Advice on Wealth, Conduct, and Discipline
Proverbs 19:1-29
Pro.19.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- טוב: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- רש: VERB,qal,inf
- הולך: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- בתמו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
- מעקש: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- שפתיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
- כסיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Proverbs 28:6 (verbal): Closely parallels the wording and contrast: the poor who walks in integrity is better than one who is perverse (or crooked) though rich — essentially the same proverb phrased slightly differently.
- Proverbs 11:3 (thematic): Contrasts integrity/uprightness with perversity/crookedness; emphasizes that integrity guides and preserves, while perversity leads to ruin, echoing the moral contrast in Prov 19:1.
- Proverbs 16:8 (thematic): Affirms the theme that moral righteousness (a little with righteousness) is preferable to great wealth gained by unrighteous means, paralleling Prov 19:1’s valuation of integrity over material status.
- Psalm 15:1-2 (allusion): Uses the language of ‘walking uprightly’ and doing righteousness to describe the person fit to dwell with God, echoing Prov 19:1’s commendation of one who ‘walks in integrity.’
Alternative generated candidates
- Better a poor man who walks in integrity than one who is perverse in his lips and yet is a fool.
- Better a poor man who walks in integrity than one whose lips are crooked and who is a fool.
Pro.19.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- גם: ADV
- בלא: PREP
- דעת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- טוב: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- ואץ: CONJ+VERB,qal,ptc,act,m,sg
- ברגלים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- חוטא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Prov.21:5 (thematic): Contrasts careful diligence with haste; Proverbs links hasty action with ruin/poverty, echoing 19:2’s idea that hastening (with the feet) leads to wrongdoing.
- Prov.29:20 (verbal): Warns against being hasty in speech—portraying impulsiveness as folly—parallel to 19:2’s warning that hurried behavior results in sin.
- Prov.14:29 (thematic): Observes that slowness (in anger/impulse) shows understanding while impulsiveness exalts folly, resonating with 19:2’s link between haste and error.
- Eccles.7:9 (allusion): Advises not to be quick in spirit to be angry because haste belongs to fools, a wisdom tradition motive similar to Proverbs’ condemnation of hasty conduct.
- James 1:19-20 (structural): New Testament application urging believers to be quick to hear, slow to speak and slow to anger—addressing the same problem of impulsive haste that leads to sin in Prov 19:2.
Alternative generated candidates
- Also, without discernment a soul is not good; haste with the feet leads to sin.
- It is not good for a soul to be without understanding; haste of feet brings transgression.
Pro.19.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אולת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תסלף: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- דרכו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- יזעף: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לבו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Prov.14:12 (verbal): “There is a way that seems right to a man…”—similar wording and idea that human judgment/folly leads one onto a destructive path.
- Prov.28:26 (verbal): “Whoever trusts in his own mind is a fool” — connects human self-reliance/foolishness with misdirected ways and peril.
- Jer.17:9 (thematic): “The heart is deceitful above all things” — emphasizes the heart’s corrupting influence that misleads conduct and alienates from God.
- Isa.63:10 (thematic): “They rebelled and grieved his Holy Spirit… he became their enemy” — portrays human rebellion/heart-against-God causing divine displeasure, paralleling ‘heart fretting against the LORD.’
- Rom.1:21 (thematic): “Although they knew God… their thinking became futile, and their foolish hearts were darkened” — New Testament parallel linking human folly to attitudes hostile to God and moral ruin.
Alternative generated candidates
- A man's folly perverts his course; in his heart he is angry with the LORD.
- Folly perverts a man's way, and his heart vents anger against the LORD.
Pro.19.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יסיף: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- רעים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- ודל: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,abs
- מרעהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- יפרד: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Proverbs 14:20 (verbal): Directly parallels the idea that the poor are despised or lack support while the rich have many friends; similar wording about friends and wealth.
- Proverbs 19:7 (verbal): Same chapter and closely related thought: the poor are hated by kin and friends often abandon him—an immediate parallel development of 19:4's theme.
- Luke 16:9 (thematic): Jesus advises using wealth to make friends ('so that when it fails they may receive you into eternal dwellings'), reflecting the practical social power of money to secure relationships.
- Job 19:13-14 (thematic): Job laments that his brothers and acquaintances are estranged from him; thematically parallels the loss of friends/support in suffering or destitution.
Alternative generated candidates
- Wealth brings many friends, but the poor is separated from his companion.
- Wealth increases many friends, but the poor man is forsaken by his companion.
