The Passover
Exodus 12:1-30
Exo.12.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Leviticus 23:1 (structural): Same introductory formula 'And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,' used to introduce the calendar of sacred festivals (including Passover); parallels Exod 12:1 as a divine preface to festival legislation.
- Exodus 20:1 (structural): Another instance of the divine preface introducing a major body of law ('And God spake all these words...'); parallels Exod 12:1 in form and function as the opening of authoritative instruction.
- Deuteronomy 16:1 (thematic): A later restatement of Passover regulations ('Observe the month of Aviv... keep the Passover'), directly thematically linked to the institution of Passover in Exod 12.
- Numbers 9:1 (verbal): Similar wording ('And the LORD spake unto Moses...') and location-specific divine instruction about the observance of Passover in the wilderness — a later, related command that echoes the Exodus 12 setting of a divine command to Moses about the feast.
Alternative generated candidates
- And YHWH said to Moses and to Aaron in the land of Egypt:
- And YHWH said to Moses and to Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying:
Exo.12.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- החדש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- ראש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חדשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ראשון: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- לחדשי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- השנה: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Numbers 9:1-2 (verbal): Explicitly situates Passover and related commandments in 'the first month,' echoing Exodus 12:2's designation of the first month as the start of the year.
- Numbers 28:16 (verbal): Gives the date of Passover as the fourteenth day of 'the first month,' reflecting the calendrical function assigned to the first month in Exodus 12:2.
- Leviticus 23:5 (verbal): Prescribes Passover on the fourteenth day of 'the first month,' reinforcing the festival timing anchored in the first month named in Exodus 12:2.
- Deuteronomy 16:1 (thematic): Commands observance of Passover in the month of Aviv (spring), connecting the theme of a sacred annual beginning with Exodus 12:2's establishment of the first month.
- Exodus 13:4 (verbal): Refers to the time of Israel's departure as the month of Aviv (the first month), directly linking the historical exodus timing to the new-month designation of Exodus 12:2.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'This month shall be for you the beginning of months; it shall be for you the first of the months of the year.'
- 'This month shall be for you the beginning of months; it shall be the first for you of the months of the year.'
Exo.12.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- דברו: INF,qal,inf+3ms
- אל: NEG
- כל: DET
- עדת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- בעשר: PREP+NUM,ord,sg
- לחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- ויקחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שה: PRON,rel
- לבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cns
- אבת: NOUN,m,pl,const
- שה: PRON,rel
- לבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cns
Parallels
- Deut.16.1-8 (thematic): Repeats and develops the Passover command: observe in the month of Aviv/Abib and keep the festival with the prescribed sacrificial and ritual actions, echoing Exodus’ instruction about the timing and household observance.
- Num.9.1-14 (structural): Reiterates communal instructions for observing Passover in the wilderness and provides practical exceptions (for those unclean or distant), paralleling Exodus’ institutionalizing of a household-based Passover practice.
- Lev.23.5 (verbal): Specifies the appointed day of Passover (the fourteenth day of the first month), aligning with Exodus’ timetable (take on the tenth, slaughter on the fourteenth) and the calendrical framework for the festival.
- 2 Chron.35.1-19 (thematic): Describes King Josiah’s reform and the centralized celebration of Passover, including organization of people and sacrificial preparations by households—an historical enactment of the Exodus regulations.
- 1 Cor.5.7 (allusion): Paul calls Christ 'our Passover' (the Passover lamb), drawing a theological/typological link between the Exodus lamb taken by households and Jesus’ sacrificial role in the New Testament.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'Speak to all the congregation of Israel, saying: On the tenth of this month let them take for themselves, each man, a lamb for a father’s house—a lamb for a household.'
- 'Speak to all the congregation of Israel, saying: On the tenth day of this month each man shall take for himself a lamb for a father's house—a lamb for a household.'
Exo.12.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואם: CONJ
- ימעט: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הבית: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מהית: PART
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ושכנו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss3,m,sg
- הקרב: ADJ,m,sg,def
- אל: NEG
- ביתו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- במכסת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- נפשת: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לפי: PREP
- אכלו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss3,m,sg
- תכסו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- על: PREP
- השה: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exod.12:3-5 (structural): Immediate context: the surrounding verses lay out the same Passover rules — selection and slaughter of the lamb and distribution when a household is too small, so Exod 12:4 is part of this set of procedural instructions.
- Num.9:10-14 (thematic): Provides an accommodation rule for Passover — those unclean or distant may keep it at a later time; parallels Exod 12:4's concern for inclusive, practical arrangements so households/people can participate in the festival.
- Deut.16:1-8 (esp. vv.5-7) (thematic): Deuteronomy restates and adjusts Passover observance (including where and how the sacrifice is offered). It parallels Exodus in regulating communal observance and logistical aspects of the festival.
- Luke 22:7-20 (allusion): The Last Supper is presented as a Passover meal shared communally; Luke’s account alludes to the Exodus Passover customs of eating together and the significance of a shared ritual meal.
- 1 Cor.11:23-26 (thematic): Paul’s retelling of the Lord’s Supper reinterprets the shared Passover meal in Christian worship. It underscores the continuity of communal eating and covenantal meaning implicit in Exodus 12’s provisions for shared participation.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'And if the household be too small for a lamb, then he and his nearest neighbor to his house shall take according to the number of persons; according to each one’s eating you shall make your count for the lamb.'
- 'But if the household is too small for a lamb, then he and his nearest neighbor to his house shall take one according to the number of persons; according to what each person eats you shall make your count for the lamb.'
