The Baptism and Temptation of Jesus
Mark 1:9-13
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Mark.1.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- εγενετο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- εκειναις: DEM,dat,pl,f
- ταις: ART,dat,pl,f
- ημεραις: NOUN,dat,pl,f
- ηλθεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- Ιησους: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- απο: PREP
- Ναζαρετ: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- Γαλιλαιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- εβαπτισθη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- εις: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- Ιορδανην: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- υπο: PREP
- Ιωαννου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Matthew 3:13-17 (quotation): Direct parallel: Matthew recounts Jesus coming from Galilee to John to be baptized in the Jordan and includes the baptismal signs (Spirit descent, heavenly voice).
- Luke 3:21-22 (quotation): Lukan parallel: Luke gives a similar baptism narrative locating the event at the Jordan and describing the heavens opening, the Spirit descending, and God's voice.
- John 1:28-34 (verbal): John the Baptist's testimony identifies his baptizing ministry 'at Bethany beyond the Jordan' and names Jesus as the one on whom the Spirit descended—echoing and interpreting the baptismal scene.
- Acts 10:38 (thematic): Peter's summary of Jesus 'of Nazareth' being anointed with the Holy Spirit and power thematically echoes the significance of Jesus' baptism and the Spirit's descent in Mark.
Alternative generated candidates
- In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan.
- And it came to pass in those days that Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan.
Mark.1.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- ευθυς: ADV
- αναβαινων: VERB,pres,act,ptc,nom,sg,m
- εκ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- υδατος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- ειδεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- σχιζομενους: VERB,pres,pass,ptc,acc,pl,m
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- ουρανους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- πνευμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- ως: ADV
- περιστεραν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- καταβαινον: VERB,pres,act,ptc,acc,sg,n
- εις: PREP
- αυτον·: PRON,acc,sg,m
Parallels
- Matthew 3:16 (verbal): Nearly identical account: after Jesus' baptism the heavens are opened and the Spirit descends like a dove — close verbal parallel to Mark's wording.
- Luke 3:21-22 (verbal): Parallel baptism narrative: heaven opened and the Spirit descends 'in bodily form like a dove,' with a similar descent motif though Luke adds the detail of Jesus praying.
- John 1:32-34 (thematic): John the Baptist testifies that he saw the Spirit descend like a dove and remain on Jesus, using the same sign to identify Jesus as the Son of God — an independent but thematically parallel witness.
- Isaiah 64:1 (allusion): 'Oh that you would rend the heavens and come down' echoes the image of the heavens being opened/cleft — prophetic language that Mark's 'heavens torn open' evokes.
- Genesis 1:2 (allusion): The Spirit 'hovering' over the waters at creation provides an intertextual backdrop: the Spirit's descent at Jesus' emergence from the water evokes new-creation imagery.
Alternative generated candidates
- And as he came up immediately from the water, he saw the heavens opened and the Spirit descending on him like a dove.
- And immediately, coming up out of the water, he saw the heavens opened and the Spirit like a dove descending upon him.
Mark.1.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- φωνη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- εγενετο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- εκ: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- ουρανων·Συ: NOUN,gen,pl,m + PRON,nom,sg,2
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- υιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- αγαπητος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- σοι: PRON,dat,sg,2
- ευδοκησα: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
Parallels
- Matthew 3:17 (verbal): Almost identical heavenly declaration at Jesus' baptism: 'This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.' (Direct verbal parallel.)
- Luke 3:22 (verbal): Luke's account of the baptism likewise records the voice from heaven addressing Jesus as God's beloved Son and expressing divine pleasure (close verbal parallel).
- Psalm 2:7 (quotation): OT source cited elsewhere in the NT for the divine sonship formula ('You are my son; today I have begotten you')—provides canonical background for the Father's proclamation of Jesus as Son.
- Isaiah 42:1 (thematic): God's servant is called 'my chosen, in whom my soul delights'—an OT motif of a specially‑favored servant/son echoed by the Father's 'beloved... in whom I am well pleased.'
- 2 Peter 1:17 (quotation): Peter cites the heavenly voice (in the context of the Transfiguration) with the same wording—'This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased'—linking Mark's baptismal voice to later apostolic testimony.
Alternative generated candidates
- And a voice came from heaven: "You are my beloved Son; in you I am well pleased."
- And a voice came from heaven: "You are my beloved Son; in you I am well pleased."
Mark.1.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ευθυς: ADV
- το: ART,nom,sg,neut
- πνευμα: NOUN,nom,sg,neut
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- εκβαλλει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- εις: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- ερημον: NOUN,acc,sg,fem
Parallels
- Matthew 4:1 (verbal): Parallel account of the Spirit sending/leading Jesus into the wilderness; Matthew explicitly links this movement to the testing/temptation by the devil.
- Luke 4:1 (verbal): Luke likewise records that Jesus, full of the Spirit, was led by the Spirit into the wilderness—closely matching Mark’s report of the Spirit driving/leading him.
- Mark 1:13 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation in Mark: Jesus remains in the wilderness forty days, is tempted by Satan, and is ministered to by angels—completing the scene introduced in 1:12.
- Deuteronomy 8:2–3 (thematic): Israel’s forty years in the wilderness as a time of testing and dependence on God provides the Old Testament background for the motif of Jesus’ wilderness testing and the spiritual purpose of such a setting.
Alternative generated candidates
- And immediately the Spirit drove him out into the wilderness.
- And immediately the Spirit drove him into the wilderness.
Mark.1.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- ερημω: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- τεσσερακοντα: NUM,acc,pl
- ημερας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- πειραζομενος: VERB,pres,mp,part,nom,m,sg
- υπο: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Σατανα: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- μετα: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- θηριων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
- και: CONJ
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- αγγελοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- διηκονουν: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,pl
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- Matthew 4:1-11 (verbal): Direct synoptic parallel: Jesus led into the wilderness, tempted by the devil for forty days; concludes with angels ministering to him (v.11).
- Luke 4:1-13 (verbal): Parallel account: Jesus, full of the Spirit, is tempted by Satan in the wilderness for forty days; records the three temptations and the devil's departure.
- Deuteronomy 8:2-3 (allusion): Israel tested in the wilderness for forty years; v.3 ('man does not live by bread alone') is quoted by Jesus in response to the temptation to turn stones into bread.
- Exodus 34:28 (thematic): Moses' forty days and nights on Sinai without food or drink parallels the motif of a forty-day fast in the wilderness.
- 1 Kings 19:4-8 (thematic): Elijah is sustained by an angel and travels forty days and nights to Horeb—similar imagery of angelic ministry and a prolonged wilderness sojourn.
Alternative generated candidates
- He was there in the wilderness forty days, tempted by Satan; he was with the wild beasts, and the angels ministered to him.
- He was in the wilderness forty days, tempted by Satan; he was with the wild beasts, and the angels ministered to him.
In those days Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan. And immediately, as he came up out of the water, he saw the heavens opened and the Spirit descending upon him like a dove. And a voice came from heaven: "You are my Son, the Beloved; in you I am well pleased." And immediately the Spirit drove him out into the wilderness.
He was in the wilderness forty days, tempted by Satan; he was with the wild beasts, and the angels ministered to him.