Personal Greetings, Final Warnings, and Doxology
Romans 16:1-27
Rom.16.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Συνιστημι: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- δε: CONJ
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- Φοιβην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- αδελφην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- ουσαν: PART,pres,act,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- διακονον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- εκκλησιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- εν: PREP
- Κεγχρεαις: NOUN,dat,pl,f
Parallels
- 1 Timothy 3:8-13 (verbal): Discusses qualifications for deacons (diakonoi); parallels Phoebe’s designation as diakonos (servant/deacon).
- Philippians 4:2-3 (thematic): Paul commends Euodia and Syntyche as women who labored with him in the gospel—another instance of female co-workers commended by Paul.
- Acts 18:18, 24-26 (thematic): Priscilla (Prisca) with Aquila instructs Apollos in Corinth—example of a woman actively serving and teaching in the Corinthian region near Cenchreae.
- 1 Corinthians 16:15-18 (thematic): Paul praises the household of Stephanas for devoted service to the saints; parallels Paul’s commendation of local persons who minister to the church.
- Romans 16:7 (structural): Paul’s commendation of Junia as 'prominent among the apostles' provides another example in the same chapter of recognized female leadership in the early church.
Alternative generated candidates
- I commend to you Phoebe our sister, who is a servant of the church at Cenchrea.
- I commend to you our sister Phoebe, a deacon of the church at Cenchreae,
Rom.16.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ινα: CONJ
- αυτην: PRON,acc,sg,f
- προσδεξησθε: VERB,aor,mid/pass,subj,2,pl
- εν: PREP
- κυριω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- αξιως: ADV
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- αγιων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- παραστητε: VERB,pres,act,subj,2,pl
- αυτη: PRON,dat,sg,f
- εν: PREP
- ω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- αν: PART
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
- χρηζη: VERB,pres,act,subj,3,sg
- πραγματι: ADV
- και: CONJ
- γαρ: PART
- αυτη: PRON,dat,sg,f
- προστατις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- πολλων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- εγενηθη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- εμου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Rom.16.1 (structural): Immediate context: Phoebe is named and described as a deacon/servant of the church at Cenchreae; v.2 gives the instructions for receiving and assisting her.
- Phil.2.29 (verbal): Paul urges the Philippians to welcome Epaphroditus 'in the Lord' and to honor him because he served with Paul in the work of the gospel, echoing the language of reception and recognition of service in Rom 16:2.
- Acts 9.36-39 (allusion): The account of Tabitha (Dorcas), a woman noted for doing good and helping the poor, parallels Phoebe as a female minister/benefactor who aided many.
- 3 John 5-8 (thematic): John commends Gaius for supporting itinerant brothers and instructs churches to show hospitality to those who work for the truth—parallel to Paul's instruction to assist and receive Phoebe.
- 1 Cor.16.15-18 (thematic): Paul commends Stephanas' household for devoted service and urges recognition of those who minister; similar commendatory pattern and appeal to support leaders/servants found in Rom 16:2.
Alternative generated candidates
- Receive her in the Lord in a manner worthy of the saints, and give her any help she may need from you, for she has been a helper of many and of myself.
- that you receive her in the Lord in a manner worthy of the saints and assist her in any matter she may need from you; for she has been a benefactor of many and of myself as well.
Rom.16.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Πρισκαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- Ακυλαν: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- συνεργους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- εν: PREP
- Χριστω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Acts 18:2-3 (structural): Reports Paul's first meeting with Priscilla (Prisca) and Aquila in Corinth and their shared trade as tentmakers—background for their close partnership with Paul.
- Acts 18:26 (thematic): Describes Priscilla and Aquila instructing Apollos—illustrates their active ministry and role as Paul's fellow workers in spreading the gospel.
- 1 Corinthians 16:19 (verbal): A direct greeting from Priscilla and Aquila to the Corinthian church (’Aquila and Priscilla greet you warmly in the Lord’), paralleling Paul’s salutation here.
- 2 Timothy 4:19 (verbal): Paul again sends greetings to Priscilla and Aquila—another direct echo of the same personal connection and mutual ministry.
- Philippians 4:3 (thematic): Paul appeals to a ‘true companion’ to help those who ‘labored’ with him in the gospel—parallels the description of Priscilla and Aquila as fellow workers (synergoi) with Paul.