Exo.12.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שה: PRON,rel
- תמים: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- זכר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- מן: PREP
- הכבשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ומן: CONJ+PREP
- העזים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- תקחו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 1:3 (verbal): Requires a male without blemish from the herd or flock for an offering — echoes the wording and the unblemished male requirement for the Passover lamb.
- Numbers 9:2-3 (structural): Repeats the institution of the Passover and the instruction to keep the lamb/Passover sacrifice on the appointed date, paralleling Exodus' Passover regulations.
- Deuteronomy 16:2 (thematic): Commands that the Passover sacrifice come from the flock or herd and be offered at the designated place — reflects the same sacrificial/Passover setting and animal source as Exodus 12:5.
- Isaiah 53:7 (thematic): Depicts the suffering servant as 'led like a lamb to the slaughter,' thematically linking the innocent sacrificial lamb imagery to the Exodus Passover lamb.
- 1 Peter 1:19 (allusion): Calls Christ 'a lamb without blemish or spot,' explicitly drawing on Old Testament sacrificial language (including the Passover lamb) to describe Jesus' sacrificial purity.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'A lamb without blemish, a male a year old, shall be for you; from the sheep or from the goats you shall take it.'
- 'A lamb without blemish, a male a year old, shall be for you; from the sheep or from the goats you shall take it.'
Exo.12.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- למשמרת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- ארבעה: NUM,card,m,sg
- עשר: NUM,card,m,sg,cons
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,construct
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- ושחטו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- כל: DET
- קהל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עדת: NOUN,f,sg,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בין: PREP
- הערבים: NOUN,m,pl,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 23:5 (verbal): Specifies the Passover as occurring on the fourteenth day of the month 'at twilight'—a near-verbatim timing instruction parallel to Exod 12:6.
- Numbers 9:3 (verbal): Repeats the Exodus ordinance: the whole assembly is to keep the Passover on the fourteenth day 'at even'—direct repetition of the timing and communal observance.
- Deuteronomy 16:6 (verbal): Commands that the Passover be sacrificed 'at even, at the going down of the sun' on the fourteenth day—echoes Exodus' instruction about time and slaughter.
- Ezekiel 45:21 (thematic): A postexilic prescription for observing the Passover on the fourteenth day of the first month—echoes the dating and liturgical continuity of the Exodus festival.
- 1 Corinthians 5:7 (allusion): Paul uses Passover/lamb imagery ('Christ our Passover') and festival language of purging—an NT theological allusion to the Exodus Passover rite and its sacrificial lamb.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'You shall keep it in safekeeping until the fourteenth day of this month; and the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall slaughter it at twilight.'
- 'You shall keep it until the fourteenth day of this month, and the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall slaughter it at twilight.'
Exo.12.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולקחו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- מן: PREP
- הדם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ונתנו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- על: PREP
- שתי: NUM,card,f,du
- המזוזת: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- המשקוף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- על: PREP
- הבתים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- בהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 12:13 (thematic): Speaks of the blood on the houses as the sign by which the LORD will 'pass over' and spare the inhabitants — same theological purpose of the door-post blood in 12:7.
- Exodus 12:22 (verbal): Immediate narrative parallel that repeats and expands the instruction to apply the blood to the doorposts and lintel (including use of hyssop), closely mirroring the language and ritual action.
- Joshua 2:18-21 (allusion): Rahab’s scarlet cord in the window functions like a household sign marking those to be spared, echoing the protective sign of blood on Israelite doorways.
- Ezekiel 9:4 (thematic): God commands a mark to be set on the foreheads of the faithful to distinguish and preserve them from impending judgment — similar use of a sign to secure protection.
- 1 Corinthians 5:7 (thematic): Paul identifies Christ as 'our Passover lamb' — a theological link that connects the Passover blood sign that spared Israel (Exod 12:7) with Christ’s sacrificial blood and salvation.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'They shall take some of the blood and put it on the two doorposts and on the lintel of the houses in which they eat it.'
- 'They shall take some of the blood and put it on the two doorposts and on the lintel of the houses in which they eat it.'
Exo.12.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואכלו: VERB,qal,imp,2,mp
- את: PRT,acc
- הבשר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בלילה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- צלי: NOUN,m,sg,const
- אש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ומצות: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- על: PREP
- מררים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יאכלהו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl,suf:3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exod.12:11 (structural): Same Passover instructions immediately adjacent — eating the lamb with unleavened bread at night and in haste, framing the ritual practice.
- Exod.12:46 (thematic): Further regulations for the Passover lamb (not breaking bones) tied to how the lamb is to be eaten/treated during the night meal.
- Num.9:11-12 (thematic): Reiteration of Passover observance in the wilderness — keeping the ordinance of the Passover meal (roasted lamb, unleavened bread, timely consumption).
- Deut.16:3 (thematic): Lawic restatement emphasizing eating unleavened bread during the Passover festival, linking Exodus’ instruction about matzah to the broader festival law.
- Luke 22:15-19 (allusion): Jesus’ Last Supper is presented as a Passover meal where bread is taken and eaten — alluding to the Exodus Passover practice of eating unleavened bread and the lamb.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'They shall eat the flesh on that night—roasted over fire—and unleavened bread; with bitter herbs they shall eat it.'
- 'They shall eat the flesh on this night, roasted with fire; with unleavened bread and bitter herbs they shall eat it.'