Pro.19.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- עד: PREP
- שקרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- ינקה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ויפיח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כזבים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- ימלט: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 19:16-19 (structural): Legal provision for judging and punishing a false witness—if someone gives false testimony the community must punish the liar—parallels Proverbs’ claim that a false witness will not go unpunished.
- Exodus 20:16 (thematic): The Decalogue’s prohibition, “You shall not bear false witness,” expresses the same moral/ethical condemnation of lying testimony that Proverbs 19:5 affirms.
- Proverbs 6:19 (verbal): One of the things the Lord hates is “a false witness who breathes out lies” (literally “breathes lies”), echoing the same formula and vocabulary as Prov 19:5.
- Proverbs 14:5 (verbal): “A faithful witness does not lie, but a false witness breathes out lies” — closely parallels the language and contrast between truthful and lying witnesses found in Prov 19:5.
Alternative generated candidates
- A false witness will not be acquitted; the one who breathes lies will not escape.
- A false witness will not go unpunished; he who breathes out lies will not escape.
Pro.19.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- יחלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,pl
- פני: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- נדיב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- הרע: ADJ,m,sg,def
- לאיש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מתן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Proverbs 18:16 (verbal): Both verses link gifts with gaining access and favor: a man's gift 'makes room' and brings him before the great, paralleling how many seek the face of a giver.
- Proverbs 21:14 (thematic): Shows the social power of gifts—'a gift in secret averts anger'—echoing the idea that giving secures goodwill and influence.
- Proverbs 11:25 (thematic): Presents generosity as socially beneficial—'the generous will be enriched'—complementing the observation that people flock to those who give.
- Acts 8:18-23 (thematic): Simon's attempt to buy the gift of the Spirit illustrates the transactional expectation that money or gifts can secure favor or spiritual/official standing.
- James 2:1-4 (thematic): Addresses favoritism toward the wealthy/privileged, paralleling the social tendency to give preferential treatment to those who provide gifts or status.
Alternative generated candidates
- Many seek the favor of the generous; every man is a friend to the giver.
- Many seek the favor of a generous one; everyone is a friend to him who gives.
Pro.19.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- אחי: NOUN,m,pl,suff
- רש: VERB,qal,inf
- שנאהו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אף: ADV
- כי: CONJ
- מרעהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- רחקו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- מרדף: VERB,qal,ptc,ms,sg
- אמרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- המה: PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Job 19:13 (verbal): Job laments that his brothers and acquaintances have been put far from him—language and theme closely parallel the proverb’s depiction of friends abandoning the poor.
- Psalm 55:12-14 (thematic): The psalmist complains of betrayal by a close companion—the theme of trusted associates turning away echoes Proverbs’ picture of social rejection.
- Psalm 41:9 (thematic): A trusted friend lifts his heel against the psalmist; like Proverbs 19:7 this verse highlights intimate betrayal and the loss of support.
- Matthew 26:56 (structural): At Jesus’ arrest all the disciples forsook him and fled—an illustrative New Testament instance of friends abandoning someone in distress, paralleling the proverb’s situation.
- Proverbs 18:24 (structural): Offers a counterpoint within Proverbs—while 19:7 depicts friends abandoning the poor, 18:24 speaks of a friend who sticks closer than a brother, underscoring varying realities of friendship.
Alternative generated candidates
- All the relatives of a poor man hate him; how much more do his friends distance themselves—he pursues them with words, but they are gone.
- All the relatives of the poor hate him; how much more do his neighbors keep their distance. He appeals to them, but they are gone.
Pro.19.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- קנה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אהב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- נפשו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- שמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- תבונה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- למצא: PREP,VERB,qal,inf
- טוב: ADJ,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Proverbs 3:13-18 (thematic): Both passages portray finding wisdom as a blessing that yields good/benefit and life—those who gain wisdom receive true good and prosperity.
- Proverbs 4:7 (verbal): The imperative to acquire wisdom and understanding echoes the verb קנה (get/buy) in 19:8, stressing active pursuit of wisdom.
- Proverbs 8:35-36 (thematic): Like 19:8, Proverbs 8 links finding wisdom with finding life and favor, portraying wisdom as the means to the good of the self.
- Proverbs 16:16 (thematic): Affirms the superior value of gaining wisdom (over wealth), resonating with 19:8’s link between acquiring wisdom/understanding and one’s well‑being.
- Job 28:28 (thematic): Connects wisdom and understanding with the right orientation of the person (fear of the LORD, turning from evil), paralleling 19:8’s link between seeking wisdom/understanding and attaining good for oneself.
