Final Greetings and Benediction
Philippians 4:21-23
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Phil.4.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- παντα: ADJ,nom,pl,n
- αγιον: ADJ,acc,sg,neut
- εν: PREP
- Χριστω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ασπαζονται: VERB,pres,mid,ind,3,pl
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- συν: PREP
- εμοι: PRON,dat,sg,1
- αδελφοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
Parallels
- Romans 16:16 (verbal): Final salutation: mutual greetings among Christians — 'Greet one another' and greetings from the churches of Christ, paralleling Paul's closing exhortation to greet the saints.
- 1 Corinthians 16:19-20 (verbal): Close-of-letter greetings: 'The churches of Asia greet you' and 'All the brethren greet you' — closely parallels Philippians' mention of companions greeting the recipients.
- 2 Corinthians 13:11-12 (verbal): Similar closing formula: exhortation to final conduct followed by 'Greet one another' and 'All the saints greet you,' echoing the communal greeting in Phil 4:21.
- Colossians 4:15-18 (structural): Parallel letter-ending: sends greetings from a local church and from Paul's companions, and includes Paul's personal closing words — comparable structure and content to Phil 4:21.
- Philemon 1:23-25 (thematic): Paul's companions send greetings (Epaphras, others) and Paul concludes with a personal benediction — mirrors Phil 4:21's note that 'the brothers who are with me greet you.'
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet every saint in Christ Jesus. The brothers who are with me send you greetings.
- All the saints greet you, together with those who are in Christ Jesus.
Phil.4.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπαζονται: VERB,pres,m/p,ind,3,pl
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- παντες: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- αγιοι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- μαλιστα: ADV
- δε: CONJ
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- εκ: PREP
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- Καισαρος: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- οικιας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
Parallels
- Romans 16:16 (structural): Closing greeting formula—'All the churches of Christ greet you' parallels Philippians' communal farewell 'all the saints greet you.'
- 1 Corinthians 16:19-20 (structural): Pauline closing with house-church greetings—'All the brothers greet you' and household/house-church language echo the communal salutation in Phil 4:22.
- Philippians 1:13 (allusion): In the same letter Paul notes that his imprisonment has become known throughout the praetorium (the imperial household/guard), providing background for the mention of 'those of Caesar's household.'
- Acts 28:30-31 (thematic): Paul under house arrest in Rome, receiving visitors and preaching from his rented house—context for contacts and possible converts within the imperial sphere referenced in Phil 4:22.
- Romans 16:21-23 (verbal): A list of personal and household greetings from Paul's companions and hosts ('Gaius my host…') mirrors Philippians' practice of sending greetings, including specific mention of household groups.
Alternative generated candidates
- All the saints send you greetings, especially those of Caesar's household.
- Those in Caesar’s household greet you. My friend Titus greets you.
Phil.4.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- χαρις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- κυριου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- μετα: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- πνευματος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
Parallels
- Galatians 6:18 (verbal): Virtually identical benediction—'The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit' appears verbatim (final greeting of Paul).
- 2 Corinthians 13:14 (verbal): Closely related benediction in an expanded, Trinitarian form: 'The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all.'
- 1 Corinthians 16:23 (verbal): Pauline closing with the same basic element—'The grace of the Lord Jesus be with you'—a shorter variant of the same benediction formula.
- 1 Thessalonians 5:28 (thematic): Final benediction invoking the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ—shares the thematic function of a pastoral blessing accompanying Paul's closing greetings.
Alternative generated candidates
- The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen.
- The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen.
Greet every saint in Christ Jesus. Those who are with me send you their greetings.
All the saints send you greetings, especially those of Caesar’s household.
The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen.