The Pride and Fall of Tyre's Ruler
Ezekiel 28:1-19
Eze.28.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Ezekiel 2:1 (verbal): Same book and near-parallel formula: 'And the word of the LORD came to me' introducing a direct prophetic address to Ezekiel.
- Jeremiah 1:4 (verbal): Identical prophetic introduction—'Now the word of the LORD came to me, saying'—used to introduce Jeremiah's prophetic commission.
- Jonah 1:1 (verbal): Same wording—'Now the word of the LORD came unto Jonah'—serves the same function of reporting a divine message to a prophet.
- Hosea 1:1 (structural): Book-opening prophetic formula ('The beginning of the word of the LORD that came to Hosea')—a structural parallel for declaring the origin of the message.
- Micah 1:1 (structural): Another book-intro formula ('The word of the LORD that came to Micah') functioning like Ezekiel 28:1 to present the ensuing oracle as divine speech.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the word of the LORD came to me, saying:
- And the word of the LORD came to me, saying:
Eze.28.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לנגיד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- יען: CONJ
- גבה: ADJ,m,sg
- לבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ותאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- אל: NEG
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- מושב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ישבתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
- בלב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואתה: CONJ+PRON,2,m,sg
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- אל: NEG
- ותתן: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- לבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- כלב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 14:13-14 (thematic): Both depict a proud ruler aspiring to divine status—'I will be like the Most High' parallels the Tyrian prince's claim to be a god.
- Psalm 82:6 (verbal): Uses the language 'you are gods' about mortals; echoes Ezekiel's rebuke of a human claiming divine standing.
- John 10:34-36 (quotation): Jesus cites Psalm 82:6 ('I said, you are gods') to address charges of blasphemy, engaging the same issue of humans called 'gods' versus the one true God.
- Daniel 4:30-37 (thematic): Nebuchadnezzar's boastful exaltation and ensuing humiliation (pride punished) parallels the theme of a ruler claiming exalted status and receiving divine judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- Son of man, say to the prince of Tyre, Thus says the Lord GOD: Because your heart is proud and you have said, ‘I am a god; I sit on the throne of gods, in the heart of the sea,’ yet you are a man and not God, and you have made your heart like the heart of a god,
- Son of man, say to the prince of Tyre, Thus says the Lord GOD: Because your heart is proud and you have said, 'I am a god; I sit on the throne of the gods, in the heart of the seas,' yet you are a man and not God, though you make your heart like the heart of a god;
Eze.28.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הנה: PART
- חכם: ADJ,m,sg
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- מדניאל: PREP,PROPN
- כל: DET
- סתום: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- עממוך: NOUN,m,sg,cons,2
Parallels
- Daniel 5:11-12 (verbal): Explicitly praises Daniel as possessing extraordinary wisdom and the ability to interpret riddles and explain problems—closely echoes Ezekiel’s claim that nothing is hidden from Daniel.
- Daniel 2:27-30 (verbal): Describes Daniel’s revelation and interpretation of the king’s secret dream; connects to Ezekiel’s reference to Daniel’s knowledge of hidden matters and mysteries.
- Daniel 6:3 (verbal): Affirms Daniel’s outstanding wisdom and distinguished spirit among officials, supporting Ezekiel’s portrayal of Daniel as supremely wise.
- 1 Kings 4:29-34 (thematic): Portrays Solomon’s renowned, divinely granted wisdom in solving difficult cases and understanding mysteries; thematically parallels the tradition of exceptional wisdom exemplified by Daniel in Ezekiel 28:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- behold, you are wiser than Daniel; no secret is hidden from you.
- behold, you are wiser than Daniel; no secret is hidden from you;
Eze.28.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בחכמתך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+2ms
- ובתבונתך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+2ms
- עשית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- חיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותעש: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,f,sg
- זהב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכסף: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- באוצרותיך: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+2ms
Parallels
- Ezekiel 28:3 (structural): Immediate context: the preceding verse questions the ruler's wisdom ('Are you wiser than Daniel?'); verse 4 continues the theme by linking that wisdom/understanding with amassed wealth.