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet Priscilla and Aquila, my fellow workers in Christ Jesus,
- Greet Prisca and Aquila, my fellow workers in Christ Jesus,
Rom.16.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- οιτινες: PRO,rel,nom,pl,m
- υπερ: PREP
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- ψυχης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- εαυτων: PRON,gen,pl,3
- τραχηλον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- υπεθηκαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- οις: PRON,dat,pl,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εγω: PRON,nom,sg,1
- μονος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- ευχαριστω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- αλλα: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- πασαι: ADJ,nom,pl,f
- αι: ART,nom,pl,f
- εκκλησιαι: NOUN,nom,pl,f
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- εθνων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
Parallels
- Philippians 2:30 (verbal): Paul speaks of Epaphroditus as having 'nearly died' or 'risked his life' for the work on Paul's behalf—directly parallels the language of risking life/neck for Paul.
- Acts 15:26 (verbal): The Jerusalem letter describes Barnabas and Paul as 'men who have risked their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ,' a close verbal parallel to those who 'laid down their necks' for Paul's life.
- Philippians 4:3 (thematic): Paul commends and requests support for fellow workers ('who labored with me in the gospel'), paralleling Romans 16:4's acknowledgement and thanksgiving for those who aided and risked for him.
- 2 Corinthians 1:11 (thematic): Paul speaks of the churches' collective help by prayer in his deliverance ('you also helping together by prayer for us'), echoing Romans 16:4's note that 'all the churches of the Gentiles' likewise give thanks for those who risked themselves on his behalf.
Alternative generated candidates
- who risked their necks for my life— to whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles.
- who risked their necks for my life, to whom not only I give thanks but also all the Gentile churches.
Rom.16.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- κατ᾽οικον: PREP,acc
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- εκκλησιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Επαινετον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- αγαπητον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- ος: PRON,nom,sg,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- απαρχη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- Ασιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- εις: PREP
- Χριστον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
Parallels
- 1 Corinthians 16:19 (verbal): Uses the same formula: Aquila and Priscilla send greetings “with the church that is in their house,” matching Paul’s reference to a house church in Romans 16:5.
- Colossians 4:15 (verbal): Mentions Nympha and “the church in her house,” a near‑verbal parallel to Paul’s greeting to the church meeting in a private home.
- 1 Corinthians 16:15 (thematic): Speaks of Stephanas’ household as “the firstfruits of Achaia,” paralleling the language and concept of Epaenetus as ‘firstfruits/first convert of Asia.’
- Philemon 1:2 (structural): Paul greets Philemon and explicitly addresses “the church in your house,” reflecting the common early‑Christian reality and Paul’s pattern of naming house churches in his salutations.
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet also the church that meets in their house. Greet Epaenetus, my beloved, who is the firstfruits of Asia for Christ.
- Greet the church that meets in their house. Greet Epaenetus, my beloved, who was the first convert to Christ in the province of Asia.
Rom.16.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Μαριαμ: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- ητις: PRON,rel,nom,sg,f
- πολλα: ADJ,acc,pl,n
- εκοπιασεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- εις: PREP
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
Parallels
- Romans 16:12 (verbal): Greets women (Tryphena, Tryphosa, Persis) described as those who 'labor in the Lord' or 'have worked hard,' using the same idea/terminology of service and toil.
- Romans 16:3-4 (thematic): Priscilla and Aquila are called Paul's 'fellow workers' who 'risked their necks' for him—another commendation of sacrificial service on behalf of the Christian community.
- 1 Thessalonians 5:12-13 (thematic): Paul urges the Thessalonians to 'recognize' and 'esteem' those who labor among them, paralleling the instruction to greet and honor church workers like Mary.
- Philippians 2:25-30 (thematic): Epaphroditus is commended for risking his life in the service of Christ; echoes the theme of dangerous, devoted labor for the benefit of the Christian community.
- 1 Corinthians 16:15-18 (thematic): Paul praises Stephanas and his household for dedicating themselves to the ministry and urges the church to submit to such people—another example of commending those who labor for the church.
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet Mary, who has labored much for us.
- Greet Mary, who has labored much for you.
Rom.16.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Ανδρονικον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Ιουνιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- συγγενεις: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- και: CONJ
- συναιχμαλωτους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- οιτινες: PRO,rel,nom,pl,m
- εισιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- επισημοι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- αποστολοις: NOUN,dat,pl,m
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- προ: PREP
- εμου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- γεγοναν: VERB,perf,act,ind,3,pl
- εν: PREP
- Χριστω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- Philemon 1:23 (verbal): Uses the same idea/phrase of a companion in chains ('my fellow prisoner'), paralleling Paul's description of Andronicus and Junia as his fellow prisoners.
