his disciples’ actions on the Sabbath, thereby alluding to the showbread tradition and the Sabbath regulations reflected in Leviticus 24:8.
Alternative generated candidates
- On the Sabbath day—on the Sabbath day—he shall set it in order before the LORD continually; it is from the Israelites, a covenant forever.
- On the Sabbath day, on the Sabbath day he shall arrange it before the LORD continually; it is from the Israelites—an everlasting covenant.
Lev.24.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- לאהרן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולבניו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,constr,3ms
- ואכלהו: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,pl+PRON,3,m,sg
- במקום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- קדשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- מאשי: NOUN,m,pl,constr
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- חק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 6:16 (verbal): Uses the same language about the priest eating an offering 'in the holy place' and its status as most holy—paralleling the prescription for Aaron and his sons.
- Numbers 18:11 (verbal): Explicitly states that the sacred portions 'shall be eaten in a holy place' and belong to Aaron and his sons—closely echoes Leviticus 24:9.
- Exodus 29:33 (thematic): In the priestly consecration, the text specifies that the priests may eat things 'wherewith the atonement was made' and that these are holy—reflects the principle that certain sacrificial foods are reserved for priests.
- Leviticus 22:10 (thematic): Regulates who may and may not eat holy things (excludes strangers, sets purity conditions), underscoring the priestly exclusivity and holiness similar to Leviticus 24:9.
- 1 Samuel 21:3-6 (allusion): Narrates David's receiving and eating the consecrated showbread—an instance engaging the rule that the showbread is for priests, illustrating the practical application and exceptions of the Levitical restriction.
Alternative generated candidates
- And it shall be for Aaron and his sons, and they shall eat it in a holy place, for it is most holy for him from the offerings by fire of the LORD—a statute forever.
- And it shall be for Aaron and his sons, and they shall eat it in a holy place, for it is most holy for him from the LORD's offerings by fire, an everlasting statute.
Lev.24.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויצא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ישראלית: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מצרי: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- בתוך: PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וינצו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- במחנה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הישראלית: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הישראלי: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Numbers 12:1-15 (thematic): Conflict over an Israelite's marriage to/association with a non‑Israelite (Moses’ Cushite wife) and its social/communal consequences; shows sensitivity to mixed unions within the camp.
- Numbers 25:6-18 (thematic): An Israelite man’s illicit contact with a foreign woman in the camp leads to violent confrontation and covenantal punishment — parallels the setting of internecine strife involving an Israelite and a foreign-associated partner.
- Ezra 9–10 (thematic): Post‑exilic crisis over Israelite men married to foreign women and the communal response (divorce, exclusion) — echoes the theme of mixed parentage and its perceived threat to covenantal purity.
- Deuteronomy 23:2–3 (structural): Legal provisions excluding persons of certain foreign parentage from the assembly of the LORD; relates to concerns about lineage, status, and belonging raised by a child born to an Israelite mother and an Egyptian father.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the son of an Israelite woman went out—and he was the son of an Egyptian man—among the Israelites; and the son of the Israelite woman and an Israelite man fought in the camp.
- And the son of an Israelite woman—he was the son of an Egyptian man—went out among the Israelites, and the son of the Israelite woman and an Israelite man fought in the camp.
Lev.24.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- האשה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הישראלית: ADJ,f,sg,def
- את: PRT,acc
- השם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויקלל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ויביאו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ושם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- שלמית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
- למטה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 24:15-16 (structural): Immediate legal context: continuation of the incident — spells out the law and penalty for blaspheming the Name (stoning), directly governing the case reported in v.11.
- Exodus 22:28 (verbal): Prohibits reviling God ('Do not revile God') — a concise parallel prohibition to the act described in Lev 24:11 (blaspheming the Name).
- Leviticus 19:12 (verbal): Commands not to profane or swear falsely by God's name ('You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain'), reflecting the same concern for the sanctity of the divine Name found in Lev 24:11.
- Matthew 12:31-32 (thematic): Jesus' teaching on the seriousness of blasphemy (particularly against the Holy Spirit) develops the biblical theme that certain forms of cursing/blasphemy are uniquely grave, paralleling the severe treatment of blasphemy in Leviticus 24.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the son of the Israelite woman pronounced the Name and cursed, and they brought him to Moses. Now his mother’s name was Shelomith, daughter of Dibri, of the tribe of Dan.