Exo.12.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אל: NEG
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,imperfect,2,m,pl
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- נא: PART
- ובשל: CONJ+VERB,qal,inf
- מבשל: VERB,pual,part,3,m,sg
- במים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- אם: CONJ
- צלי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ראשו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- כרעיו: NOUN,m,pl,suff
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- קרבו: NOUN,m,sg,suff
Parallels
- Exod.12.46 (verbal): Same Passover-lamb regulations in the same chapter—rules about eating the lamb in the house and not breaking any of its bones, closely repeating the ritual instructions.
- Num.9.12 (structural): Parallel instructions for observing the Passover lamb in the wilderness—leave none until morning and do not break a bone, reflecting the same ritual requirements.
- Ps.34.20 (quotation): States that 'not one of his bones will be broken,' a verbal motif later applied to the Passover/ sacrificial context and cited in the NT.
- John 19:36 (allusion): NT citation of the 'not one bone broken' motif (from the Psalms) applied to Jesus' crucifixion, linking Jesus typologically to the Passover lamb whose bones are not to be broken.
- 1 Cor.5:7 (thematic): Paul calls Christ 'our Passover lamb,' drawing a theological parallel between the Exodus lamb (whose preparation and consumption are regulated) and Christ's sacrificial role.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'Do not eat any of it raw, nor boil it at all in water, but roast it over fire—its head, with its legs and its inner parts.'
- 'Do not eat any of it raw or boiled at all in water, but roasted with fire—its head with its legs and its inner parts.'
Exo.12.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולא: CONJ
- תותירו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והנתר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- באש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תשרפו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Exod.12.3-11 (structural): Part of the same Passover pericope giving the overall instruction to select, roast, eat the lamb in haste and not leave any until morning—Exod.12:10 is the concluding preservation/destruction instruction.
- Num.9.12 (verbal): Repeats the Passover regulation almost verbatim: none of the Passover lamb shall remain until morning (and no bone shall be broken), tying Num.9:12 to Exod.12:10.
- Deut.16.4 (verbal): Restates the command in the Deuteronomic retelling of Passover law: you shall not leave any of it until morning, echoing Exod.12:10.
- Lev.6.10-11 (thematic): Law concerning offerings that priests may eat but must burn any portion that remains until morning—a parallel ritual rule about not allowing sacrificial/holy meat to remain overnight and disposing of the remainder by fire.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'You shall not leave any of it until morning; and what remains of it until morning you shall burn with fire.'
- 'And you shall not leave any of it until morning; what remains of it until morning you shall burn with fire.'
Exo.12.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וככה: CONJ
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,ipfv,2,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- מתניכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- חגרים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- נעליכם: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ברגליכם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ומקלכם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בידכם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- ואכלתם: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- בחפזון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פסח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exod.12:8-10 (structural): Immediate context: further instructions for eating the Passover lamb (roasted, nothing raw or boiled) and the setting of the meal — the verse is part of this unit of ritual directions.
- Deut.16:1-8 (thematic): Reiterates laws for Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread (timing, eating unleavened bread, no leaven), linking the Exodus instruction to later covenantal observance.
- Lev.23:5-7 (thematic): Places Passover in the cultic calendar and prescribes unleavened bread and the sacrificial meal, paralleling Exodus' ritual framing of the meal as a sacred, commanded act.
- Luke 22:15-20 (allusion): Jesus eats the Passover with his disciples and reinterprets the meal as his body/blood; reflects the Passover meal's continuing theological and communal significance in the New Testament.
- 1 Cor.11:23-26 (thematic): Paul's account of the Lord's Supper derives from the Passover meal and frames it as a memorial of Christ's saving act — a theological development of the Exodus meal as commemorative and covenantal.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'And thus you shall eat it: your loins girded, your sandals on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and you shall eat it in haste—it is YHWH’s Passover.'
- 'And thus you shall eat it: your belts fastened, your sandals on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and you shall eat it in haste—it is a Passover to YHWH.'
Exo.12.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועברתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בלילה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- והכיתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- כל: DET
- בכור: NOUN,m,sg,const
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- מאדם: PREP
- ועד: CONJ+PREP
- בהמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אעשה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
- שפטים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 11:4-5 (quotation): Moses' announcement that at midnight the LORD will go through Egypt and strike down the firstborn — the immediate prophetic declaration that 12:12 fulfills.
- Exodus 12:29 (structural): Narrative report of the event: at midnight the LORD struck down all the firstborn in Egypt — the fulfillment of the threat in 12:12.
- Exodus 9:14 (allusion): God declares that he will bring plagues on Egypt to show his power and judge its gods — parallels 12:12’s purpose language of executing judgments against Egyptian deities.
- Psalm 78:51 (thematic): Retells the Exodus judgment: 'he struck down all the firstborn in Egypt' — a theological recollection of the same act as divine judgment.
- Psalm 135:8 (verbal): Uses the same motif/formula ('he struck down the firstborn of Egypt, the firstborn of man and beast'), echoing the language and theological point of Exod 12:12.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'For I will pass through the land of Egypt this night, and I will strike every firstborn in the land of Egypt, from man to beast; and on all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgments—I am YHWH.'
- 'For I will pass through the land of Egypt this night, and I will strike every firstborn in the land of Egypt, from human to beast; and on all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgments; I am YHWH.'
Exo.12.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- הדם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- לאת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- הבתים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- שם: ADV
- וראיתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הדם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ופסחתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
- עלכם: PREP+PRON,2,m,pl
- ולא: CONJ
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בכם: PREP+PRON,2,m,pl
- נגף: VERB,qal,impf,1,m,sg
- למשחית: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- בהכתי: PREP+VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 12:7 (verbal): Direct instruction to mark the doorposts with the lamb’s blood—part of the same Passover command that Exodus 12:13 cites as the sign for being passed over.