- Galatians 2:9 (thematic): Speaks of recognized leaders among the apostles ('James, Cephas and John' as pillars/authorized authorities), paralleling Romans' claim that Andronicus and Junia were 'notable among the apostles.'
- Galatians 1:15-19 (allusion): Paul emphasizes his own later arrival to the apostolic circle and notes others who were in Christ before him, echoing Romans 16:7's 'who were in Christ before me.'
- 1 Corinthians 15:7 (thematic): Lists post‑resurrection appearances to James and then 'all the apostles,' highlighting distinctions and prominence within the apostolic group similar to calling some 'notable among the apostles.'
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen and my fellow prisoners; they are notable among the apostles and were in Christ before me.
- Greet Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen and my fellow prisoners; they are outstanding among the apostles, and they were in Christ before me.
Rom.16.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Αμπλιατον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- αγαπητον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- εν: PREP
- κυριω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- Romans 16:9 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same chapter: Paul uses the same greeting formula and calls Stachys 'my beloved,' mirroring the personal salutatio to Ampliatus.
- Romans 16:12 (thematic): Another personal greeting in Romans 16 to women who 'work in the Lord,' echoing the communal/Christian identity language ('in the Lord') used of Ampliatus.
- 1 Corinthians 16:19 (verbal): A Pauline farewell/greeting scene where Aquila and Priscilla 'greet you much in the Lord,' paralleling the formulaic greeting and the phrase 'in the Lord.'
- Colossians 4:7-10 (thematic): Paul sends greetings for Tychicus ('a beloved brother and faithful minister') and others—similar vocabulary (beloved, fellow worker) and the practice of naming individuals with affectionate, ministry-related descriptors.
- 3 John 1:14 (verbal): A short, personal closing instruction—'Greet the friends by name'—reflects the same epistolary habit of naming and sending salutations to Christian acquaintances as in Rom 16:8.
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet Ampliatus, my beloved in the Lord.
- Greet Ampliatus, my beloved in the Lord.
Rom.16.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Ουρβανον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- συνεργον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- εν: PREP
- Χριστω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Σταχυν: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- αγαπητον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
Parallels
- Romans 16:3 (verbal): Priscilla and Aquila are greeted as Paul’s “fellow workers in Christ Jesus,” paralleling the greeting of Urbanus as a fellow-worker in Christ.
- Romans 16:21 (verbal): Timothy is called Paul’s “fellow worker” (συνεργος), the same designation applied to Urbanus in Rom 16:9.
- Philippians 2:25 (verbal): Epaphroditus is described as Paul’s “brother, fellow worker, and fellow soldier,” using the same συνεργος term and highlighting the role of trusted coworkers in the mission.
- 1 Corinthians 3:9 (verbal): Paul (and fellow ministers) are called “God’s fellow workers” (συνεργοι θεοῦ), reflecting the same concept of cooperative ministry expressed in Rom 16:9.
- Romans 16:8 (verbal): Ampliatus is greeted as “my beloved,” paralleling Paul’s personal epithet for Stachys (τον ἀγαπητὸν μου) in Rom 16:9.
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet Urbanus, our fellow worker in Christ, and my beloved Stachys.
- Greet Urbanus, our fellow worker in Christ, and my beloved Stachys.
Rom.16.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Απελλην: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- δοκιμον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- Χριστω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- εκ: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- Αριστοβουλου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Rom.16.3 (verbal): Both verses open personal greetings naming individuals and explicitly tie them to Christ (e.g., 'greet Priscilla and Aquila, my fellow workers in Christ Jesus'), a similar formula to 'greet Apelles, approved in Christ.'
- Rom.16.7 (thematic): Like 16:10, Paul names persons and ascribes a commendatory status ('outstanding among the apostles' vs. 'approved in Christ'), following the pattern of honoring notable Christians in his closing salutations.
- Col.4.15 (structural): Paul sends greetings to Nympha and 'the church in her house,' paralleling the practice in Romans 16 of greeting groups associated with a named person (here, 'those of Aristobulus'), suggesting household or group affiliations.
- Phlm.1:2 (structural): Philemon pairs personal greetings with a reference to a house-church (Apphia, Archippus, and 'the church in your house'), matching Romans 16's mixture of individual salutations and possible household/group identifications.
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet Apelles, who is tested and approved in Christ. Greet those of the household of Aristobulus.
