Wars and Settlements East of the Jordan
1 Chronicles 5:11-22
1 C.5.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- גד: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- לנגדם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,pl
- ישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- הבשן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- סלכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 32:34 (verbal): Directly parallels the statement that the sons of Gad settled in the land of Bashan as far as Salcah (Salecah); Chronicles here repeats the territorial settlement noted in Numbers.
- Joshua 13:24-31 (verbal): Joshua’s summary of the land allotments to Reuben, Gad (and half‑Manasseh) lists Gilead and the region of Bashan and the towns given to these tribes, corresponding to 1 Chr 5:11’s territorial description.
- Numbers 32:1-5 (thematic): The earlier account of Gad (and Reuben) requesting and receiving permission to settle east of the Jordan—motivated by their flocks and pastures—provides the background reason for their dwelling in Bashan described in 1 Chr 5:11.
- Deuteronomy 3:12-14 (allusion): Deuteronomy’s account of the distribution of Og’s kingdom in Bashan (Argob, Gilead and its towns) alludes to the same Bashan territory and its allocation among Israelite tribes referenced in Chronicles.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Gad dwelt opposite them in the land of Bashan, as far as Salchah.
- And the sons of Gad dwelt opposite them in the land of Bashan, as far as Salcah.
1 C.5.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- יואל: NOUN,m,sg,proper
- הראש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושפם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המשנה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ויעני: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ושפט: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- בבשן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 32:1-5 (thematic): The episode in Numbers 32 recounts the request of the Reubenites and Gadites for land east of the Jordan (including Gilead/Bashan); 1 Chr 5:12 names chiefs of those trans‑Jordan tribes and so connects to the same tribal/territorial material.
- Joshua 13:24-28 (thematic): Joshua 13 describes the allocation of territory east of the Jordan (Gilead, Bashan) to Reuben, Gad and the half‑tribe of Manasseh; 1 Chr 5:12 situates named chiefs in Bashan and thus parallels this settlement‑account.
- 1 Chronicles 5:13-14 (structural): The immediately following verses continue the roll of tribal chiefs and leaders (the same context and sequence of names), making vv.13–14 a direct structural continuation and close parallel to v.12.
- 1 Chronicles 5:26 (thematic): Later in the chapter the fate of these trans‑Jordan tribes (deportation by the king of Assyria) is recounted; v.12’s naming of Bashan chiefs is thematically tied to that later narrative about the tribes’ history and destiny.
Alternative generated candidates
- Joel was the chief, Shepham the deputy; Jaanai and Shaphat were in Bashan.
- Joel was the head, and Shapham the next; Jeuel and Shephat in Bashan.
1 C.5.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואחיהם: CONJ+NOUN,-,-,3,m,pl,prsuf
- לבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cns
- אבותיהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,3,pl
- מיכאל: NOUN,-,-,-,m,sg,abs
- ומשלם: CONJ+VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- ושבע: NUM,m,sg,abs
- ויורי: CONJ+NOUN,-,-,-,m,sg,abs
- ויעכן: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- וזיע: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ועבר: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- שבעה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 5:12 (verbal): Immediate context in the same chapter; similar phrasing and listing of clan leaders and family names (continuation of the same genealogical roster).
- 1 Chronicles 5:14 (structural): Direct continuation of the genealogy/census sequence in the chapter — this verse summarizes numbers and follows the same household-by-household listing pattern begun in v.13.
- 1 Chronicles 4:23 (thematic): Another genealogical passage in Chronicles that uses the same formulaic language ('their brethren by their houses/fathers') to enumerate families and clans — parallels the structural method of listing kin groups.
- Genesis 46:16 (thematic): Genesis lists the sons/clans of Gad (and other patriarchal family lists) — thematically parallel as an earlier patriarchal register of the same tribal/clan groupings referenced in 1 Chronicles 5:13.
Alternative generated candidates
- And their kinsmen by their ancestral households were Michael, Meshullam, Sheba, Jorai, Jaakan, Zia, and Eber—seven in all.
- And their kinsmen by their ancestral houses: Michael, Meshullam, Sheba, Jorai, Jachan, Zei and Eber—seven.