- Exodus 12:23 (verbal): Explicit restatement that when the Lord sees the blood on the houses he will 'pass over' them and not allow the destroyer to enter—same promise and language as 12:13.
- Leviticus 17:11 (thematic): Declares that 'the life of the flesh is in the blood' and that blood makes atonement—provides the theological basis for blood as the means of protection and reconciliation found in Exodus 12:13.
- Hebrews 9:22 (thematic): New Testament theological principle that 'without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness' develops the Exodus motif of blood as necessary for deliverance and the removal of guilt/doom.
- 1 Corinthians 5:7 (allusion): Calls Christ 'our Passover lamb' whose sacrifice effects deliverance—an explicit NT typological allusion to the Passover blood that brought protection in Exodus 12:13.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'The blood shall be a sign for you on the houses where you are; and I will see the blood and pass over you, and there shall not be among you a blow of the destroyer when I strike in the land of Egypt.'
- 'The blood shall be for you a sign on the houses where you are; and I will see the blood and pass over you, and no destroying plague shall be upon you when I strike the land of Egypt.'
Exo.12.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- לזכרון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחגתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- חג: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- לדרתיכם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- חקת: NOUN,f,sg,const
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תחגהו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl,obj:3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exod.13:3-10 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the next chapter repeating the Passover/Unleavened Bread commands: calls for remembering the day, teaching children, and treating it as a perpetual sign/ordinance.
- Lev.23:4-8 (verbal): Festival calendar entry for Passover/Unleavened Bread; commands seven days' observance and uses language of a statute/feast to the LORD 'throughout your generations'.
- Deut.16:1-8 (thematic): Restates Passover and Unleavened Bread observance upon settlement in the land, linking the feast to remembrance of the Exodus and prescribing its ongoing observance.
- Num.9:1-5 (structural): Narrative instance of Israel keeping the Passover in the wilderness in the appointed month—an early enactment of the perpetual observance commanded in Exod 12:14.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'This day shall be for you a memorial, and you shall celebrate it as a festival to YHWH; throughout your generations, as an everlasting statute you shall celebrate it.'
- 'And this day shall be for you a memorial, and you shall keep it as a festival to YHWH throughout your generations; as a statute forever you shall keep it.'
Exo.12.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שבעת: NUM,card,construct
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- מצות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- אך: PART
- ביום: PREP
- הראשון: ADJ,m,sg,def
- תשביתו: VERB,hiph,impf,2,m,pl
- שאר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מבתיכם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs,2mp
- כי: CONJ
- כל: DET
- אכל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- חמץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונכרתה: CONJ+VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- הנפש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- מישראל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מיום: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הראשן: ADJ,ord,m,sg,def
- עד: PREP
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השבעי: ADJ,ord,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exod.12:19 (verbal): Immediate repetition within the Passover instructions: reiterates the seven-day prohibition of leaven and the penalty for eating leavened bread.
- Exod.13:7 (verbal): Rearticulates the command to eat unleavened bread for seven days and that no leaven shall be seen in your borders—direct restatement of Exodus 12:15.
- Lev.23:6-8 (thematic): Prescribes the Feast of Unleavened Bread (seven days), holy convocations and related cultic observances; frames the same prohibition against leaven in the cultic calendar.
- Deut.16:3-4 (verbal): Recalls the seven-day observance of unleavened bread tied to the Exodus and commands that no yeast be seen in all your borders—parallels the legal rationale and prohibition.
- 1 Cor.5:7-8 (allusion): Paul uses the feast-language and prohibition of leaven as a moral metaphor ('purge out the old leaven') and links the festival observance to Christ as Passover—an explicit New Testament echo of the Exodus injunction.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread; indeed, on the first day you shall remove leaven from your houses, for whoever eats what is leavened, that person shall be cut off from Israel—from the first day until the seventh day.'
- 'Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread; on the first day you shall remove leaven from your houses; for whoever eats what is leavened, from the first day until the seventh day, that person shall be cut off from Israel.'
Exo.12.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וביום: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הראשון: ADJ,m,sg,def
- מקרא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וביום: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השביעי: NUM,ord,m,sg,def
- מקרא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- כל: DET
- מלאכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- בהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- אך: PART
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יאכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לכל: PREP
- נפש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- לבדו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Leviticus 23:7-8 (verbal): Gives the same instruction for the Feast of Unleavened Bread: the first and seventh days are holy convocations and no ordinary work is to be done—near verbal parallel to Exod 12:16.
- Numbers 28:17-25 (structural): Prescribes the sacrificial offerings and reiterates that the first and seventh days of Unleavened Bread are holy convocations when no work is to be done, paralleling Exodus’ liturgical and cultic structure.
- Deuteronomy 16:8 (verbal): Summarizes the Passover/Unleavened Bread observance: six days eat unleavened bread and on the seventh is a solemn assembly with no work—language and command closely parallel Exod 12:16.
- Exodus 20:8-11 (thematic): The Sabbath command—'remember the sabbath... do no work'—provides the broader theological principle of sacred days set apart by prohibition of ordinary labor, a theme underlying the festival convocations of Exod 12:16.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'And on the first day there shall be a holy convocation, and on the seventh day a holy convocation shall there be for you; no work at all shall be done on them—only that which each person must eat, that alone may be done for you.'
- 'And on the first day there shall be a holy convocation, and on the seventh day a holy convocation; no work shall be done on them, except that which is eaten by each person—only that may be done for you.'