- And the son of the Israelite woman pronounced the Name and cursed, and they brought him to Moses. Now his mother's name was Shelomith, daughter of Dibri, of the tribe of Dan.
Lev.24.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויניחהו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- במשמר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לפרש: VERB,qal,inf
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- על: PREP
- פי: NOUN,m,sg,construct
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 24:11 (structural): Immediate context: describes the man who blasphemed the Name and explains why the community detained him prior to a ruling.
- Leviticus 24:16 (verbal): Direct legal resolution in the same chapter—prescribes capital punishment for one who blasphemes the Name, the outcome awaited while the man was held.
- Deuteronomy 17:8-13 (thematic): Prescribes bringing difficult or unclear cases to the priests/judges so that the community may inquire of the LORD and follow the divinely revealed decision—parallel procedure of detaining someone pending God's ruling.
- Numbers 15:30-36 (thematic): Treats 'high-handed' offenses and narrates a case (man gathering sticks on the Sabbath) where the community awaits and then carries out the LORD's judgment—similar pattern of custody and divine adjudication.
- Mark 14:61-64 (thematic): New Testament episode where Jesus is accused of blasphemy before the council and the question of the divine name/authority is central—parallels accusation of blasphemy, detention, and seeking a decisive ruling.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they put him in custody, to make it clear to them by the LORD’s command.
- And they put him in custody, to make it clear to them by the LORD's command.
Lev.24.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Leviticus 1:1 (verbal): Identical introductory formula (וידבר יהוה אל־משה לאמר) used to introduce priestly/sacrificial legislation within the same book.
- Exodus 20:1 (structural): A comparable formula (וידבר אלהים את כל־הדברים האלה לאמר) that functions to introduce the Decalogue — God speaking and giving authoritative commands.
- Exodus 6:2 (verbal): God speaks directly to Moses (וידבר אלהים אל־משה ויאמר) to reveal his name and identity; same pattern of divine address to Moses.
- Exodus 25:1 (verbal): Another instance of the exact formula (וידבר יהוה אל־משה לאמר) introducing instructions about offerings and the tabernacle — a recurring legal/ritual introduction.
- Numbers 8:1 (verbal): Uses the same phrase (וידבר יהוה אל־משה לאמר) to introduce specific cultic instructions (the lampstand), showing the formula's role in conveying priestly directives to Moses.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
Lev.24.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הוצא: VERB,hiphil,imp,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- המקלל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אל: NEG
- מחוץ: PREP
- למחנה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וסמכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כל: DET
- השמעים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- את: PRT,acc
- ידיהם: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3,m,pl
- על: PREP
- ראשו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ורגמו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- כל: DET
- העדה: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Numbers 15:35-36 (verbal): Story of the man who gathered sticks on the Sabbath: the LORD commands that he be put to death and 'all the congregation shall stone him with stones without the camp' — closely echoes the formula of execution outside the camp and communal stoning.
- Deuteronomy 13:6-11 (esp. v.9) (verbal): Case of one who entices to idolatry: the law orders that he be stoned, adding that 'your hand shall be first against him to put him to death, and afterward the hand of all the people' — parallels the laying on of hands and the people's stoning in Lev 24:14.
- Deuteronomy 17:6-7 (verbal): Legal requirement of two or three witnesses and the death penalty carried out by stoning; the witnesses' hand precedes the people's — a procedural/legal parallel to the laying on of hands and communal execution.
- Acts 7:58 (thematic): The mob stones Stephen outside the city (and the witnesses lay down their garments) — New Testament example of communal stoning and removal from the community, echoing the Lev 24 procedure.
- Hebrews 13:11-13 (allusion): Speaks of sacrificial impurities and punishments being carried out 'outside the camp' and applies this to Jesus' suffering 'outside the gate' — theological echo of removing offenders outside the camp for judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- Bring out the one who cursed outside the camp, and let all who heard lay their hands on his head, and let all the congregation stone him.
- Bring out the blasphemer outside the camp, and let all who heard lay their hands upon his head, and all the congregation shall stone him.
Lev.24.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תדבר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- יקלל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אלהיו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ונשא: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- חטאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 24:16 (structural): Immediate continuation of the law against blasphemy — prescribes capital punishment and communal responsibility (stoning) for anyone who blasphemes God.