- Proverbs 8:18-21 (verbal): Personified Wisdom claims riches, honor, and treasure as attendant to wisdom—parallels the association of wisdom/understanding with acquiring wealth and treasuries.
- Job 28:12-19 (thematic): Contrasts Ezekiel's link between wisdom and wealth: Job insists true wisdom cannot be bought with gold or silver, stressing that riches do not secure wisdom.
- Isaiah 23:8-9 (thematic): Speaks of Tyre's merchants and the city's wealth and prestige—parallels the depiction of Tyre as accumulating gold, silver and treasure in Ezekiel's oracle.
Alternative generated candidates
- By your wisdom and understanding you have made wealth for yourself; you have gathered gold and silver into your treasuries.
- by your wisdom and by your understanding you have gained riches for yourself; you have amassed gold and silver in your treasuries;
Eze.28.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ברב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חכמתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+2ms
- ברכלתך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+2ms
- הרבית: VERB,hiph,perf,2,m,sg
- חילך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויגבה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לבבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- בחילך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,f,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:12 (verbal): Like 28:5, Ezekiel 27 depicts Tyre's commerce and accumulation of wealth through trade (Tarshish as merchant), emphasizing riches gained by trading skill.
- Isaiah 23:8-9 (thematic): Isaiah's oracle against Tyre highlights the city's merchant-principals and maritime trade—connecting the theme of commercial prosperity that breeds prestige and self-regard found in Ezek 28:5.
- Proverbs 16:18 (thematic): The proverb 'Pride goes before destruction' parallels Ezek 28:5's link between wealth-derived pride and the implicit danger of downfall.
- Amos 6:4-6 (thematic): Amos condemns the complacent luxury and self-satisfaction of the wealthy elite; thematically similar to Ezek 28:5's critique of a proud heart made arrogant by riches.
Alternative generated candidates
- By your great wisdom in your trade you have increased your riches, and your heart is proud because of your wealth.
- by your great wisdom in your trading you have increased your wealth, and your heart was lifted up because of your riches;
Eze.28.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לכן: ADV
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- יען: CONJ
- תתך: VERB,qal,perf,2,ms
- את: PRT,acc
- לבבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- כלב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 28:2 (verbal): Immediate context: the king of Tyre is accused of pride and claiming divine status—language closely parallels v.6's claim that he has set his heart 'as the heart of a god.'
- Isaiah 14:13-14 (allusion): The pride motif and aspiration to be like the Most High ('I will ascend... I will be like the Most High') echo the charge of setting one's heart to be God.
- Psalm 82:6 (verbal): The psalm's declaration 'I said, “You are gods”' addresses the theme of human claim to divine status and the corresponding divine judgment, a conceptual parallel to Ezekiel's rebuke.
- John 10:34-36 (quotation): Jesus cites Psalm 82:6 when confronted with charges of blasphemy, engaging the same issue of divine titles and human/divine status that Ezekiel confronts.
- Daniel 4:30 (thematic): Nebuchadnezzar's proud exaltation and subsequent humiliation (cf. the Daniel 4 narrative) parallels the motif of royal pride and the consequences of claiming divine stature.
Alternative generated candidates
- Therefore thus says the Lord GOD: Because you have made your heart like the heart of a god,
- therefore thus says the Lord GOD: Because you have set your heart as a god,
Eze.28.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לכן: ADV
- הנני: PRT+PRON,1,sg
- מביא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- זרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- עריצי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- והריקו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- חרבותם: NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,mp
- על: PREP
- יפי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חכמתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+2ms
- וחללו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- יפעתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,ms
Parallels
- Ezekiel 26:3-5 (verbal): Same oracle against Tyre — God says he will bring many nations/strangers against the city, echoing the threat that foreigners will come and attack her.
- Ezekiel 26:12 (verbal): Parallel outcome language: Tyre’s destruction and humiliation at the hands of others (made a bare rock), reflecting the profaning and stripping of her beauty mentioned in 28:7.