1 C.5.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- אביחיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חורי: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ירוח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מיכאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישישי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יחדו: ADV
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בוז: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 5:13 (structural): Immediate continuation/adjacent verse in the same genealogical list — the names in 5:14 form part of the same household/line enumerated in 1 Chr 5:13–14.
- Numbers 26:15–18 (thematic): Numbers 26 gives the census/genealogical lists for the tribe of Gad (and related families); parallels 1 Chr 5's focus on tribal pedigrees and family-group enumeration.
- Genesis 22:20–21 (verbal): Contains the name Buz (son of Nahor) — the same personal/ethnic name appears in 1 Chr 5:14, showing recurrence of the name in Israelite/near‑Eastern genealogies.
- Judges 11:1 (allusion): Refers to Jephthah as 'the son of Gilead' — echoes the personal name Gilead in 1 Chr 5:14 and highlights the name's use as an ancestral/patriarchal identifier in Israelite tradition.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are the sons of Abihail: son of Huri, son of Yeroch, son of Gilead, son of Michael, son of Yishishi, son of Yahdu, son of Buz.
- These are the descendants of Abihail, son of Huri, son of Yeroh, son of Gilead, son of Michael, son of Ishishai, son of Yehdu, son of Buz.
1 C.5.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אחי: NOUN,m,pl,suff
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עבדיאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גוני: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ראש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cns
- אבותם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3mp
Parallels
- Numbers 26:15-18 (structural): Census/genealogical listing of the same tribal/familial groups (heads and family clans); parallels in form and purpose to Chronicles’ list of family heads.
- Genesis 46:16-18 (thematic): An earlier patriarchal genealogy listing the sons and family groups who accompany Jacob to Egypt; thematically parallel as an ancestral list establishing tribal identities.
- 1 Chronicles 5:14 (verbal): Immediate context in the same chapter that uses the same pattern of naming individuals as 'head of their fathers' houses'—a verbal and structural parallel within the Chronicler’s genealogy.
- 1 Chronicles 4:2 (structural): Another example in Chronicles where individuals are named as chiefs/heads of households; useful for comparing the Chronicler’s formula and purpose in genealogical presentation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ahi, son of Abdiel, son of Guni, was chief of their ancestral houses.
- Ahi, son of Abdiel, son of Guni, was chief of their fathers' houses.
1 C.5.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בגלעד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בבשן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובבנתיה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs,3,m,pl
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- מגרשי: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- שרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- תוצאותם: NOUN,f,pl,abs,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Numbers 32:1-5 (verbal): Reuben and Gad inspect the land of Jazer and Gilead and request to settle there—background for the chronicler’s statement that they dwelt in Gilead and its towns.
- Deuteronomy 3:12-16 (thematic): Moses’ account of the conquest and allocation of Bashan and Gilead to Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh parallels the Chronicler’s listing of their habitation in Gilead and Bashan.
- Joshua 13:25 (structural): Joshua’s summary of the territorial allotments east of the Jordan (to Reuben, Gad, and half Manasseh) corresponds to 1 Chr 5:16’s note that these tribes lived in Gilead, Bashan, and related pasturelands.
- Judges 5:17 (thematic): Deborah’s song mentions Gilead ‘remaining beyond the Jordan,’ reflecting the established presence of Israelite tribes in the Gilead region, as noted in 1 Chronicles 5:16.
Alternative generated candidates
- They lived in Gilead, in Bashan, in its villages, and throughout all the pasture-lands of Sharon, according to their herds.
- They lived in Gilead, in Bashan, in its towns, and in all the pasture-lands of Sharon, according to their possessions.
1 C.5.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כלם: PRON,3,m,pl
- התיחשו: VERB,hitpael,perf,3,pl
- בימי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יותם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ובימי: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ירבעם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 27:1-7 (structural): Chronicles' fuller treatment of King Jotham (Yotam) parallels the Kings material and supplies the same synchronism—Jotham as Judah's king—implicit in 1 Chron 5:17.
- 2 Kings 15:32-38 (structural): The Books of Kings record Jotham son of Uzziah as king of Judah; this Kings passage provides the parallel synchronism to the phrase “in the days of Jotham” in 1 Chr 5:17.
- 2 Kings 14:23-29 (structural): Kings' account of Jeroboam II’s reign corresponds to the reference to “the days of Jeroboam king of Israel” in 1 Chr 5:17 and reflects the same historical framework.