- Numbers 15:30–31 (verbal): Explicitly condemns willful/presumptuous sin as blaspheming the LORD and prescribes that the offender be cut off from the people, echoing Leviticus’ concern with culpability and communal sanction.
- Deuteronomy 5:11 (thematic): The Decalogue’s prohibition against taking the LORD’s name in vain expresses the same theological principle forbidding disrespect or profanation of God’s name and assigning culpability.
- Exodus 22:28 (verbal): Forbids reviling God (and cursing leaders), using language closely parallel to the injunction in Leviticus against speaking irreverently of God.
- Leviticus 19:12 (thematic): Prohibits profaning God’s name by false oaths; relates to the broader Levitical concern to safeguard the sanctity of God’s name and punish its violation.
Alternative generated candidates
- And to the Israelites you shall speak, saying: Any man—any man—who curses his God shall bear his sin.
- And to the Israelites you shall speak, saying: Any person—any person who curses his God shall bear his sin.
Lev.24.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ונקב: VERB,qal,part,3,m,sg
- שם: ADV
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- יומת: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
- רגום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ירגמו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- כל: DET
- העדה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- כגר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כאזרח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בנקבו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- שם: ADV
- יומת: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 20:7 (verbal): The Decalogue prohibition—’You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain’—connects verbally and conceptually to the ban on profaning/blaspheming God’s name in Lev 24:16.
- Numbers 15:30–31 (thematic): Prescribes severe communal punishment for a 'high‑handed' sin that reviles the LORD; parallels Leviticus' treatment of blasphemy as a capital, communal offense.
- Deuteronomy 13:6–11 (structural): Commands the congregation to stone anyone who entices Israel to other gods—a structural/legal parallel in which the community executes a capital penalty for a religious crime.
- Acts 7:57–60 (structural): Stephen is seized and stoned after being accused of speaking against God and the temple; a New Testament narrative echo of communal execution for alleged blasphemy.
- John 10:31–33 (thematic): Jesus is accused of blasphemy (for claiming unity with the Father) and faced with stoning; a thematic parallel showing continuity of the blasphemy charge and communal response.
Alternative generated candidates
- And whoever blasphemes the Name of the LORD shall surely be put to death; the whole congregation shall surely stone him. As the sojourner, so the native—when he blasphemes the Name, he shall be put to death.
- And whoever pronounces the Name of the LORD shall surely be put to death; the whole congregation shall surely stone him. As the sojourner, so the native; when he pronounces the Name, he shall be put to death.
Lev.24.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- יכה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כל: DET
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מות: VERB,qal,infabs
- יומת: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 9:6 (verbal): Both texts prescribe death for the killer; Genesis links the penalty to the sanctity of human life (made in God's image), closely echoing the homicidal prohibition.
- Exodus 21:12 (verbal): A near‑identical legal formulation: 'He who strikes a man so that he dies shall be put to death,' repeating the command and its capital sanction.
- Numbers 35:16–21 (thematic): Laws distinguishing murder from manslaughter and prescribing capital punishment for intentional killing, providing broader procedural context to the prohibition in Leviticus.
- Deuteronomy 19:11–13 (structural): Regulates the community response to an intentional slaying (pursuit and execution of the murderer), reflecting the legal and procedural framework for applying the death penalty for killing.
- Matthew 5:21–22 (quotation): Jesus cites the command 'You shall not murder' and contrasts it with his ethic, explicitly referencing the Mosaic prohibition found in Leviticus and related law traditions.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man who strikes down any human being shall surely be put to death.
- And whoever strikes and kills any human being shall surely be put to death.
Lev.24.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומכה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בהמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ישלמנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תחת: PREP
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 21:12 (verbal): Prescribes death for one who strikes and causes a person's death—same homicide/retaliation principle underlying 'life for life.'
- Exodus 21:23-25 (verbal): Formulation of lex talionis ('eye for eye, tooth for tooth; life for life')—uses the same retaliatory formula as Leviticus 24:18.
- Leviticus 24:20 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same legal section repeating the lex talionis formula (injury-for-injury, life-for-life) and detailing proportional retribution.
- Deuteronomy 19:21 (verbal): Commands the same measure-for-measure punishment ('life for life, eye for eye') to deter false motives and ensure equal retribution.