- Ezekiel 28:8-10 (structural): Immediate context/continuation: the prophecy elaborates how strangers/mighty nations will plunder and profane the prince/king of Tyre — same scene and consequences described in 28:7.
- Isaiah 23:8-13 (thematic): Isaiah’s oracle against Tyre likewise predicts humiliation, silence, loss of wealth and honor to foreign powers — a parallel theme of proud maritime city overcome by outsiders and its beauty disgraced.
- Revelation 18:2-3 (thematic): The fall of a great, proud trading city (Babylon) brought low by the nations and handed over to plunderers echoes the theme of a wealthy city's beauty and honor being profaned by foreign powers.
Alternative generated candidates
- behold, I will bring strangers, the ruthless of the nations, and they shall draw their swords against the splendor of your wisdom; they shall profane your beauty.
- behold, I will bring foreigners—mighty ones of the nations—and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of your wisdom; they shall profane your splendor;
Eze.28.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לשחת: VERB,qal,inf
- יורדוך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ומתה: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- ממותי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חלל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בלב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 26:19-21 (structural): Same prophetic oracle against Tyre — announces Tyre’s downfall and that she will be brought down into the sea/the pit, echoing the horizontal theme and judgment language of Ezekiel 28:8.
- Ezekiel 27:36 (thematic): Part of the lament for Tyre—declares Tyre shall be no more and her commerce ended, reinforcing the theme of total destruction and extinction found in 28:8.
- Ezekiel 32:3-6 (verbal): Uses similar imagery of being cast into the deep/heart of the sea and perishing there; echoes the motif of death in the midst of the waters and being given over to the pit/abyss.
- Isaiah 23:1-12 (thematic): Isaiah’s oracle against Tyre likewise predicts humiliation, loss of trade, and destruction by foreign powers—parallel theme of a coastal city doomed to perish and lose its standing.
Alternative generated candidates
- They shall destroy you, they shall cut you down, and you shall perish in the heart of the sea.
- they will bring you down to the pit, and you shall die the death of the uncircumcised in the heart of the seas.
Eze.28.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- האמר: PTCP,qal,ptcp,ms,sg,def
- תאמר: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- לפני: PREP
- הרגך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ואתה: CONJ+PRON,2,m,sg
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- אל: NEG
- ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מחלליך: PART,piel,ptcp,3,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Psalm 82:6-7 (verbal): Declares 'I said, You are gods' followed by 'you shall die like men'—directly echoes and contrasts the claim to divinity with the assertion that the figure is 'a man, and not God.'
- Isaiah 14:12-15 (thematic): Portrays a proud figure who seeks to be like the Most High and is brought low—themewise parallel to the denouncement of a presumptuous claimant to divine status and impending downfall.
- Deuteronomy 32:39 (verbal): God's language of sovereign power—'I kill and make alive... none can deliver out of my hand'—parallels Ezekiel's language about being 'in the hand of him that slayeth thee,' emphasizing divine judgment and helplessness before it.
- Isaiah 43:13 (verbal): Speaks of God's unique, inescapable control—'who can deliver out of my hand?'—echoing the motif that the condemned is at the mercy of the one who slays, not a deity himself.
Alternative generated candidates
- Will you still say, ‘I am a god’—in the presence of the one who slays you? You are a man and not God; in the hand of those who wound you.
- Will you then say, 'I am a god'—in the presence of him who slays you? You are but a man, not God; in the hand of those who wound you.
Eze.28.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מותי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1s
- ערלים: ADJ,m,pl
- תמות: VERB,qal,yiqtol,2,m,sg
- ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- זרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- דברתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg
- נאם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 26:21 (structural): Part of the larger oracle against Tyre that, like 28:10, predicts Tyre's overthrow by foreign nations and describes its desolation at the hands of strangers.
- Ezekiel 16:39 (verbal): Uses closely related language of God giving a city/person 'into the hand' of others as judgment—parallel imagery of being handed over to foreigners as divine punishment.