- Greet Apelles, tested and approved in Christ. Greet those of the household of Aristobulus.
Rom.16.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Ηρωδιωνα: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- συγγενη: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- εκ: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- Ναρκισσου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- οντας: PART,pres,act,acc,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- κυριω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- Rom.16.10 (verbal): Immediate parallel in form—Paul sends greetings to 'those of the household of Aristobulus,' mirroring the structure of greeting 'those of the household of Narcissus.'
- Rom.16.7 (verbal): Uses the same kinship language (συγγενής): Paul calls Andronicus and Junia 'my kinsmen,' paralleling his designation of Herodion as 'my kinsman.'
- 1 Cor.16.15 (thematic): References the 'household of Stephanas' and their role in the church—parallels Paul's practice of greeting entire households and recognizing house-based Christian groups.
- Col.4.15 (thematic): 'Greet Nympha and the church that meets in her house'—another Pauline/early-Christian example of greetings directed to a house-church or household circle, echoing the 'household of Narcissus.'
- Phlm.1.2 (thematic): Paul addresses Apphia and 'the church in your house,' paralleling the social reality of Christian households and Paul's habit of sending personal greetings to them.
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet Herodion, my kinsman. Greet those in the household of Narcissus who are in the Lord.
- Greet Herodion, my kinsman. Greet those of the household of Narcissus who are in the Lord.
Rom.16.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Τρυφαιναν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- Τρυφωσαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- κοπιωσας: VERB,aor,act,part,acc,pl,f
- εν: PREP
- κυριω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Περσιδα: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- αγαπητην: ADJ,acc,sg,f
- ητις: PRON,rel,nom,sg,f
- πολλα: ADJ,acc,pl,n
- εκοπιασεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- κυριω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- Romans 16:3 (verbal): Paul greets Priscilla and Aquila as his fellow workers (συνεργοί), a close verbal/functional parallel to greeting women who 'labour in the Lord.'
- 1 Thessalonians 5:12 (verbal): Paul/Judean tradition speaks of those 'who labor among you' (τοὺς κοπιῶντας ἐν ὑμῖν), using the same verb for toil/effort (κοπιάω) as in Rom 16:12.
- Philippians 4:2–3 (thematic): Paul appeals regarding Euodia and Syntyche—women involved in active ministry and struggle with him for the gospel—paralleling recognition of female coworkers like Tryphena, Tryphosa, and Persis.
- Luke 8:3 (thematic): Joanna, Susanna and other women 'provided for' Jesus and the Twelve out of their means—an example of women who served and supported ministry, thematically akin to those who 'labour in the Lord.'
- 1 Corinthians 15:10 (verbal): Paul describes his own intense labor ('I laboured more abundantly' — κοπιάω), echoing the same verb and concept of strenuous service 'in the Lord' applied to other workers in Rom 16:12.
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet Tryphaena and Tryphosa, who labor in the Lord. Greet beloved Persis, who has labored much in the Lord.
- Greet Tryphena and Tryphosa, who work hard in the Lord. Greet beloved Persis, who has worked hard in the Lord.
Rom.16.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Ρουφον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- εκλεκτον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- εν: PREP
- κυριω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- μητερα: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- εμου: PRON,gen,sg,1
Parallels
- Mark 15:21 (verbal): Names Rufus (son of Simon of Cyrene); likely the same Rufus Paul greets, providing an independent attestation of the name and possibly his identity.
- Romans 16:1-2 (structural): Like the greeting to Phoebe—Paul commends and greets an individual woman of the household/circle, following the same concluding-epistolary pattern of personal commendation.
- Romans 16:12 (thematic): Paul sends greetings to Tryphaena and Tryphosa and commends them for their work in the Lord; parallels the practice of naming and commending female believers in the closing greetings.
- 2 Timothy 1:5 (thematic): Paul (or the Pauline circle) recalls sincere faith first lived in a mother and grandmother (Lois and Eunice); thematically parallels the idea of maternal spiritual relationships and mothers in the faith—'who has been a mother to me also.'
- 1 Corinthians 4:15 (thematic): Paul speaks of becoming a father in Christ to the Corinthians; parallels the language and concept of spiritual parenthood that underlies Paul describing someone as a mother to him.
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet Rufus, chosen in the Lord, and his mother— who has been a mother to me also.
- Greet Rufus, chosen in the Lord; and his mother and mine.