- Numbers 1:2 (thematic): Numbers commands the taking of a census and uses the language of being ‘numbered’/reckoned among the people; thematically this echoes the genealogical/numbering language of 1 Chr 5:17.
Alternative generated candidates
- All these were valiant men in the days of Jotham king of Judah and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel.
- All of them were counted in the days of Jotham king of Judah and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel.
1 C.5.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ראובן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וגדי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחצי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שבט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מנשה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מן: PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- חיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אנשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- נשאי: NOUN,m,pl,const
- מגן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחרב: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ודרכי: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,cons
- קשת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ולמודי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ארבעים: NUM,m,pl
- וארבעה: CONJ+NUM,card,m,sg
- אלף: NUM,m,sg
- ושבע: NUM,m,sg,abs
- מאות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- וששים: CONJ+NUM,card,pl,m
- יצאי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- צבא: NOUN,m,sg,const
Parallels
- Numbers 1:20-46 (structural): An early census of fighting men by tribe — like 1 Chr 5:18 this passage lists the tribes' armed men and functions as a military roll-call (men numbered for war).
- Numbers 26:5-9 (structural): Second census genealogies for Reuben, Gad and half‑Manasseh — parallels 1 Chr 5 in its focus on these tribes and their military-age populations and lineage.
- 1 Chronicles 12:8 (verbal): Describes men 'trained for war' and able to handle shield, spear and bow — language and military profile closely echoing the occupational/weapon details of 1 Chr 5:18.
- Deuteronomy 3:14 (thematic): Refers to the Reubenites, Gadites and the half‑tribe of Manasseh dwelling east of the Jordan and their large herds/strength — thematically connected to 1 Chr 5's description of those tribes' martial capacity and settlement east of Jordan.
Alternative generated candidates
- From the sons of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh—men of might, bearing shield and spear, skilled with the bow and trained for war—there were forty-four thousand seven hundred sixty who went out to battle.
- The sons of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh—mighty men, officers, men bearing shield and spear, skilled with the bow and trained for war—were forty-four thousand seven hundred and sixty ready for battle.
1 C.5.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עם: PREP
- ההגריאים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ויטור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונפיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונודב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- 1 Chron 5:18-22 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same pericope in Chronicles — the fuller account of the war with the Hagrites and the capture of Jetur, Naphish and Nodab.
- Numbers 31:1-12 (thematic): Israelite campaign against a neighboring nomadic people (Midian) with orders to fight, take spoil and captives — parallels in motive and conduct of trans‑Jordanian raids.
- Judges 6–7 (thematic): Gideon’s successful campaigns against the Midianite/nomadic oppressors — similar pattern of Israelite resistance and victory over raiding desert tribes.
- 2 Samuel 8:2 (cf. 1 Chron 18:2) (verbal): Narrative of David’s victories east of the Jordan uses similar martial language (striking eastern peoples, subduing neighbors) — a comparable royal/tribal military motif to the Chronicles account.
Alternative generated candidates
- They made war with the Hagrites—Jetur, Naphish, and Nodab.
- They made war with the Hagrites—Vitor, Naphish, and Nodab—and fought them.
1 C.5.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעזרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- עליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
- וינתנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- בידם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- ההגריאים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- שעמהם: REL,PREP,3,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- לאלהים: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זעקו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- במלחמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ונעתור: VERB,qal,impf,1,pl
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- בטחו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 2 Chronicles 20:15-22 (thematic): Jehoshaphat’s crisis: the people worship/praise and stand before God, and God defeats the enemies—parallel pattern of crying to God in battle, trust, and divine deliverance.
- 2 Chronicles 14:11 (thematic): Asa’s prayer in the face of an invading host—he cries to the LORD, trusts in him, and God gives victory, echoing the link between prayer/trust and deliverance.
- Psalm 18:6 (verbal): “In my distress I cried to the LORD… and he heard” closely parallels the language of crying to God in battle and God’s hearing/answering of the plea.
- Judges 7:22 (thematic): Gideon’s victory when the LORD causes the enemy to turn on one another—illustrates the motif of Israel crying to God or relying on him in battle and God securing victory for them.
Alternative generated candidates
- God helped them, and the Hagrites and all that were with them were given into their hands; for they cried to God in the battle, and he was entreated on their behalf because they trusted in him.