- Isaiah 23:4-5 (thematic): Isaiah's oracle against Tyre likewise announces humiliation and loss inflicted by foreign powers; both passages present exile/destruction of a major port-city as divine judgment.
- Deuteronomy 28:25 (thematic): Part of the covenant curses: defeat and flight before enemies and being delivered to foreign nations—a shared theological motif of punishment by 'strangers.'
- Psalm 44:11-12 (thematic): The psalm laments God giving the people over to be devoured and shamed among the nations, echoing the theme of being handed over to foreigners that appears in Ezek 28:10.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall die the death of the uncircumcised by the hand of foreigners; I have spoken, declares the Lord GOD.
- You shall die the death of the uncircumcised by the hand of foreigners; I have spoken, declares the Lord GOD.
Eze.28.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Jeremiah 1:4 (verbal): Uses the identical prophetic formula 'And the word of the LORD came to me, saying…' introducing Jeremiah's call and oracles, matching Ezekiel's introductory speech marker.
- Jonah 3:1 (verbal): 'And the word of the LORD came unto Jonah the second time, saying…' — the same verbal formula signaling a divine message delivered to a prophet.
- Hosea 1:1 (verbal): Begins with 'The word of the LORD that came unto Hosea…'—a comparable prophetic opening formula framing the oracle that follows.
- Micah 1:1 (structural): 'The word of the LORD that came to Micah of Moresheth…' — parallel in function and structure as the standard prophetic introduction announcing the LORD's message.
- Ezekiel 2:1 (structural): Another occurrence within Ezekiel where God directly addresses the prophet ('And he said unto me…/Rise up, son of man…'), showing the book's recurring pattern of divine speech introductions.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the word of the LORD came to me, saying:
- And the word of the LORD came to me, saying:
Eze.28.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שא: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- קינה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- צור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואמרת: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- לו: PRON,3,m,sg
- כה: ADV
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אדני: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- חותם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תכנית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלא: ADJ,m,sg
- חכמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וכליל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יפי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 14:12-15 (allusion): Both passages address the proud, exalted figure brought low—Isaiah’s 'morning star'/fallen one and Ezekiel’s 'seal of perfection'—using lofty cosmic language to describe pride and downfall.
- Genesis 2:8-10 (allusion): Ezekiel 28:12 begins imagery later tied to Eden; Genesis’ description of the garden provides the background for Ezekiel’s Edenic language about beauty, placement, and perfection.
- Proverbs 8:22-31 (thematic): Proverbs personifies Wisdom as preexistent, beautiful, and associated with God’s creation—paralleling Ezekiel’s depiction of the Tyrian figure as 'full of wisdom' and 'perfect in beauty.'
- Genesis 3:24 (structural): Genesis places cherubim to guard Eden after the fall; Ezekiel 28 later describes a once-exalted cherubic figure in Eden, linking the king-of-Tyre oracle to the motif of a guardian figure removed from the garden.
Alternative generated candidates
- Son of man, lift up a lamentation over the king of Tyre and say to him, Thus says the Lord GOD: You were the signet of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty.
- Son of man, raise a lamentation over the king of Tyre, and say to him, Thus says the Lord GOD: You were the seal of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty.
Eze.28.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בעדן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- היית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- כל: DET
- אבן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יקרה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- מסכתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+2,m,sg
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פטדה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויהלם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תרשיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שהם: CONJ+PRON,3,m,pl
- וישפה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ספיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נפך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וברקת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וזהב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלאכת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- תפיך: NOUN,f,sg,cons+2,m,sg
- ונקביך: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+2,m,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- ביום: PREP
- הבראך: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- כוננו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Ezekiel 28:14-15 (structural): Immediate literary continuation—the same address expands the portrait (anointed cherub, blameless until iniquity), linking the precious‑stone imagery to the figure’s origin and fall.
- Genesis 2:8-10 (thematic): Eden imagery: placement in 'the garden of God' echoes Genesis’ description of Eden as a specially planted garden with life‑giving rivers, grounding the locale of the lament.