Rom.16.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Ασυγκριτον: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- Φλεγοντα: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- Ερμην: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- Πατροβαν: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- Ερμαν: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- συν: PREP
- αυτοις: PRO,dat,pl,3
- αδελφους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
Parallels
- Rom.16.12 (structural): Another cluster of personal greetings in the same closing section—Paul names Tryphaena, Tryphosa, Persis, and others, serving the same epistolary function as 16:14.
- Rom.16.15 (structural): Further greetings in the same chapter (to Philologus, Julia, Nereus and his sister, etc.), showing the repeated pattern of naming individual believers and household groups at the letter’s close.
- Rom.16.21 (verbal): Paul records greetings sent by his companions (Timothy, Lucius, Jason, Sosipater), a parallel instance of naming co-workers who convey greetings to the Roman house churches.
- 1 Cor.16.15-18 (thematic): Paul greets and commends Stephanas, Fortunatus, and Achaicus and the household who devoted themselves to service—similar practice of personal salutations and recognition of local Christian networks.
- Col.4.10-11 (thematic): A list of Paul’s fellow-workers (e.g., Aristarchus, Mark, Justus) who send greetings—parallels Romans 16’s catalogue of names and reflects the broader network of Pauline associates exchanged between congregations.
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, and the brothers with them.
- Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, and the brothers and sisters with them.
Rom.16.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπασασθε: VERB,aor,mid,imp,2,pl
- Φιλολογον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Ιουλιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- Νηρεα: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- αδελφην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Ολυμπαν: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- συν: PREP
- αυτοις: PRO,dat,pl,3
- παντας: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- αγιους: ADJ,acc,pl,m
Parallels
- Romans 16:3-5 (structural): Another cluster of personal greetings in the same chapter — Prisca (Priscilla) and Aquila, Phoebe, and the house church are named, showing the same practice of greeting specific believers and households.
- Romans 16:21-23 (structural): Concluding list of Paul's co-workers (Timothy, Lucius, Jason, Sosipater, Tertius, Gaius, Erastus, Quartus) — parallels the pattern of naming individuals and sending greetings in the letter's closing.
- 1 Corinthians 16:19 (thematic): Aquila and Priscilla send greetings and the churches of Asia greet the Corinthians — similar practice of named personal greetings and mention of house churches or groups of saints.
- Colossians 4:10-11 (thematic): Paul names fellow-workers (Aristarchus, Mark, Jesus Justus) who send greetings, paralleling the list of individuals in Romans 16:15 and the practice of commending/co‑naming co‑workers.
- Philemon 1:23-25 (thematic): A short letter's closing with named greeters (Epaphras, Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, Luke) — another example of Pauline personal greetings and identification of fellow believers.
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet Philologus and Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints who are with them.
- Greet Philologus and Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints who are with them.
Rom.16.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ασπασασθε: VERB,pres,mid,imp,2,pl
- αλληλους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- φιληματι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- αγιω: ADJ,dat,sg,n
- Ασπαζονται: VERB,pres,mid,ind,3,pl
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- αι: ART,nom,pl,f
- εκκλησιαι: NOUN,nom,pl,f
- πασαι: ADJ,nom,pl,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- 1 Corinthians 16:20 (verbal): Paul's closing greeting uses the same formula—'Greet one another with a holy kiss'—and 'all the brethren greet you,' paralleling Rom 16:16.
- 2 Corinthians 13:12 (verbal): A parallel imperative in Paul's farewell: 'Greet one another with a holy kiss,' repeating the same closing liturgical/communal practice.
- 1 Thessalonians 5:26 (verbal): Another Pauline instance: 'Greet all the brethren with a holy kiss,' closely matching the wording and social practice of Rom 16:16.
- 1 Peter 5:14 (allusion): Peter echoes the early Christian greeting tradition—'Greet one another with a kiss of love'—reflecting the same communal kiss motif found in Romans.
- Colossians 4:15 (structural): Contains greetings exchanged between churches/house churches ('Greet the brethren...and the church which is in his house'), paralleling Romans' note that 'all the churches of Christ greet you.'
Alternative generated candidates
- Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the churches of Christ greet you.
- Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the churches of Christ send you greetings.
Rom.16.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Παρακαλω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- δε: CONJ
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- αδελφοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- σκοπειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- διχοστασιας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- σκανδαλα: NOUN,nom,pl,n
- παρα: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- διδαχην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- υμεις: PRON,nom,pl,2
- εμαθετε: VERB,aor,act,ind,2,pl
- ποιουντας: VERB,pres,act,part,acc,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- εκκλινετε: VERB,pres,act,imp,2,pl
- απ᾽αυτων·: PREP+PRON,gen,pl,3
Parallels
- Titus 3:10 (verbal): Uses the same label and procedure for a 'divisive' person (warn once, then twice, and have nothing more to do with him), paralleling Paul's injunction to mark and avoid those who cause divisions.