Alternative generated candidates
- He who acquires wisdom loves his own soul; he who guards understanding will find good.
- One who acquires a heart loves his own soul; whoever keeps prudence will find good.
Pro.19.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- עד: PREP
- שקרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- ינקה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ויפיח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- כזבים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יאבד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 19:16-19 (structural): Legal provision for punishing a false witness—if a witness is found to be false he receives the punishment intended for the accused—parallels the proverb’s assertion that false witnesses will not go unpunished.
- Exodus 23:1 (verbal): Explicit prohibition against bearing a false report and serving as a malicious witness; echoes the injunctional/ethical stance against false testimony found in Prov 19:9.
- Proverbs 12:17 (verbal): ‘Whoever speaks the truth gives honest evidence, but a false witness utters deceit’ — a direct proverbial contrast between truthful speech and the deceit of a false witness, matching Prov 19:9’s theme.
- Proverbs 6:16-19 (structural): Lists a ‘lying tongue’ among the things the Lord hates; connects the moral condemnation and divine disapproval of false speech underlying Prov 19:9.
- Psalm 7:14-16 (thematic): Describes the wicked who devises falsehood and the consequent demise of his schemes—echoes Prov 19:9’s consequence language that those who breathe lies will perish.
Alternative generated candidates
- A false witness will not be vindicated; the liar who breathes falsehood will perish.
- A false witness will not go unpunished; he who breathes lies shall perish.
Pro.19.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- נאוה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- לכסיל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תענוג: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אף: ADV
- כי: CONJ
- לעבד: VERB,qal,inf
- משל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בשרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Prov.17:7 (verbal): Shares the same proverbial formula of contrast — “not fitting/becoming for a fool… much less…” (fine/appropriate speech or conduct is not fitting for a fool), a close verbal and structural parallel.
- Prov.26:1 (verbal): Uses similar language that honor or pleasant things are inappropriate for a fool (’honor is not fitting for a fool’), echoing the judgment that certain status/comforts do not suit a fool.
- Eccl.10:7 (structural): Depicts social inversion (’I have seen slaves on horses, and princes walking on the ground like slaves’), paralleling Prov.19:10’s contrast between a fool’s unfitness for honor and the impropriety of a servant wielding princely authority.
- 1 Sam.2:7–8 (thematic): Speaks of divine reversal of social positions (the LORD brings low and lifts up, raises the poor), thematically related to the proverb’s concern with proper social rank and the impropriety of a servant exercising princely power.
Alternative generated candidates
- Delight does not suit a fool; how much less for a servant to exercise rule over nobles.
- It is not fitting to honor a fool; much less should a servant wield authority over nobles.
Pro.19.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שכל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- האריך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אפו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff3ms
- ותפארתו: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- עבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- פשע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Proverbs 12:16 (verbal): Contrasts a fool’s immediate anger with the prudent person who ignores an insult—similar contrast between quick anger and discretion/overlooking offense.
- Proverbs 16:32 (verbal): Both verses praise being slow to anger and self-control, valuing patience over might or impulsive reaction.
- Proverbs 15:1 (thematic): A gentle answer turns away wrath; like Prov.19:11 it commends restraint and de-escalation as wise behavior.
- James 1:19-20 (verbal): NT exhortation to be ‘slow to anger’ and the observation that human anger does not produce righteousness parallels the wisdom theme of patience and overlooking offenses.
- Colossians 3:13 (thematic): Calls believers to bear with and forgive one another, echoing the moral commendation of overlooking transgressions as a commendable (glorious) trait.
Alternative generated candidates
- Discretion makes a person slow to anger, and it is his glory to overlook an offense.
- A man's discretion makes him slow to anger; it is his glory to overlook an offense.
Pro.19.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נהם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ככפיר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זעף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- וכטל: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- עשב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רצונו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
Parallels
- Proverbs 20:2 (verbal): Compares a king's terror/anger to the roaring of a lion—same lion‑roar imagery stressing the danger of royal wrath.
- Proverbs 16:14 (verbal): Uses similar language about a king's wrath and the effect of his favor, paralleling the contrast between deadly anger and life‑giving favor.
- Psalm 72:6 (thematic): Describes a ruler's blessing as life‑giving rain on grass—parallels the proverb's image of a king's favour like dew upon the grass.
- Psalm 133:3 (thematic): Portrays dew as a symbol of blessing and unity (the dew of Hermon on Zion), echoing the proverb's use of dew to signify gracious favor.