- Exodus 28:17-20 (verbal): Lists of precious stones on the high priest’s breastpiece parallel the catalog of gems that 'covered' the figure here—shared vocabulary and cultic imagery of ornamentation and status.
- Revelation 21:19-20 (verbal): The foundation stones of the New Jerusalem are enumerated with many of the same gems (sapphire, jacinth, emerald, etc.), creating an intertextual link between sacred architecture and the jewel imagery in Ezekiel.
- Isaiah 14:12-15 (thematic): A taunt against a lofty, heaven‑fell figure (commonly read as the king of Babylon/Lucifer) uses rising/pride and fall motifs that parallel Ezekiel’s portrayal of a glorious being brought low by pride and iniquity.
Alternative generated candidates
- You were in Eden, the garden of God; every precious stone was your covering: sardius, topaz, diamond, beryl, onyx, jasper, sapphire, emerald, and carbuncle. The workmanship of your settings and of your sockets was prepared for you on the day you were created.
- You were in Eden, the garden of God; every precious stone was your covering—sardius, topaz, diamond, chrysolite, onyx, jasper, sapphire, emerald, carbuncle—and gold; the workmanship of your settings and sockets was prepared in you on the day you were created.
Eze.28.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- את: PRT,acc
- כרוב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ממשח: VERB,pual,ptc,pas,m,sg
- הסוכך: VERB,qal,ptc,act,m,sg
- ונתתיך: VERB,qal,perf,1,-,sg
- בהר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- היית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- בתוך: PREP
- אבני: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- אש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- התהלכת: VERB,hitpael,perf,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 10:1-22 (verbal): Same book's fuller depiction of the cherubim and their association with coals/fiery elements and divine presence; parallels the language of a cherub covering and walking among fire.
- Genesis 3:24 (allusion): Cherubim placed to guard Eden with a flaming sword—connects the role and fiery imagery of cherubic guardians and a sacred mountain/space.
- Isaiah 14:12-15 (thematic): Poem of the fall of a once-exalted heavenly figure (often applied to Babylon/Tyre traditions); thematically parallels the pride and fall implied for the 'anointed cherub' in Ezekiel 28.
- Psalm 104:4 (verbal): Describes God's messengers as 'spirits' and 'flames of fire,' echoing the fiery character attributed to divine attendants in Ezekiel 28:14.
Alternative generated candidates
- You were an anointed cherub covering; I placed you; you were on the holy mountain of God; you walked among the fiery stones.
- You were an anointed cherub who covers; I placed you; you were on the holy mountain of God; you walked among fiery stones.
Eze.28.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- תמים: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
- בדרכיך: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs,suff,2,m,sg
- מיום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הבראך: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- נמצא: VERB,nip,perf,3,m,sg
- עולתה: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 28:14 (structural): Immediate context: continues the Tyre lament—Edenic language and prior depiction of the figure’s pristine state before sin was found.
- Genesis 1:31 (thematic): Affirms God’s original creative goodness—'the day God created' echoes the idea of being blameless from the day of creation.
- Isaiah 14:12-15 (allusion): Taunt against a proud ruler who fell from exalted status—shares the motif of former perfection/exaltation followed by downfall due to pride.
- Revelation 12:7-9 (thematic): Depicts a cosmic being cast out of heaven after rebellion—parallels the theme of an originally exalted/untainted figure whose iniquity leads to expulsion.
- Proverbs 16:18 (thematic): States the principle linking pride/iniquity to downfall—helps explain the moral dynamic implied by 'until unrighteousness was found in you.'
Alternative generated candidates
- You were blameless in your ways from the day you were created, until unrighteousness was found in you.
- You were blameless in your ways from the day you were created until iniquity was found in you.
Eze.28.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ברב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רכלתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- תוכך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
- חמס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותחטא: VERB,qal,impf,2,sg
- ואחללך: VERB,hifil,impf,1,m,sg
- מהר: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואבדך: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
- כרוב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הסכך: VERB,qal,ptcp,?,m,sg
- מתוך: PREP
- אבני: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- אש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 14:12-15 (thematic): Prideful exaltation followed by a dramatic divine overthrow—images of one who sought to ascend and is cast down parallel the charge that exaltation/sin led to removal from the mountain of God.