- Titus 1:10-11 (verbal): Condemns self‑seeking false teachers who 'upset whole households' and teach for dishonest gain—close verbal and thematic parallel to persons causing divisions and obstacles to the apostolic teaching.
- 2 Thessalonians 3:6 (structural): Commands the church to 'withdraw' or 'keep away' from any brother who walks disorderly—structurally similar instruction to avoid those who create divisions in Rom 16:17.
- 1 Corinthians 1:10 (thematic): Paul's appeal for unity and his warning against 'divisions' within the Corinthian church echo the concern in Romans 16:17 about parties and schisms contrary to the teaching received.
- 2 John 1:10-11 (verbal): Instructs believers not to receive into the house or greet those who do not bring the true teaching—parallel practical measure of avoiding teachers who undermine apostolic doctrine.
Alternative generated candidates
- I appeal to you, brothers and sisters, to watch those who cause dissension and stumbling contrary to the teaching you have learned; avoid them.
- I appeal to you, brothers and sisters, to watch out for those who cause divisions and put obstacles contrary to the teaching you have learned; avoid them.
Rom.16.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- γαρ: PART
- τοιουτοι: ADJ,nom,pl,m
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- κυριω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- Χριστω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- ου: PART,neg
- δουλευουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- αλλα: CONJ
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- εαυτων: PRON,gen,pl,3
- κοιλια: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- δια: PREP
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- χρηστολογιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- ευλογιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- εξαπατωσι: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- καρδιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- ακακων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
Parallels
- Philippians 3:19 (verbal): Paul describes opponents whose 'god is their belly,' paralleling Romans' charge that such people serve their own appetites rather than Christ.
- 2 Peter 2:18 (verbal): Peter warns that false teachers 'entice by sensual passions' and use boastful words to seduce the unstable—echoing Romans' language about flattering talk that deceives innocent hearts.
- Jude 16 (verbal): Jude speaks of people who 'flatter others for gain' and follow their own desires, matching Romans' depiction of deceptive flattery and self-serving motives.
- Philippians 1:15-17 (thematic): Paul notes some preach Christ out of selfish rivalry or conceit rather than sincere service—similar theme of false motives undermining true service to Christ.
- 2 Corinthians 11:13-15 (thematic): Paul calls certain persons 'false apostles' and 'deceitful workmen' who disguise themselves—paralleling Romans' critique of people who mislead the simple while not truly serving Christ.
Alternative generated candidates
- For such persons do not serve our Lord Christ but their own appetites. By smooth talk and flattering speech they deceive the hearts of the naive.
- For such persons do not serve our Lord Christ but their own appetites, and by smooth talk and flattery they deceive the hearts of the naive.
Rom.16.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- γαρ: PART
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
- υπακοη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- εις: PREP
- παντας: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- αφικετο·εφ᾽υμιν: VERB,perf,act,ind,3,sg
- ουν: CONJ
- χαιρω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- θελω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- δε: CONJ
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- σοφους: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- ειναι: VERB,pres,act,inf
- εις: PREP
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- αγαθον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- ακεραιους: ADJ,acc,pl,m
- δε: CONJ
- εις: PREP
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- κακον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
Parallels
- Matthew 10:16 (allusion): Jesus' injunction to be 'wise as serpents and innocent as doves' echoes Paul's call to be 'wise for what is good, innocent for what is evil'—similar moral prudence paired with purity.
- Colossians 4:5 (verbal): Paul's exhortation to 'walk in wisdom toward outsiders' parallels the instruction here to be wise in doing good, applying practical prudence in Christian conduct.
- Ephesians 5:15 (verbal): 'Look carefully then how you walk... not as unwise but as wise' shares the same contrast between wisdom and folly that Paul urges in Romans 16:19.
- 1 Thessalonians 1:8 (thematic): The report of the Thessalonians' faith spreading 'everywhere' parallels Romans' statement that the Roman believers' obedience has become known to all—both emphasize the public reputation/effect of Christian obedience.
Alternative generated candidates
- For your obedience is known to all. I rejoice therefore over you; but I want you to be wise as to what is good, and innocent as to what is evil.