- Amos 3:8 (allusion): Speaks of the lion's roar as a summons/fearsome pronouncement—connects with the proverb's use of the lion's roar to evoke authority and judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- The king's wrath is like the roar of a lion; his favor is like dew on the grass.
- A king's wrath is like the roar of a young lion; his favor is like the tender grass.
Pro.19.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לאביו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כסיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודלף: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- טרד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מדיני: ADJ,m,sg
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Proverbs 17:25 (verbal): Near-verbatim parallel: describes a foolish son as a grief to his father and bitterness to his mother.
- Proverbs 10:1 (verbal): Similar antithetical proverb pairing a 'wise son' who gladdens his father with a 'foolish son' who brings grief to his mother—same theme and language.
- Proverbs 15:20 (verbal): Contrasting 'wise son' and 'foolish man/son' with corresponding joy for the parent and dishonor for the mother—verbal/thematic overlap.
- Proverbs 17:21 (thematic): Speaks of the sorrow and lack of joy a foolish or godless son brings to his father, echoing the emotional consequences in Prov 19:13.
- Deuteronomy 21:18-21 (thematic): Legal treatment of a stubborn/rebellious son highlights the serious social and familial consequences of a wayward child, thematically related to the grief caused by a foolish son.
Alternative generated candidates
- A foolish son is the ruin of his father, and a quarrelsome wife is like a constant dripping.
- A foolish son is a grief to his father and a continual quarrel to the woman who bore him.
Pro.19.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והון: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נחלת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- אבות: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ומיהוה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- משכלת: ADJ,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Proverbs 18:22 (verbal): Both verses link the finding or possession of a wife with a blessing from the LORD—’a prudent wife is from the LORD’ echoes ‘he who finds a wife finds a good thing and obtains favor from the LORD.’
- Proverbs 12:4 (thematic): Presents the wife as a positive blessing to her husband (’a virtuous wife is a crown to her husband’), paralleling the valuation of a wise/prudent wife as a special good.
- Proverbs 31:10–31 (thematic): The extended portrait of the excellent/virtuous wife develops the theme that a good wife is rare, valuable, and a source of blessing—echoing the statement that a prudent wife is from the LORD.
- Psalm 128:3 (thematic): Describes the wife as a blessing within the household (’Your wife will be like a fruitful vine within your house’), paralleling Proverbs’ contrast between material inheritance and the divinely given blessing of a prudent wife.
Alternative generated candidates
- House and riches are an inheritance from fathers; a prudent wife is from the LORD.
- House and wealth are an inheritance from fathers, but a prudent wife is from the LORD.
Pro.19.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- עצלה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תפיל: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- תרדמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ונפש: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- רמיה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תרעב: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Proverbs 6:10-11 (verbal): Both verses depict sloth leading to prolonged sleep and the arrival of poverty/need—very similar wording and consequence imagery.
- Proverbs 10:4 (verbal): Explicit contrast between lazy hands producing poverty and diligence producing provision, echoing Prov.19:15's link of laziness to hunger.
- Proverbs 13:4 (verbal): Uses the language of the 'soul' craving or being hungry when the sluggard remains inactive—parallels the idea of a 'soul' suffering want due to idleness.
- Proverbs 20:4 (thematic): Shows the practical consequence of laziness (no plowing, no harvest), thematically similar to sleep/idleness resulting in lack of food.
- 2 Thessalonians 3:10 (thematic): New Testament echo of the moral link between work and provision—'if anyone will not work, neither shall he eat' reflects the proverb's cause-and-effect teaching.
Alternative generated candidates
- Slothfulness brings on sleep, and an idle soul will hunger.
- Slothfulness brings on deep sleep; an idle soul will hunger.
Pro.19.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מצוה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- שמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- נפשו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- בוזה: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- דרכיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs,3ms
- ימות: VERB,qal,juss,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 18:5 (verbal): Both link obedience to divine statutes with life: 'keep my statutes... and live' echoes 'whoever keeps the command preserves his life.'
- Deuteronomy 30:19-20 (thematic): God sets life and death before Israel and commands choosing life by loving and obeying God—paralleling the proverb's connection between keeping the command and preserving life.
- Psalm 119:93 (verbal): The psalmist explicitly credits the Lord's precepts with giving life ('by them you have given me life'), closely reflecting the proverb's claim that obedience preserves the soul.