Exo.12.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושמרתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- המצות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- כי: CONJ
- בעצם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- הוצאתי: VERB,hiph,perf,1,,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- צבאותיכם: NOUN,m,pl,poss,2,m,pl
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ושמרתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- לדרתיכם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- חקת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 12:14 (verbal): Repeats the command to observe the day as a perpetual memorial of the Exodus, using parallel wording about keeping the day for generations.
- Exodus 12:24-27 (structural): Provides the immediate practical instructions and theological rationale for observing the Passover/Unleavened Bread as a sign and teaching for future generations.
- Exodus 13:3-10 (verbal): Reiterates the obligation to remember the day of deliverance and commands that the Feast of Unleavened Bread be observed as a perpetual ordinance.
- Leviticus 23:6-8 (structural): Places the seven-day Feast of Unleavened Bread within the cultic festival calendar and specifies the requirement to eat unleavened bread, echoing Exodus' festival legislation.
- Deuteronomy 16:1-8 (thematic): A later restatement of Passover/Unleavened Bread observance in the Deuteronomic law, emphasizing remembrance of the Exodus and rules for the festival period.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'And you shall keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread, for on this very day I brought out your hosts from the land of Egypt; and you shall keep this day throughout your generations as an everlasting statute.'
- 'And you shall keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread, for on this very day I brought your hosts out from the land of Egypt; therefore you shall keep this day throughout your generations as a statute forever.'
Exo.12.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בראשן: PREP,NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בארבעה: PREP,NUM,card,m,sg
- עשר: NUM,card,m,sg,cons
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לחדש: PREP,NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בערב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,imperfect,2,m,pl
- מצת: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- עד: PREP
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- האחד: PRON,indef,sg,m
- ועשרים: NUM,m,pl,abs
- לחדש: PREP,NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בערב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.12.15 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same chapter: commands seven days without leaven and repeats the requirement to remove leaven from your houses.
- Lev.23.6-8 (verbal): Festival legislation that restates the timing and character of the Feast of Unleavened Bread (dates and seven‑day observance).
- Num.9.1-5 (thematic): Narrates Passover observance and provides a calendrical exception (second‑month Passover for those unclean), engaging the same rules about timing of the feast.
- Deut.16.3-4 (verbal): Deuteronomic restatement instructing Israel to eat unleavened bread for seven days as a memorial of the exodus—echoes purpose and prohibition of leaven.
- Matt.26.17-19 (allusion): New Testament account of Jesus’ disciples preparing the Passover/Feast of Unleavened Bread on the appointed day, reflecting continued observance of the Exodus timetable.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at evening, you shall eat unleavened bread until the twenty-first day of the month at evening.'
- 'In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at evening, you shall eat unleavened bread until the twenty-first day of the month at evening.'
Exo.12.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שבעת: NUM,card,construct
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שאר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- ימצא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בבתיכם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- כי: CONJ
- כל: DET
- אכל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מחמצת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ונכרתה: CONJ+VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- הנפש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- מעדת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בגר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובאזרח: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Exod.12.15 (verbal): Nearly identical legal formulation earlier in the same chapter: seven days no leaven shall be found and anyone who eats leaven is cut off (same prohibition and sanction).
- Exod.13.7 (verbal): Repeats the injunction to eat unleavened bread seven days and that no leaven shall be seen in all your territory—same ritual prohibition on leaven.
- Lev.23.6-8 (structural): Gives the cultic instructions for the Feast of Unleavened Bread (seven days, holy convocations, eat unleavened bread), situating the household prohibition within the festival calendar.
- Deut.16.3-4 (thematic): Restates the requirement to eat unleavened bread for seven days during the festival and the prohibition on leaven, linking the rule to remembrance of the Exodus.
- 1 Cor.5.7-8 (allusion): New Testament reworking of Passover imagery: Paul urges removal of 'old leaven' and calls Christ our Passover lamb, echoing the call to purge leaven and the festival's moral/communal boundaries.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'For seven days leaven shall not be found in your houses, for whoever eats what is leavened, that person shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel—whether a sojourner or a native of the land.'
- 'For seven days leaven shall not be found in your houses; for whoever eats what is leavened, that person shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel, whether a sojourner or a native of the land.'
Exo.12.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- מחמצת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- בכל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מושבתיכם: NOUN,f,pl,abs+2mp
- תאכלו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- מצות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 12:15 (verbal): Repeats the prohibition against eating leaven for seven days and commands removing leaven from your houses—the same legal injunction as v.20.
- Exodus 12:19 (verbal): Restates the ban on leaven for the seven-day festival, emphasizing the communal and temporal scope of the command.
- Leviticus 23:6-8 (thematic): Prescribes the Feast of Unleavened Bread immediately after Passover and commands eating unleavened bread and excluding leaven during the festival.
- Deuteronomy 16:3-4 (verbal): Moses' restatement of the command to eat unleavened bread for seven days and to remove leaven when observing the festival.
- 1 Corinthians 5:7-8 (allusion): Paul adopts the Passover/unleavened-bread imagery, urging believers to celebrate with 'unleavened bread of sincerity and truth,' echoing and reinterpreting the Exodus prohibition.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'You shall not eat anything leavened; in all your dwellings you shall eat unleavened bread.'
- 'You shall not eat anything leavened; in all your dwellings you shall eat unleavened bread.'
Exo.12.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקרא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לכל: PREP
- זקני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- משכו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- וקחו: VERB,qal,imp,2,mp
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- צאן: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- למשפחתיכם: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- ושחטו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
- הפסח: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 12:3 (verbal): Gives the initial command to the whole congregation to take a lamb for each household—same directive about selecting animals for the Passover as in 12:21.