- For your obedience is known to all. Therefore I rejoice over you; but I want you to be wise as to what is good, and innocent as to what is evil.
Rom.16.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- ειρηνης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- συντριψει: VERB,fut,act,ind,3,sg
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- Σαταναν: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- υπο: PREP
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- ποδας: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
- εν: PREP
- ταχει: ADV
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- χαρις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- κυριου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- μεθ᾽υμων: PREP+PRON,gen,pl,2
Parallels
- Genesis 3:15 (allusion): The proto‑evangelium promises enmity between the seed of the woman and the serpent and the crushing of the serpent’s head — an early Old Testament motif of victory over the tempter echoed in Paul’s image of Satan being crushed.
- 1 Corinthians 15:25-27 (verbal): Speaks of Christ putting all his enemies under his feet and the final subjection of death; closely parallels the language of enemies being trodden underfoot and the defeat of hostile powers.
- Ephesians 1:22 (verbal): Declares that God has put all things under Christ’s feet and appointed him head over the church, using the same imagery of subjection under feet to describe triumph over hostile forces.
- Hebrews 2:14-15 (thematic): Explains that Christ shared in flesh and blood so that through death he might destroy the power of the devil and free those held by the fear of death — thematically parallel to God’s crushing of Satan.
- 1 John 3:8 (thematic): States that the Son of God appeared to destroy the works of the devil, echoing Paul’s claim that God will effect Satan’s defeat on behalf of the faithful.
Alternative generated candidates
- The God of peace will soon crush Satan under your feet. The grace of our Lord Jesus be with you.
- The God of peace will soon crush Satan under your feet. The grace of our Lord Jesus be with you.
Rom.16.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ασπαζεται: VERB,pres,mid/pass,ind,3,sg
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- Τιμοθεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- συνεργος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- και: CONJ
- Λουκιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Ιασων: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- Σωσιπατρος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- συγγενεις: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
Parallels
- Acts 20:4 (verbal): Names Sopater/Sopater of Berea (Sosipater) as one of Paul's companions—verbal parallel identifying a likely same person among Paul's co-workers.
- Acts 17:5-9 (verbal): Mentions Jason, who hosted Paul and Silas in Thessalonica and suffered persecution—parallels the Jason greeted in Romans as a known associate.
- Philippians 2:19-23 (thematic): Paul speaks of Timothy as his trusted companion and envoy, emphasizing Timothy's faithfulness and partnership—echoes the greeting to Timothy as Paul's coworker.
- 2 Corinthians 8:23 (verbal): Uses the term 'partner'/'fellow worker' (synergos) of Titus—parallels Romans' description of companions as συνεργοι, reflecting Paul's practice of naming and commending coworkers.
Alternative generated candidates
- Timothy, my fellow worker, greets you; so do Lucius, Jason, and Sosipater, my kinsmen.
- Timothy, my fellow worker, Lucius, Jason, and Sosipater, my kinsmen, greet you.
Rom.16.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπαζομαι: VERB,pres,mp,ind,3,sg
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- εγω: PRON,nom,sg,1
- Τερτιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- γραψας: VERB,aor,act,ptc,nom,sg,m
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- επιστολην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εν: PREP
- κυριω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- 1 Corinthians 16:21 (verbal): Paul's close: 'I, Paul, write this greeting with my own hand.' Parallels Romans 16:22 as a closing/authorship notice, contrasting Paul's autograph with the amanuensis (Tertius) who wrote Romans.
- Colossians 4:18 (verbal): Paul states 'I, Paul, write this greeting with my own hand.' Similar autograph formula used elsewhere, highlighting practices of personal greetings and authentication of letters like Romans 16:22.
- Philemon 1:19 (verbal): Paul declares 'I, Paul, write with my own hand' in a personal note. This provides a direct parallel to apostolic autograph notices and helps explain why Romans names an amanuensis (Tertius) rather than an autograph statement.
- 2 Thessalonians 3:17 (verbal): Contains the explicit autograph/sign formula: 'I, Paul, write this greeting with my own hand; this is the sign in every letter.' Relates to Romans 16:22 by addressing letter-authentication and scribal practice.
- Galatians 6:11 (thematic): Paul remarks on his own handwriting—'See what large letters I use as I write to you with my own hand'—thematically linked to Romans 16:22's concern with who physically wrote the epistle (Tertius as amanuensis).
Alternative generated candidates
- I, Tertius, who wrote this letter, greet you in the Lord.
- I, Tertius, who wrote this letter, greet you in the Lord.