- Proverbs 13:13 (verbal): A close proverbial parallel: one who 'despises the word' is destroyed while one who 'fears the commandment' is rewarded—mirroring the contrast between keeping a command (life) and despising ways (death).
- Ezekiel 18:21 (thematic): Ezekiel teaches that if the wicked turn from sin and keep God's statutes they 'shall live'; this theme of obedience producing life and rebellion producing death parallels Proverbs 19:16.
Alternative generated candidates
- Whoever keeps the commandment preserves his life; whoever despises his ways will die.
- He who keeps the commandment preserves his life; he who despises his ways will die.
Pro.19.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלוה: VERB,qal,ptc,ms,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- חונן: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- דל: ADJ,m,sg
- וגמלו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- ישלם: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Psalm 41:1 (verbal): Blessing promised to one who considers the poor; closely parallels the idea that kindness to the poor gains the LORD’s favor and reward.
- Proverbs 14:31 (thematic): Links treatment of the poor to one’s relationship with God—oppressing the poor insults their Maker, so caring for them honors God.
- Proverbs 28:27 (thematic): Promises blessing/provision for those who give to the poor and warns against closing one’s eyes to them, similar reward/penalty motif.
- Matthew 25:35-40 (allusion): Jesus identifies acts of mercy to the needy with service to himself, echoing the principle that kindness to the poor is accounted to the Lord.
- Isaiah 58:6-10 (thematic): Describes true fasting as acts of justice and care for the oppressed/hungry and promises God’s response and blessing—parallel link between aid to the needy and divine reward.
Alternative generated candidates
- Whoever is gracious to the poor lends to the LORD, and the LORD will repay him.
- Whoever is gracious to the poor lends to the LORD, and he will repay him for his kindness.
Pro.19.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- יסר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בנך: NOUN,m,sg,cstr+poss,2,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- יש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- תקוה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- המיתו: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- תשא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- נפשך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,2,m
Parallels
- Proverbs 23:13-14 (verbal): Near-verbally parallel: both admonish not to withhold corporal discipline from a child, adding that striking with the rod will not kill him (same instruction and wording).
- Proverbs 13:24 (verbal): Closely related saying about parental discipline: 'Whoever spares the rod hates his son,' linking proper correction with love and the child's welfare (same proverbs tradition).
- Proverbs 22:15 (verbal): Affirms the pedagogical purpose of the rod: folly is in a child's heart but the rod of correction drives it away—same theme that timely discipline brings hope for change.
- Proverbs 29:17 (thematic): Echoes the outcome of corrective discipline: 'Correct your son, and he will give you rest,' highlighting the positive results (hope and restored relationship) of parental correction.
- Hebrews 12:5-11 (allusion): New Testament application of divine/parental discipline: God chastens those he loves for their good—the passage universalizes the proverb's ethic of corrective discipline as loving and hopeful reformation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Discipline your son, for there is hope; do not set your heart on his death.
- Discipline your son—there is hope; do not set your heart on putting him to death.
Pro.19.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- גדל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- חמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נשא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ענש: VERB,piel,perf,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- אם: CONJ
- תציל: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- ועוד: CONJ
- תוסף: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Proverbs 22:24-25 (thematic): Warns against befriending a hot-tempered person because their anger leads to ruin—echoes Prov 19:19's concern about the consequences of great wrath.
- Proverbs 15:18 (verbal): States that a wrathful person stirs up strife; links the character trait of anger in 19:19 to the social and moral penalties that follow.
- Proverbs 16:32 (thematic): Contrasts the value of patience and self-control with the folly of anger, underscoring why a man of great wrath in 19:19 is judged harshly.
- Proverbs 19:11 (structural): In the same chapter, praises those slow to anger for overlooking offenses—provides an immediate counterpoint to the predicament of the wrathful person in 19:19.
- Proverbs 29:22 (verbal): Describes the angry man as one who causes transgression and strife, reinforcing the recurring Proverbs motif that uncontrolled wrath brings repeated trouble (as in 19:19's idea of needing to rescue again).
Alternative generated candidates
- A hot-tempered man must bear punishment; if you rescue him once, you will have to do it again.
- A hot-tempered man must bear the penalty; if you rescue him once, you will have to do it again.
Pro.19.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שמע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עצה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וקבל: CONJ+VERB,qal,imper,2,ms
- מוסר: NOUN,m,sg,const
- למען: PREP
- תחכם: VERB,qal,impf,2,ms
- באחריתך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,poss2ms
Parallels
- Proverbs 1:5 (verbal): Both urge the receptive wise to listen to counsel and increase in learning—encouraging openness to instruction for greater wisdom.