- Genesis 9:5-6 (thematic): Earliest statement that human life is to be required for the shedding of human blood—foundational theological rationale for 'life for life.'
Alternative generated candidates
- And he who strikes down the life of an animal shall make restitution—life for life.
- And whoever kills an animal shall make restitution—life for life.
Lev.24.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
- מום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בעמיתו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- כאשר: CONJ
- עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כן: ADV
- יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exod.21.24 (verbal): Gives the same lex talionis formula — "eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot" as the prescribed measure of retaliation.
- Deut.19.21 (verbal): Repeats the retaliatory principle ("fracture for fracture, eye for eye") and stresses the purpose of deterring false or malicious actions.
- Lev.24.20 (structural): Immediate parallel in same legal block: continues and applies the principle ('fracture for fracture, eye for eye') making clear the proportionality of punishment in Levitical law.
- Matt.5.38 (quotation): Jesus cites the 'eye for eye' saying — 'You have heard that it was said, Eye for eye...' — explicitly referring back to the Old Testament lex talionis and then reinterpreting it.
- Rom.12.19 (thematic): Offers a theological counterpoint to private retaliation ('Beloved, never avenge yourselves...') contrasting New Testament teaching with the Old Testament allowance for measured retribution.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a man who causes an injury to his fellow—as he has done, so shall it be done to him.
- And if a man inflicts an injury on his fellow, as he has done, so shall be done to him.
Lev.24.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תחת: PREP
- שבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עין: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- תחת: PREP
- עין: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- שן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תחת: PREP
- שן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כאשר: CONJ
- יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
- מום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- באדם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כן: ADV
- ינתן: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 21:24 (verbal): Direct repetition of the lex talionis formula “eye for eye, tooth for tooth” within the Mosaic law collection (same legal principle and wording).
- Deuteronomy 19:21 (verbal): Reiterates the principle of equivalent retribution — ‘fracture for fracture, eye for eye’ — as a legal limit on vengeance in Israel’s covenant law.
- Matthew 5:38 (quotation): Jesus cites the OT saying ‘eye for eye’ and then interprets it, contrasting the lex talionis with his ethic of non‑retaliation (turn the other cheek).
- Luke 6:29 (allusion): Luke records the same teaching environment as Matthew; while not quoting Lev.24:20 directly, it echoes and responds to the retaliatory ethic (offer the other cheek) implied by the lex talionis.
- Law of Hammurabi (e.g. §196) (thematic): Ancient Near Eastern parallel: secular code enforces reciprocal physical punishment (‘if a man puts out the eye of another, his eye shall be put out’), showing the lex talionis as a wider regional legal principle.
Alternative generated candidates
- Fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth; as he has inflicted an injury upon a person, so it shall be inflicted on him.
- Fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth; as he has inflicted an injury on a person, so it shall be inflicted on him.
Lev.24.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומכה: VERB,qal,ptcp,3,m,sg
- בהמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ישלמנה: VERB,piel,imprf,3,m,sg
- ומכה: VERB,qal,ptcp,3,m,sg
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יומת: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 21:28-29 (verbal): Governs liability when an ox kills: owner may be put to death if the animal was known to be dangerous — parallels the distinction between paying for a beast and death for a man.
- Exodus 21:12 (verbal): Contains the same legal formula regarding homicide: “He who strikes a man so that he dies shall be put to death,” closely matching Lev.24:21’s prescription for killing a person.
- Genesis 9:6 (thematic): Articulates the foundational principle of blood-for-blood justice — 'whoever sheds man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed' — which underlies Leviticus’ capital punishment rule.
- Numbers 35:31-33 (structural): Prohibits accepting ransom for a murderer and distinguishes intentional murder from accidental killing (cities of refuge), elaborating the procedural and legal framework related to Lev.24:21’s death-penalty provision.
Alternative generated candidates
- And he who strikes an animal shall make it good, and he who strikes a person shall be put to death.
- And he who kills an animal shall make restitution, and he who kills a human being shall be put to death.
Lev.24.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- משפט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- כגר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כאזרח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Numbers 15:15-16 (verbal): Repeats the same legal formula: one statute/law for the native and for the stranger — near-verbatim parallel affirming equal law for resident aliens.
- Numbers 9:14 (verbal): Applies the principle to Passover observance: 'one law shall be for the native and for the stranger' — a close verbal/structural parallel.