- Exodus 12:6 (structural): Specifies when the Passover lamb is to be slaughtered (twilight of the 14th); complements 12:21’s instruction to slaughter the Passover.
- Numbers 9:1-5 (thematic): Recounts Moses instructing Israel to keep the Passover in the wilderness—an account of the community-wide observance and the leadership’s role in directing the rite.
- Deuteronomy 16:1-7 (thematic): Prescribes the timing and manner of observing Passover (when to sacrifice and eat it), reflecting the legal/ritual framework behind Moses’ command in Exodus 12:21.
- Matthew 26:17-19 (allusion): NT narrative of the disciples preparing the Passover meal at Jesus’ instruction—shows continuity of Jewish Passover preparations and leaders directing households to prepare the meal.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses called all the elders of Israel and said to them, 'Draw out and take for yourselves animals from the flock for your families, and slaughter the Passover.'
- And Moses called for all the elders of Israel and said to them, 'Draw out and take for yourselves from the flock for your families, and slaughter the Passover.'
Exo.12.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולקחתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- אגדת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- אזוב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וטבלתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- בדם: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בסף: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- והגעתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- המשקוף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואל: CONJ+PREP
- שתי: NUM,card,f,du
- המזוזת: NOUN,f,pl,def
- מן: PREP
- הדם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בסף: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואתם: CONJ+PRON,2,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- תצאו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מפתח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ביתו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.12.7 (verbal): Same Passover instruction—apply the lamb’s blood to the doorposts and lintel; nearly identical ritual language.
- Exod.12.23 (thematic): Explains the protective effect of the blood marking—when the LORD strikes Egypt, the marked houses are passed over by the destroying angel.
- Lev.14:4-7 (verbal): Uses hyssop to apply/ sprinkle blood and purification substances in a cleansing ritual (leper’s cleansing), echoing the hyssop/blood motif.
- Ps.51:7 (thematic): ‘Purge me with hyssop’ invokes hyssop as an instrument of cleansing and purification, drawing on the ritual symbolism of hyssop and blood.
- John 19:29 (allusion): At the crucifixion a sponge is put to Jesus’ mouth on a hyssop branch—an allusion to Passover/ritual hyssop use and the blood/lamb imagery connected to Exodus 12.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'And you shall take a bunch of hyssop, and dip it in the blood that is in the basin, and touch the lintel and the two doorposts with the blood that is in the basin; and none of you shall go out from the door of his house until morning.'
- 'And you shall take a bunch of hyssop and dip it in the blood that is in the basin, and touch the lintel and the two doorposts with the blood that is in the basin; and none of you shall go out from the door of his house until morning.'
Exo.12.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועבר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לנגף: VERB,qal,inf
- את: PRT,acc
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- וראה: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- הדם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- על: PREP
- המשקוף: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ועל: CONJ+PREP
- שתי: NUM,card,f,du
- המזוזת: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ופסח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- הפתח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ולא: CONJ
- יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
- המשחית: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לבא: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- אל: NEG
- בתיכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+2m.pl
- לנגף: VERB,qal,inf
Parallels
- Exod.12:7 (verbal): Instruction to place the lamb’s blood on the doorposts and lintel — the same ritual action that 12:23 says the LORD saw and by which houses were spared.
- Exod.12:13 (verbal): Explicit theological formulation: ‘The blood shall be for you a sign…when I see the blood I will pass over you’ — essentially the same promise expressed in 12:23.
- Exod.12:22 (verbal): Command to take hyssop and strike the lintel and doorposts with the blood — procedural detail closely parallel to the scene described in 12:23.
- Ezekiel 9:4 (thematic): God marks the righteous (a sign on foreheads) so the executioners spare them — thematically parallels the protective sign (blood on doors) that prevents destruction in Exod.12:23.
- Rev.7:3–4 (allusion): Angelic sealing of God’s servants to protect them from coming judgments echoes the motif of a visible sign that shields the faithful from divine wrath (analogous to the Passover blood as a protective sign).
Alternative generated candidates
- 'For YHWH will pass through to strike Egypt; and when he sees the blood on the lintel and on the two doorposts, YHWH will pass over the doorway and will not allow the destroyer to enter your houses to strike.'
- 'For YHWH will pass through to strike Egypt; and when he sees the blood on the lintel and on the two doorposts, YHWH will pass over the doorway and will not permit the destroyer to enter your houses to strike.'
Exo.12.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושמרתם: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- הדבר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- לחק: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- ולבניך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,suff+PRON,2,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 12:14 (verbal): Direct parallel within the Passover instructions: both verses command that the day/ordinance be kept as a perpetual memorial ('for ever'), using similar language to mandate ongoing observance.
- Exodus 12:17 (thematic): Continues the theme of prescribed festival observance—commands to 'observe the Feast of Unleavened Bread' similarly emphasize communal and recurring keeping of the rite.
- Leviticus 23:4-8 (verbal): Leviticus frames the appointed festivals (including Passover/Unleavened Bread) as 'holy convocations' and a statute for generations, echoing the injunction to keep the ordinance perpetually.
- Deuteronomy 16:1-8 (thematic): Deuteronomy's regulations for Passover and Unleavened Bread reiterate the obligation to observe these rites annually and pass them on in the community, reinforcing the generational preservation implied in Exodus 12:24.
- Psalm 78:4-7 (thematic): This psalm emphasizes teaching God's works and commandments to the next generation so they will keep God's statutes and not forget—paralleling the concern in Exodus 12:24 for perpetuating the ordinance to 'your children.'
Alternative generated candidates
- 'And you shall keep this matter as a statute for you and for your sons forever.'