- Help prevailed for them; the Hagrites and all who were with them were delivered into their hand, for they cried to God in the battle and he answered them, because they trusted in him.
1 C.5.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- מקניהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3,m,pl
- גמליהם: NOUN,m,pl,poss
- חמשים: NUM,card,pl
- אלף: NUM,m,sg
- וצאן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מאתים: NUM,m,pl,abs
- וחמשים: CONJ+NUM,card,pl,m
- אלף: NUM,m,sg
- וחמורים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אלפים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ונפש: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מאה: NUM,f,sg,abs
- אלף: NUM,m,sg
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 5:19-20 (structural): Immediate context of the same campaign: these verses narrate the defeat of the Hagrites and capture of their king, to which v.21 adds the detailed catalogue of livestock and people recovered.
- 1 Samuel 30:18-20 (verbal): David’s recovery of all that the Amalekites had taken; the account explicitly lists recovered flocks, herds, camels and people, closely paralleling the language and theme of reclaimed livestock and persons in 1 Chr 5:21.
- Numbers 31:9-12 (thematic): After Israel’s defeat of Midian the troops take spoil that includes flocks and herds; thematically parallels the aftermath-of-battle inventory of livestock and captives in 1 Chr 5:21.
- Judges 8:24-27 (thematic): Gideon’s victory over the Midianites yields abundant spoil (including livestock and precious goods) and an accounting of the booty; parallels the motif of large-scale recovery of animals and property after a tribal victory.
Alternative generated candidates
- They took for themselves from the spoil fifty thousand camels, two hundred and fifty thousand sheep, a thousand donkeys, and a hundred thousand persons.
- They took from them as spoil fifty thousand camels, two hundred and fifty thousand sheep, one thousand donkeys, and a hundred thousand persons; thus was the spoil of their enemies.
1 C.5.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- חללים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- רבים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- נפלו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- מהאלהים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,def
- המלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- תחתיהם: PREP
- עד: PREP
- הגלה: VERB,hiph,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- 1 Chr. 5:20 (structural): Same narrative block: earlier in the chapter the text says God helped them and delivered the Hagrites into their hand—closely related account attributing the victory to God’s intervention.
- Judges 7:22 (verbal): Gideon’s victory is described as God causing the enemy to fall (the LORD set every man’s sword against his comrade), a parallel motif of defeat brought about by the hand of God.
- 2 Chron. 20:15 (quotation): The prophet’s declaration “the battle is the LORD’s” echoes the theological claim that victories and defeats are acts of God, as stated in 1 Chr 5:22.
- Exod. 14:14 (thematic): “The LORD will fight for you” expresses the same theological principle that God himself fights in Israel’s battles, leading to enemy defeat and deliverance.
Alternative generated candidates
- Many fell as casualties, for the battle belongs to God; nevertheless they lived under their dominion until the exile.
- Many fell slain, for the battle belongs to God; and they dwelt over them and remained there until the time of the exile.
The sons of Gad dwelt opposite them in the land of Bashan, as far as Salcah.
Joel the chief, Shepham the second, Ja'ani, and Shaphat — these in Bashan. And their kinsmen by their ancestral houses: Michael, Meshullam, Sheba, Yori, Jaakan, Ze'ah, and Eber — seven.
These are the sons of Abihail: son of Huri, son of Yerach, son of Gilead, son of Michael, son of Yishishi, son of Yehdo, son of Boz.
Ahi, son of Abdiel, son of Guni — the head of their ancestral houses.
They settled in Gilead, in Bashan, in Beth-nimrah, and in all the pasture-lands of Sharon, according to their possessions.
All of them were valiant in the days of Jotham king of Judah and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel.
From the sons of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, from the warriors — men bearing shield and spear, skilled with the bow and trained for war — forty-four thousand seven hundred and sixty ready for battle.
They went to war with the Hagrites and captured Jetur, Naphish, and Nodab.
They prevailed over them; the Hagrites and all who were with them were delivered into their hands, for they cried to God in the battle, and he answered them because they trusted in him.
They took from their spoil fifty thousand camels, two hundred fifty thousand sheep, one thousand donkeys, and a hundred thousand persons.
Many fell slain, for the battle belongs to God; and they dwelt there until the exile.