- Proverbs 9:9 (verbal): Commands giving instruction to the wise so they become wiser; parallels the idea of accepting correction to gain wisdom.
- Proverbs 12:1 (thematic): Links love of discipline with acquiring knowledge, echoing Prov.19:20’s call to accept instruction to become wise.
- Proverbs 10:17 (thematic): Promises life for those who heed instruction and warns of death for those who refuse, similar to the prudential outcome in Prov.19:20.
- Proverbs 15:31 (thematic): Speaks of ears that listen to reproof dwelling among the wise—reflecting Prov.19:20’s connection between accepting correction and attaining wisdom.
Alternative generated candidates
- Hear counsel and receive instruction, that you may be wise for your days to come.
- Hear counsel and accept instruction, that you may be wise in the days to come.
Pro.19.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- רבות: ADJ,f,pl,abs
- מחשבות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בלב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועצת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
- תקום: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Prov.16:1 (verbal): Both verses contrast human plans with God's overriding word/action: 'the plans of the heart belong to man' versus God's response/answer.
- Prov.16:9 (verbal): Similar teaching that human intent ('a man's heart plans his way') is subject to the LORD's directing of his steps.
- Prov.20:24 (thematic): Affirms the same theme that human beings cannot fully determine their path because the LORD ordains/controls their steps.
- Ps.33:10-11 (verbal): Speaks of God frustrating human counsels while 'the counsel of the LORD stands forever,' closely echoing Proverbs' language about the LORD's counsel prevailing.
- James 4:13-15 (thematic): New Testament application urging humility about future plans—'if the Lord wills'—reflecting the proverb's conviction that God's will/counsel ultimately prevails over human schemes.
Alternative generated candidates
- Many are a man's plans in his heart, but the LORD's purpose shall prevail.
- Many are the plans in a person's heart, but the counsel of the LORD will stand.
Pro.19.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- תאות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חסדו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
- וטוב: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg
- רש: VERB,qal,inf
- מאיש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כזב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Proverbs 28:6 (verbal): Close verbal and thematic parallel: prefers the poor of integrity over the rich or the deceitful—echoes 'better a poor man than a liar' idea.
- Proverbs 19:1 (structural): Within Proverbs a near-synonymous proverb contrasting the value of integrity in the poor with the perversity/deceit of the speechful/rich, reinforcing the moral preference in 19:22.
- Proverbs 12:22 (thematic): Draws out the moral valuation of truth vs. lie—'lying lips are abomination' contrasts with the praise of kindness/honesty implied in 19:22.
- Micah 6:8 (thematic): Shared emphasis on 'kindness/mercy' (חֶסֶד): what is required or desirable in a person is justice and love of mercy, resonating with the first clause about a man's desire being his kindness.
Alternative generated candidates
- What is desired in a person is steadfast love; better a poor man than a man of falsehood.
- A man's desire is his kindness; better a poor man who is upright than a man who is deceitful.
Pro.19.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- יראת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לחיים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ושבע: NUM,m,sg,abs
- ילין: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בל: PART
- יפקד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- רע: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Proverbs 14:27 (verbal): Both speak of the 'fear of the LORD' as linked to life/well‑being; Prov 14:27 calls it 'a fountain of life,' echoing the life‑giving effect in Prov 19:23.
- Proverbs 10:27 (verbal): Explicitly states that 'the fear of the LORD prolongs life,' closely paralleling Prov 19:23's connection between fearing Yahweh and continued life/protection from harm.
- Proverbs 3:7-8 (thematic): Commands fear of the LORD and turning from evil, promising healing and refreshment — a parallel theme that fear produces health, life, and well‑being.
- Psalm 34:7-9 (thematic): Speaks of the LORD's protection and provision for those who fear him ('the angel of the LORD encamps around those who fear him,' 'those who fear him have no lack'), paralleling Prov 19:23's assurance of safety and satisfaction.
- Psalm 112:1-3 (thematic): Blessing and security attend 'the man who fears the LORD' (prosperity, stability), reflecting Prov 19:23's link between reverence for God and a life free from harm and satisfied existence.
Alternative generated candidates
- The fear of the LORD leads to life; whoever has it will dwell satisfied and will not be visited by evil.
- The fear of the LORD leads to life; he who has it will dwell satisfied and will not be visited by harm.