- Exodus 12:49 (verbal): Earliest Pentateuchal statement of the rule: 'One law shall be to the native and to the stranger' — direct verbal correspondence.
- Leviticus 19:34 (thematic): Commands treating the stranger as the native and loving the sojourner — shares the ethical principle of equal treatment of aliens and citizens.
- Romans 2:11 (thematic): 'God shows no partiality' — New Testament theological parallel emphasizing equality before God's law and impartial judgment, echoing the Lev. concern for equal legal status.
Alternative generated candidates
- One law shall be for you; as the sojourner, so the native shall be, for I am the LORD your God.
- You shall have one law; for the sojourner and the native-born it shall be, for I am the LORD your God.
Lev.24.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויוציאו: VERB,hiphil,imperf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- המקלל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אל: NEG
- מחוץ: PREP
- למחנה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וירגמו: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- אבן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כאשר: CONJ
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Lev.24:10-16 (structural): Immediate narrative context: describes the blasphemer's offense, custody, and God's command regarding the man whose execution is carried out in 24:23.
- Num.15:32-36 (verbal): A man found gathering sticks on the Sabbath is put to death by stoning outside the camp—same phrasing and practice of bringing a condemned person out of the camp and stoning him.
- Deut.17:2-7 (thematic): Sets out the legal procedure for capital cases (witnesses, trial) and prescribes stoning for idolatry, reflecting the legal framework for communal execution found in Lev.24:23.
- Joshua 7:25 (thematic): Achan is executed by stoning (and burning) for covenant violation—an example of communal capital punishment applied after discovery of transgression.
- John 8:3-5 (cf. v.7) (allusion): The accusers appeal to Mosaic law that sinners (here, adulterers) should be stoned—New Testament appeal to the same Mosaic sanction and procedure exemplified in Leviticus 24.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses spoke to the Israelites, and they brought the one who cursed outside the camp and stoned him with stones; and the Israelites did as the LORD commanded Moses.
- And Moses spoke to the Israelites, and they brought out the blasphemer outside the camp and stoned him with stones, and the Israelites did as the LORD commanded Moses.
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
Command the Israelites, and they shall bring to you pure olive oil, beaten, for the light, to keep a lamp burning continually.
Outside the curtain of the testimony, in the tent of meeting, Aaron shall arrange it from evening until morning before the LORD continually; an everlasting statute throughout your generations.
On the pure lampstand he shall arrange the lamps before the LORD continually. And you shall take fine flour and bake from it twelve loaves; two-tenths of an ephah shall be in each loaf. And you shall set them in two arrangements, six to the arrangement, on the pure table before the LORD. And you shall put pure frankincense on each arrangement, and it shall be for the bread as a memorial portion, an offering by fire to the LORD.
On the Sabbath day, on the Sabbath day he shall arrange it before the LORD continually—from the Israelites—as an everlasting covenant. And it shall be for Aaron and his sons, and they shall eat it in a holy place, for it is most holy to him from the LORD’s offerings by fire; an everlasting statute. And the son of an Israelite woman went out—and he was the son of an Egyptian man—among the Israelites; and the son of the Israelite woman and an Israelite man fought in the camp. And the son of the Israelite woman blasphemed the Name and cursed; and they brought him to Moses. The name of his mother was Shelomith, daughter of Dibri, of the tribe of Dan. And they put him in custody, to make it clear to them by the LORD’s command. And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
Bring out the one who cursed to outside the camp, and let all who heard lay their hands upon his head, and all the congregation shall stone him. And to the Israelites you shall speak, saying: Anyone who curses his God shall bear his sin. And whoever blasphemes the Name of the LORD shall surely be put to death; all the congregation shall surely stone him. The sojourner as the native—when he blasphemes the Name, he shall be put to death. And anyone who takes a human life shall surely be put to death. And one who takes the life of an animal shall make restitution—life for life. And if anyone injures his fellow, as he has done, so shall it be done to him.
Fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth; as he has inflicted an injury upon a person, so it shall be inflicted on him.
Whoever kills an animal shall make restitution, and whoever kills a human being shall be put to death.
You shall have one law: for the sojourner as for the native, for I am the LORD your God. And Moses spoke to the Israelites, and they brought the one who cursed outside the camp and stoned him with stones; and the Israelites did as the LORD commanded Moses.