- Genesis 3:24 (structural): Placement of cherubim at Eden and the idea of a cherubic guardian relate to Ezekiel’s depiction of the figure as a cherub associated with Eden/the mountain of God.
- Ezekiel 31:3-9 (thematic): Within Ezekiel a parallel lament: a proud, exalted power (likened to a great tree) is cut down by God—similar motifs of pride, high station, and divine removal.
- Revelation 12:7-9 (allusion): Heavenly combat and the expulsion of a powerful celestial being echo Ezekiel’s image of a guardian cherub cast out from the divine precincts; used in later tradition as a template for cosmic fall.
Alternative generated candidates
- By the abundance of your trade you filled your heart with violence, and you sinned; so I cast you as profane from the mountain of God, and I destroyed you, O guardian cherub, from among the fiery stones.
- By the abundance of your trade you were filled with violence, and you sinned; therefore I have cast you as profane from the mountain of God, and I have destroyed you, O cherub, from among the fiery stones.
Eze.28.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- גבה: ADJ,m,sg
- לבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- ביפיך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,pr,2,m,sg
- שחת: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- חכמתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+2ms
- על: PREP
- יפעתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+poss:2,m,sg
- על: PREP
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- השלכתיך: VERB,hiph,perf,1,_,sg+obj:2,m,sg
- לפני: PREP
- מלכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- נתתיך: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg+PRON,2,m,sg
- לראוה: VERB,qal,inf+obj:3,m,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Ezekiel 28:12-16 (structural): Immediate context: earlier verses depict the same figure as perfect in beauty and wisdom but becoming proud and being cast down—same vocabulary (beauty, wisdom, pride) and the theme of fall from exaltation.
- Isaiah 14:12-15 (allusion): Parallel motif of a proud exalted being who aspires to high status and is brought low—language of ascent and humiliation commonly read as a corollary to Ezekiel’s taunt against pride and fall.
- Proverbs 16:18 (verbal): Proverbial principle: 'Pride goes before destruction' echoes the causality here—pride because of beauty leads to downfall (corruption of wisdom and being cast down).
- Revelation 18:9-10 (thematic): Image of a great city/figure exposed and publicly displayed before kings and merchants who stare and lament; echoes Ezekiel’s motif of humiliation 'set before kings that they may gaze.'
Alternative generated candidates
- Your heart was proud because of your beauty; you corrupted your wisdom for the sake of your splendor. I cast you to the ground; I exposed you before kings, that they might gaze at you.
- Your heart was proud because of your beauty; you corrupted your wisdom for the sake of your splendor. I cast you to the ground; I exposed you before kings, that they might gaze at you.
Eze.28.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מרב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עוניך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2ms
- בעול: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רכלתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- חללת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- מקדשיך: NOUN,m,pl,suff-2ms
- ואוצא: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מתוכך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,suff-2ms
- היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
- אכלתך: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg,obj-2ms
- ואתנך: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,1,?,sg,obj:2ms
- לאפר: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- על: PREP
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- לעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,cons
- כל: DET
- ראיך: NOUN,m,pl,suff-2ms
Parallels
- Ezekiel 28:16-17 (verbal): Immediate continuation of the Tyre/cherub oracle—same language about iniquity, profaning the sanctuary, being cast out and brought low; closely parallels imagery and causation in v.18.
- Isaiah 14:12-15 (allusion): Prideful exaltation followed by a dramatic fall from high place—language of being cast down from heaven/height echoes Ezekiel's judgment on the proud ruler/cherub.
- Revelation 18:11-19 (thematic): Responsiveness to commerce: riches and trade lead to a city's downfall; merchants mourn her destruction—parallels Ezekiel's link between abundant trading and ruin.
- Obadiah 1:3-4 (thematic): Prophetic taunt against national pride—scene of arrogant ascent followed by humiliating downfall before nations echoes Ezekiel's theme of pride leading to being laid low.