Pro.19.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- טמן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- עצל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ידו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- בצלחת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- גם: ADV
- אל: NEG
- פיהו: NOUN,m,sg,pr3ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- ישיבנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg,OBJ,3,f,sg
Parallels
- Proverbs 26:15 (verbal): Almost verbatim repetition of the image: the sluggard buries his hand in the dish and will not bring it back to his mouth.
- Proverbs 6:6-11 (thematic): Contrasts the sluggard with the industrious ant and warns that laziness leads to want—same moral lesson against idleness.
- Proverbs 24:30-34 (thematic): Parable of the sluggard's overgrown field illustrating the consequences of neglect and laziness.
- Proverbs 10:4 (thematic): Sums up the practical result of slothful hands—poverty—versus the reward of diligence, echoing the proverb's moral point.
- Ecclesiastes 10:18 (thematic): Uses domestic imagery to show how laziness causes deterioration and loss, thematically akin to the sluggard who won’t even withdraw his hand from the dish.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sluggard thrusts his hand into the dish and will not bring it back to his mouth.
- The sluggard thrusts his hand into the dish and will not bring it back to his mouth.
Pro.19.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תכה: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- ופתי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יערם: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- והוכיח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לנבון: PREP,ADJ,m,sg
- יבין: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דעת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Prov.9:8-9 (structural): Similar paired contrast about how to treat scoffers versus the wise — both verses juxtapose rebuke/discipline for the scoffer/simple and corrective reproof for the wise/understanding, with inverted emphases.
- Prov.15:31-32 (verbal): Shares language and theme: heeding reproof produces dwelling among the wise and acquisition of understanding — echoes 'reprove the discerning and he will gain knowledge.'
- Prov.13:1 (thematic): Contrasts the response of a wise/obedient son to instruction with the scoffer who rejects rebuke, paralleling the proverb’s concern with how correction affects different hearers.
- Prov.10:17 (thematic): Connects instruction/reproof with moral direction and life; keeping instruction leads to life whereas refusing correction leads astray, resonating with the corrective purpose in 19:25.
- Heb.12:5-11 (allusion): New Testament reflection on divine discipline: chastening is purposeful and formative, producing righteousness — a broader theological parallel to the proverb’s emphasis on corrective blows/reproof producing prudence and knowledge.
Alternative generated candidates
- Strike a scoffer, and the simple will become shrewd; reprove the wise, and he will gain understanding.
- Strike a scoffer, and the simple will gain sense; reprove the discerning, and he will acquire knowledge.
Pro.19.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- משדד: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- אב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יבריח: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- אם: CONJ
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מביש: VERB,hiph,ptc,ms,sg
- ומחפיר: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Proverbs 20:20 (thematic): Also condemns mistreatment of parents and predicts a dire consequence for one who curses or harms them—same moral concern about dishonoring parents.
- Proverbs 30:11-14 (verbal): A list of shameless and accursed behaviours includes one who 'curses father and does not bless mother'—verbal and thematic overlap with filial dishonor.
- Proverbs 17:25 (thematic): Speaks of a foolish son as a grief and shame to his father, highlighting the same theme of children bringing disgrace upon parents.
- Deuteronomy 21:18-21 (structural): A legal provision addressing the 'stubborn and rebellious son' who dishonors parents; a juridical parallel to the proverb's moral condemnation and implied consequences.
Alternative generated candidates
- Whoever robs his father or drives away his mother is a son who causes shame and brings disgrace.
- One who robs his father and drives away his mother is a shameful and disgraceful son.
Pro.19.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- חדל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- לשמע: INF,qal,infc
- מוסר: NOUN,m,sg,const
- לשגות: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- מאמרי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- דעת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Proverbs 1:8 (verbal): Same parental admonition to 'hear' instruction — both verses exhort a son to heed teaching as the basis of wisdom and warn against abandoning it.
- Proverbs 13:1 (thematic): Contrast between the wise son who hears instruction and the scoffer who rejects it echoes Prov.19:27's link between refusing discipline and straying from knowledge.
- Proverbs 15:32 (thematic): Affirms the consequence of ignoring instruction (self-harm/loss) and the benefit of listening (gaining understanding), paralleling the causal warning in 19:27.
- Psalm 119:11 (thematic): Speaks of internalizing God's words to avoid sin/straying; parallels Prov.19:27's concern that ceasing to hear instruction leads one away from knowledge.
- Deuteronomy 6:6-7 (structural): Prescribes continual parental teaching and repetition of God's words to children — the broader covenantal/educational context for the Proverbs' exhortations to listen to instruction.