Rom.16.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ασπαζεται: VERB,pres,mid,ind,3,sg
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- Γαιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- ξενος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- μου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- και: CONJ
- ολης: ADJ,gen,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- εκκλησιας: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- ασπαζεται: VERB,pres,mid,ind,3,sg
- υμας: PRON,acc,pl,2
- Εραστος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- οικονομος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- πολεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- Κουαρτος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- αδελφος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
Parallels
- Acts 19:22 (verbal): Mentions Erastus as one of Paul’s companions sent into Macedonia — connects the same personal name and association with Paul.
- 2 Timothy 4:20 (verbal): States that Erastus stayed in Corinth — corroborates Erastus’s local civic role and presence in the city context.
- 1 Corinthians 1:14 (verbal): Paul names a Gaius whom he baptized; the shared name suggests a possible identification with the Gaius who hosts the whole church in Romans 16:23.
- 3 John 1:5-8 (thematic): Praises Gaius for his hospitality to traveling brothers and strangers — thematically parallels the role of Gaius in Romans as a host to the church.
- Colossians 4:15 (thematic): Greets Nympha and the church that meets in her house — parallels the practice of house churches and named hosts/greetings found in Romans 16:23.
Alternative generated candidates
- Gaius, my host and the host of the whole church, greets you. Erastus, the city's treasurer, greets you, and Quartus the brother.
- Gaius, who hosts me and the whole church, greets you. Erastus, the city treasurer, and Quartus, a brother, greet you.
Rom.16.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Η: ART,nom,sg,fem
- χαρις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- κυριου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- ημων: PRON,gen,pl,1
- Ιησου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- Χριστου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- μετα: PREP
- παντων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- υμων: PRON,gen,pl,2
- Αμην: PART
Parallels
- 1 Cor.16.23 (verbal): Paul's closing benediction uses the same wording ('The grace of the Lord Jesus be with you'), a near-verbatim formula shared with Romans 16:24.
- Gal.6.18 (verbal): Identical benedictory formula ('The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen.')—shows the recurring Pauline farewell invoking Christ's grace.
- Phil.4.23 (verbal): Paul closes with the same phrase ('The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.'), a direct verbal parallel in a Pauline letter's conclusion.
- 2 Thess.3.18 (verbal): Uses the same closing blessing ('The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.'), confirming the standard Pauline benediction tradition.
- 2 Cor.13.14 (structural): An expanded Pauline benediction that includes 'the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ' within a threefold blessing (grace, love, fellowship), paralleling Romans 16:24's closing function and language.
Alternative generated candidates
- The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.
- The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.
I commend to you our sister Phoebe, a servant of the church at Cenchreae.
Receive her in the Lord in a manner worthy of the saints, and assist her in whatever matter she may have need of you; for she has been a helper of many and of myself as well.
Greet Prisca and Aquila, my fellow workers in Christ Jesus,
who risked their own necks for my life; to whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles.
Greet also the church that meets in their house. Greet my beloved Epaenetus, who is the firstfruits of Asia for Christ.
Greet Mary, who has labored much for you.
Greet Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen and fellow prisoners; they are notable among the apostles, and they were in Christ before me.
Greet Ampliatus, my beloved in the Lord.
Greet Urbanus our fellow worker in Christ, and my beloved Stachys.
Greet Apelles, approved in Christ. Greet those of the household of Aristobulus.
Greet Herodion my kinsman. Greet those of the household of Narcissus who are in the Lord.
Greet Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labor in the Lord. Greet Persis the beloved, who labored much in the Lord.
Greet Rufus, chosen in the Lord, and his mother—who has been a mother to me also.
Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, and the brothers who are with them.
Greet Philologus and Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints who are with them.
Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the churches of Christ greet you. Now I exhort you, brothers, to watch those who cause divisions and stumbling contrary to the teaching you received; avoid them.
For such do not serve our Lord Christ but their own appetites; and by smooth words and flattering speech they deceive the hearts of the simple.
For your obedience has become known to all. I rejoice, therefore, over you; but I want you to be wise as to what is good and innocent as to what is evil. And the God of peace will soon crush Satan under your feet. The grace of our Lord Jesus be with you.
Timothy, my fellow worker, greets you; so do Lucius, Jason, and Sosipater, my kinsmen.
I, Tertius, who write this letter, greet you in the Lord.
Gaius, my host and the host of the whole church, greets you. Erastus the city treasurer greets you, and Quartus the brother.
The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.