Alternative generated candidates
- By the multitude of your sins, in the violence of your trade, you profaned your sanctuaries; I made fire come out from your midst; it consumed you, and I turned you to ashes on the earth before the eyes of all who see you.
- By the multitude of your iniquities, by the unrighteousness of your trade, I profaned your sanctuaries; I sent out fire from you—it consumed you—and I turned you to ashes on the earth before the eyes of all who saw you.
Eze.28.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- יודעיך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+2ms
- בעמים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שממו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- בלהות: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- היית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- ואינך: CONJ+PART_NEG+PRON,2,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezekiel 27:36 (verbal): Part of the Tyre-lament cycle; uses similar language of the coastal peoples being aghast and the city's coming to a dreadful end—parallel phrasing and context within Ezekiel's oracle against Tyre.
- Isaiah 14:16-17 (allusion): Isaiah's taunt against the fallen 'king' (Lucifer/king of Babylon) pictures onlookers staring in disbelief and the loss of status/name—echoing the motif of public astonishment and utter humiliation found in Ezek. 28:19.
- Ezekiel 31:18 (thematic): Ezekiel's oracle against Assyria/‘the cedars of Lebanon’ similarly depicts nations horrified at the collapse of a once‑mighty entity and emphasizes complete destruction and absence from history.
- Nahum 2:10 (thematic): Nahum's portrayal of Nineveh's fall (desolation, hearts melting, faces turned pale) parallels the shock and horror of surrounding peoples at a former power's catastrophic end—‘you have come to a dreadful end’.
Alternative generated candidates
- All who know you among the peoples are appalled at you; you have come to a horror and shall be no more forever.
- All who know you among the peoples are appalled at you; you have become a horror and shall be no more forever.
And the word of the LORD came to me, saying:
Son of man, say to the prince of Tyre, Thus says the Lord GOD: Because your heart is proud and you have said, 'I am a god; I sit on the seat of gods in the heart of the seas'—yet you are a man and not God; you have made your heart like the heart of a god.
Behold, you are wiser than Daniel; no secret is hidden from you.
By your wisdom and understanding you have acquired riches for yourself; you have amassed gold and silver into your treasuries.
By the abundance of your wisdom in your trade you have increased your riches, and your heart has been lifted up because of your wealth.
Therefore thus says the Lord GOD: Because you have set your heart like the heart of a god,
behold, therefore I will bring foreigners upon you, the most ruthless of the nations; and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of your wisdom, and they shall profane your splendor.
They shall put you to ruin, they shall make you a spectacle; they shall bring you down to the pit, and you shall die the death of the slain in the heart of the seas.
Will you still say before him who slays you, 'I am a god'?—and you are a man, not God, in the hand of those who wound you.
You shall die the death of the uncircumcised by the hand of foreigners; for I have spoken, declares the Lord GOD. And the word of the LORD came to me, saying:
Son of man, take up a lamentation over the king of Tyre, and say to him, Thus says the Lord GOD: You were the seal of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty.
You were in Eden, the garden of God; every precious stone was your covering: sardius, topaz, diamond, beryl, onyx, jasper, sapphire, turquoise, and emerald; the workmanship of your settings and of your mountings was prepared for you on the day you were created.
You were an anointed cherub who covers; I placed you; you were on the holy mountain of God; you walked in the midst of the stones of fire.
You were blameless in your ways from the day you were created till unrighteousness was found in you.
By the abundance of your trade you were filled with violence in your midst, and you sinned; therefore I cast you as profane from the mountain of God, and I destroyed you, O cherub who covers, from among the stones of fire.
Your heart was proud because of your beauty; you corrupted your wisdom for the sake of your splendor. I cast you to the ground; I exposed you before kings to be looked upon.
By the multitude of your iniquities, by the unrighteousness of your trade, you profaned your sanctuaries; I brought fire out from within you and it consumed you, and I turned you to ashes on the earth before all who saw you.
All who know you among the peoples are appalled at you; you have become a horror and shall be no more forever.