Alternative generated candidates
- Stop, my son, to listen to discipline; do not wander from the words of understanding.
- If, my son, you cease to hear instruction, you will stray from the words of insight.
Pro.19.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- עד: PREP
- בליעל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יליץ: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- משפט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ופי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רשעים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יבלע: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- און: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Prov.6:19 (verbal): Lists 'a false witness who pours out lies' alongside other abominations — same motif and Hebrew terminology for a lying/false witness as in Prov 19:28.
- Prov.14:5 (verbal): Contrasts a faithful witness with a false witness who utters lies — parallels the concern with truthfulness of testimony and the mouth of the wicked.
- Exod.23:1 (thematic): Prohibits spreading a false report and joining in malicious witnessing — provides legal/ethical background for the condemnation of false witnesses and corrupt speech.
- Deut.19:16-19 (structural): Prescribes punishments for a malicious/false witness who perverts justice — directly related to the theme of false testimony and wicked speech undermining justice in Prov 19:28.
Alternative generated candidates
- A worthless witness mocks justice, and the mouth of the wicked swallows up evil.
- When wickedness is before a judge he utters perverse judgment, and the mouths of the wicked pour out evil.
Pro.19.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נכונו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ללצים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שפטים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ומהלמות: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- לגו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- כסילים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Prov 23:13-14 (verbal): Explicitly commands not to withhold correction and to beat with the rod; closely parallels the image of flogging/beating for the fool’s back in 19:29.
- Prov 20:30 (verbal): ‘Stripes for wounds cleanse away evil’ — links physical punishment with moral purification, echoing the disciplinary function of beatings in 19:29.
- Prov 22:15 (verbal): ‘Folly is bound up in the heart of a child; the rod of discipline will remove it’ — connects the rod/discipline motif to correcting foolishness, similar to 19:29.
- Prov 13:24 (thematic): ‘Whoever spares the rod hates his son’ — thematically related in affirming corporal discipline as a means to correct and train the foolish.
- Prov 21:11 (thematic): ‘When the scoffer is punished, the simple is made wise’ — parallels the idea that judges/punishment are appointed for scoffers, as in 19:29.
Alternative generated candidates
- Punishments are ready for mockers, and blows are prepared for the backs of fools.
- Penalties are prepared for scoffers, and lashes for the backs of fools.
Better a poor man who walks in integrity than one who is perverse in lips and yet is a fool.
It is not good for a soul to be without knowledge; the one who hurries his steps sins.
Folly perverts a man's way, and his heart is hot against the LORD.
Wealth brings many friends, but the poor is separated from his companion.
A false witness will not go unpunished; he who breathes out lies will not escape.
Many seek the favor of a generous man; everyone is a friend to him who gives gifts.
All the relatives of a poor man hate him; how much more do his friends keep away! He pursues them with words, but they are gone.
One who purchases wisdom loves his own soul; he who guards understanding will find good.
A false witness will not go unpunished; he who breathes lies will perish.
It is not fitting for a fool to delight in luxury; how much less for a servant to rule over princes.
Discretion in a man makes him slow to anger; his glory is to overlook a transgression.
A king's wrath is like the roar of a young lion; his favor is like dew on the grass.
A foolish son is a grief to his father and a bitterness to her who bore him.
House and riches are an inheritance from fathers, but a prudent wife is from the LORD.
Sloth brings on deep sleep, and an idle soul will hunger.
Whoever keeps the commandment preserves his life; he who despises his ways will die.
Whoever is kind to the poor lends to the LORD, and he will repay him.
Discipline your son while there is hope; do not set your heart on his death.
A hot-tempered man must bear punishment; if you rescue him once, you will have to do it again.
Hear counsel and accept instruction, that you may be wise in your latter days.
Many are the designs in a person's heart, but the counsel of the LORD will stand.
What a man desires is steadfast love; better a poor man than a man of falsehood.
The fear of the LORD leads to life; he who has it will abide satisfied and will not be visited by evil.
The sluggard thrusts his hand into the dish and will not even bring it back to his mouth.
Strike a scoffer, and the simple will learn; reprove the discerning, and he will gain knowledge.
Whoever robs his father or drives away his mother is a child who brings shame and disgrace.
My son, do not abandon instruction; if you cease to hear discipline, you will stray from the words of insight.
A worthless witness pours out lies, and the mouth of the wicked devours wrongdoing.
Whips are prepared for scoffers, and blows for the backs of fools.