- 'And you shall keep this matter as a statute for you and for your sons forever.'
Exo.12.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- תבאו: VERB,qal,imperfect,2,m,pl
- אל: NEG
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- כאשר: CONJ
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושמרתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- העבדה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הזאת: DEM,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 12:24 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same passage: repeats the injunction to observe the Passover ordinance and keep the instruction as a perpetual statute.
- Exodus 13:10 (verbal): Later restatement connecting the observance of the Passover/Feast of Unleavened Bread to a recurring ordinance to be kept year by year.
- Deuteronomy 16:1 (thematic): Commands annual observance of the month of Abib and the Passover in the land—echoes Exodus' promise that the ordinance is to be kept when Israel enters the land.
- Joshua 5:10 (structural): Narrative fulfillment: Israel actually keeps the Passover after entering Canaan, illustrating the implementation of the command 'when you come into the land'.
- Numbers 9:10-11 (thematic): Regulates proper observance of the Passover (including exceptions) and stresses keeping it at the appointed time, reinforcing Exodus' emphasis on preserving the ordinance.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'And it shall be, when you come to the land that YHWH will give you, as he promised, that you shall keep this service.'
- 'And when you come into the land that YHWH will give you, as he has spoken, you shall keep this service.'
Exo.12.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- יאמרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אליכם: PREP+PRON,2,pl
- בניכם: NOUN,m,pl,abs+SUF,2,m,pl
- מה: PRON,int
- העבדה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- הזאת: DEM,f,sg,def
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Exod.13:8 (verbal): Same ritual context and almost identical instruction—commands parents how to answer when their child asks about the observance (Passover/Feast of Unleavened Bread).
- Exod.13:14 (verbal): Another closely related instruction linking a child's question to a prescribed parental explanation about the significance of the rite (remembrance of the exodus).
- Deut.6:20-21 (verbal): Explicitly frames a parent's reply to a future child's question about covenantal statutes—same pedagogical motif of answering children about religious observance.
- Ps.78:5-7 (thematic): Emphasizes instructing the next generation so children will know and tell their children—shares the theme of passing on the meaning of God's acts to offspring.
- Josh.4:6-7 (structural): Joshua sets up memorial stones so that 'your children' will ask their meaning—parallel use of a prompted question from children as an occasion for teaching historical/theological significance.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'And it shall come to pass, when your children say to you, "What is this service to you?"'
- 'And when your sons say to you, "What is this service to you?"'
Exo.12.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואמרתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
- זבח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פסח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- פסח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- בתי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- במצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- בנגפו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUFF,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- בתינו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+SUFF,1,pl
- הציל: VERB,hif,perf,3,m,sg
- ויקד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וישתחוו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 12:13 (verbal): Same Passover instruction about the blood that made the LORD 'pass over' the houses — closely parallels the language of divine passing over and protection.
- Exodus 13:8 (verbal): Repeats the formula 'you shall tell your son' and links the Passover meal to recounting the LORD's act of deliverance on behalf of Israel.
- Deuteronomy 6:20–21 (thematic): Prescribes explaining to children the meaning of Israel’s redemption from Egypt — same pedagogical motive as Exodus 12:27 ('you shall say...').
- Numbers 9:2–5 (structural): Registers the institution and community observance of the Passover festival and the instruction that explains its meaning and timing, a ritual context parallel to Exod 12:27.
- 1 Corinthians 5:7–8 (allusion): Paul interprets the Passover lamb typologically ('Christ our Passover') — a theological reapplication of the Passover sacrifice and its saving significance mentioned in Exod 12:27.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'you shall say, "It is the Passover sacrifice to YHWH, who passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt when he struck Egypt and delivered our houses."' And the people bowed and prostrated themselves.
- 'then you shall say, "It is the Passover sacrifice to YHWH, who passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt, when he struck Egypt but delivered our houses."' And the people bowed and worshiped.
Exo.12.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וילכו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
- ויעשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כאשר: CONJ
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- משה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואהרן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כן: ADV
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Exod.12.50 (verbal): Nearly identical wording: the whole Israelite community obeys exactly as the LORD commanded Moses and Aaron.
- Exod.40.16 (verbal): Moses 'did so' in exact accordance with the LORD's commands concerning the tabernacle—same formula of obedience to divine instruction.
- Lev.8.4 (verbal): Moses carries out the LORD's commands for priestly consecration; uses the same construction of doing what God commanded Moses.
- Josh.1.16–17 (thematic): The people pledge to obey Joshua 'as they obeyed Moses' (i.e., to do as commanded), echoing the theme of communal obedience to commands given through Moses.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the Israelites went and did; just as YHWH had commanded Moses and Aaron, so they did.
- And the Israelites went and did as YHWH had commanded Moses and Aaron; so they did.
Exo.12.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- בחצי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הלילה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ויהוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הכה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- כל: DET
- בכור: NOUN,m,sg,const
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- מבכר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הישב: PART,qal,ptcp,m,sg,def
- על: PREP
- כסאו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m
- עד: PREP
- בכור: NOUN,m,sg,const
- השבי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- בבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- הבור: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- בכור: NOUN,m,sg,const
- בהמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exod.11:4-5 (verbal): Moses' prior announcement of the plague: God declares that at midnight He will strike down all the firstborn in the land of Egypt — the same event foretold.
- Exod.12:12 (verbal): Immediate theological explanation within the narrative: God states He will pass through Egypt that night and strike all the firstborn, giving the reason and scope echoed in 12:29.
- Exod.13:15 (thematic): Draws a theological consequence from the killing of Egypt’s firstborn: Israel’s practice of consecrating their own firstborn commemorates that act.
- Ps.78:51 (allusion): A historical psalmic retelling that explicitly recalls God striking down all the firstborn in Egypt as part of the Exodus tradition.
- Ps.105:36 (verbal): Parallel recounting of the plague: the psalm echoes the language and scope of the strike — 'He struck down all the firstborn' (man and beast).
Alternative generated candidates
- And it happened at midnight that YHWH struck every firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who was sitting on his throne to the firstborn of the captive who was in the dungeon, and all the firstborn of cattle.
- And it happened at midnight that YHWH struck down every firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sat on his throne to the firstborn of the captive who was in the dungeon, and every firstborn of livestock.
Exo.12.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקם: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- פרעה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לילה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- עבדיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ותהי: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- צעקה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- גדלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- במצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- כי: CONJ
- אין: PART,neg
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- אין: PART,neg
- שם: ADV
- מת: ADJ,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 11:5 (quotation): Announces the specific judgment that all the firstborn in the land of Egypt will die; Exodus 12:30 records the fulfillment of that pronouncement.
- Exodus 12:29 (verbal): Immediate narrative predecessor that explicitly reports the LORD smote all the firstborn at midnight—the direct event to which 12:30 reacts (the resulting cry and death in every house).
- Psalm 78:49–51 (thematic): Retells God’s judgments on Egypt, including striking down the firstborn and bringing widespread death—a poetic reflection on the same plague and its catastrophic effects.
- Psalm 105:36–37 (allusion): Recalls God’s smiting of Egypt’s firstborn and the exodus that followed; functions as a historical liturgical memory of the event recorded in Exodus 12:30.
- 2 Samuel 24:15 (thematic): Describes a divinely-sent widespread death (a plague) and national mourning; thematically parallels the sudden mass mortality and communal outcry depicted in Exodus 12:30.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Pharaoh rose by night—he and all his servants and all the Egyptians—and there was a great cry in Egypt, for there was no house where there was not one dead.
- And Pharaoh rose in the night, he and all his servants and all the Egyptians; and there was a great outcry in Egypt, for there was no house in which there was not one dead.
And YHWH said to Moses and to Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying:
'This month shall be for you the beginning of months; it shall be the first for you of the months of the year.
Speak to all the congregation of Israel, saying: On the tenth of this month they shall take for themselves, each man, a lamb for a father’s house, a lamb for a household. And if the household is too small for a lamb, then he and his neighbor next to his house shall take according to the number of persons; each according to what he eats you shall make your count for the lamb.
A lamb without blemish, a male a year old, shall be for you; from the sheep or from the goats you may take it. And you shall keep it until the fourteenth day of this month; then the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall slaughter it at twilight.
They shall take some of the blood and put it on the two doorposts and on the lintel of the houses where they eat it. And they shall eat the flesh that same night, roasted over fire; with unleavened bread and bitter herbs they shall eat it.
Do not eat any of it raw or boiled, boiled in water, but only roasted over fire—its head with its legs and its inner parts. And you shall not leave any of it until morning; what remains of it until morning you shall burn in the fire. And thus you shall eat it: your loins girded, your sandals on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and you shall eat it in haste—it is YHWH's Passover. And I will pass through the land of Egypt this night, and I will strike every firstborn in the land of Egypt, from human to animal; and on all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgments—I am YHWH. And the blood shall be for you a sign on the houses where you are; and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and no destructive plague shall be among you when I strike the land of Egypt. And this day shall be for you a memorial, and you shall celebrate it as a feast to YHWH; throughout your generations—as a lasting statute—you shall celebrate it.
Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread; but on the first day you shall remove leaven from your houses, for whoever eats what is leavened, that person shall be cut off from Israel, from the first day until the seventh day. And on the first day there shall be a holy convocation, and on the seventh day a holy convocation shall be for you; no work at all shall be done on them, except that which each person must eat—that alone may be done by you. And you shall keep the Unleavened Bread, for on this very day I brought your hosts out from the land of Egypt; therefore you shall keep this day throughout your generations as a lasting statute.
In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at evening, you shall eat unleavened bread until the twenty-first day of the month at evening.
For seven days leaven shall not be found in your houses; for whoever eats what is leavened, that person shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel, whether a sojourner or a native of the land.
You shall not eat anything leavened; in all your dwellings you shall eat unleavened bread.'
Then Moses called for all the elders of Israel and said to them, 'Draw out and take for yourselves from the flock for your families, and slaughter the Passover.
Take a bunch of hyssop, dip it in the blood that is in the basin, and touch the lintel and the two doorposts with the blood that is in the basin; and none of you shall go out from the doorway of his house until morning.
For YHWH will pass through to strike Egypt; and when he sees the blood on the lintel and on the two doorposts, YHWH will pass over the door and will not allow the destroyer to enter your houses to strike. And you shall keep this word as a statute for you and for your children forever. And it shall be, when you come to the land that YHWH will give you, as he has spoken, that you shall keep this service. And when your children say to you, "What is this service to you?"
you shall say, "It is a Passover sacrifice to YHWH, who passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt when he struck Egypt, but he spared our houses."' And the people bowed their heads and prostrated themselves. And the Israelites went and did as YHWH had commanded Moses and Aaron; so they did. And at midnight YHWH struck every firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sat on his throne to the firstborn of the captive who was in the dungeon, and all the firstborn of livestock. And Pharaoh rose by night, he and all his servants and all the Egyptians; and there was a great cry in Egypt, for there was no house in which there was not a dead person.