Genealogies from Adam to Abraham
1 Chronicles 1:1-27
1 C.1.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שת: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אנוש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 5:1–3 (verbal): Chronicles opens the primeval genealogy with the same opening material as Genesis 5 (the generations of Adam; Seth named as Adam’s son), echoing the Genesis genealogy verbatim/structurally.
- Genesis 5:6 (verbal): Names Seth’s son Enosh (Enos/Enosh), directly paralleling the sequence Adam → Seth → Enosh found in 1 Chronicles 1:1.
- Genesis 4:25–26 (thematic): Earlier Genesis account also records the birth of Seth and his son Enosh and ties Enosh to the beginnings of religious invocation (‘men began to call on the name of the LORD’), providing an alternative context for the same names cited in Chronicles.
- Luke 3:38 (structural): Luke’s genealogy traces Jesus’ line back through Seth to ‘Adam, the son of God,’ echoing the Adam–Seth–Enosh sequence and showing the genealogical function of such lists in biblical tradition.
Alternative generated candidates
- Adam, Seth, Enosh.
- Adam, Seth, Enosh.
1 C.1.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- קינן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מהללאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ירד: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 5:12–15 (verbal): The Sethite genealogy in Genesis lists Kenan (Cainan), Mahalalel and Jared in the same sequence and context—direct verbal parallel to Chronicles' roster of antediluvian patriarchs.
- Luke 3:36–37 (verbal): Luke's genealogy traces Jesus through the antediluvian line; in many manuscripts the ancestry includes Kenan/Mahalalel/Jared, corresponding verbally to the names in 1 Chr 1:2 (see surrounding verses for the full ante-diluvian sequence).
- 1 Chronicles 1:1 (structural): Immediate structural parallel within Chronicles: the opening verses form a continuous genealogical framework, with 1:2 repeating the early patriarchal names introduced in 1:1.
- Matthew 1:1–17 (structural): Though Matthew traces a different branch (Abraham to Joseph), it is a parallel example of biblical genealogical formatting and purpose—linking present identity to ancestral lines, as 1 Chronicles does for the earliest patriarchs.
Alternative generated candidates
- Kenan, Mahalalel, Jared.
- Kenan, Mahalalel, Jared.
1 C.1.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- חנוך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מתושלח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 5:18-24 (structural): Chronicles repeats the genealogical sequence (Jared → Enoch → Methuselah → Lamech) found here; same names and order in the antediluvian line.
- Genesis 5:21-24 (verbal): The brief account of Enoch ('walked with God; and he was not, for God took him') is the fuller background to the Enoch named in 1 Chronicles’ genealogy.
- Hebrews 11:5 (allusion): The New Testament recalls Enoch’s faith and translation (he did not experience death), alluding to the Genesis tradition behind the Chronicles listing.
- Jude 1:14-15 (quotation): Jude explicitly cites a prophecy attributed to Enoch, linking the named Enoch of the genealogies to later Jewish tradition and interpretation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech.
- Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech.
1 C.1.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- נח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- שם: ADV
- חם: ADJ,m,sg
- ויפת: ADJ,f,sg,cons
Parallels
- Genesis 6:10 (verbal): Directly names Noah's three sons—Shem, Ham, and Japheth—paralleling the list in 1 Chronicles 1:4.
- Genesis 9:18-19 (verbal): After the flood the three sons of Noah are again named as the progenitors of the nations, echoing the same trio.
- Genesis 10:1 (structural): Introduces the Table of Nations with 'These are the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth,' functioning as the larger genealogical context for the names in 1 Chronicles 1:4.
- 1 Peter 3:20 (thematic): Refers to the eight persons saved through water (Noah and his family), thematically linking to the mention of Noah's sons who comprised his household.
Alternative generated candidates
- Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
- Noah; Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
1 C.1.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- יפת: ADJ,f,sg,cons
- גמר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומגוג: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומדי: CONJ+PREP
- ויון: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותבל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומשך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותירס: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:2 (quotation): Direct source for the list—Genesis gives the same genealogy of Japheth’s sons (Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, Tiras), which Chronicles repeats.
- Ezekiel 27:13 (verbal): Uses several of the same ethnic names (Javan, Tubal, Meshech) in a commercial/ethnographic context, reflecting the continued identification of these peoples.
- Ezekiel 38:2-3 (allusion): Names Magog (and by implication its kinship to Japheth) as the land/people addressed in an eschatological oracle against Gog of Magog.
- Revelation 20:8 (allusion): Invokes 'Gog and Magog' in a final apocalyptic confrontation, reusing the genealogical name Magog from the Japheth tradition for symbolic/end-times imagery.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras.
- The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras.
1 C.1.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- גמר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשכנז: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודיפת: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותוגרמה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:3 (quotation): Direct parallel — the Table of Nations lists Gomer’s sons as Ashkenaz, Riphath (Riphath/Diphath), and Togarmah; 1 Chronicles repeats this Genesis genealogy.
- Ezekiel 38:6 (allusion): Mentions 'the house of Togarmah' together with Gomer among northern peoples allied with Gog — echoes the same ethnonyms derived from Gomer.
- Jeremiah 51:27 (allusion): Names 'Ashkenaz' (Ashchenaz) among kingdoms to be mustered against Babylon — uses the descendant name that Chronicles lists as a son of Gomer.
- Hosea 1:3 (allusion): Uses Gomer as the personal name of Hosea’s wife; reflects another biblical occurrence of the name Gomer (related to the same tribal/ethnic designation).
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
- The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
1 C.1.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלישה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותרשישה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כתים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ורודנים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:4 (verbal): Gives the same list of the sons of Javan (Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, Dodanim/Rodanim) — the primary Old Testament parallel in the Table of Nations.
- Ezekiel 27:13 (allusion): Names Javan among the maritime traders of Tyre (Javan/Tarshish/Kittim associated with seafaring peoples), reflecting the same ethnographic tradition.
- Jonah 1:3 (thematic): Mentions Tarshish as a distant western maritime destination (Jonah's flight), illustrating Tarshish’s identity among the sons of Javan as a far-off sea realm.
- Psalm 72:10 (thematic): Speaks of the kings of Tarshish and the coastlands bringing tribute, echoing Tarshish’s role as a prominent maritime/foreign realm linked to Javan’s descendants.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, the Kittim, and the Rodanim.
- The sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim.
1 C.1.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- חם: ADJ,m,sg
- כוש: NOUN,prop,sg,m
- ומצרים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- פוט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכנען: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:6 (quotation): Direct parallel/quotation – the Table of Nations in Genesis lists the sons of Ham as Cush, Mizraim (Egypt), Put, and Canaan, matching 1 Chr 1:8.
- Genesis 10:1 (structural): Structural parallel – 1 Chronicles 1 reproduces the opening of Genesis’ Table of Nations (the generations of Noah’s sons), framing the same genealogical material.
- Ezekiel 30:4-5 (thematic): Thematic parallel – Ezekiel groups Cush and Put (and Egypt) together in an oracular context, reflecting the same ethnic/national identities associated with Ham’s descendants.
- Isaiah 20:3 (thematic): Thematic parallel – Isaiah depicts Cush (Ethiopia) and Egypt together as captive peoples, echoing the recurring biblical pairing of Ham’s descendants (Cush and Mizraim) in prophetic contexts.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Ham: Cush, Egypt, Put, and Canaan.
- The sons of Ham: Cush, Egypt, Put, and Canaan.
1 C.1.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- כוש: NOUN,prop,sg,m
- סבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחוילה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וסבתא: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורעמא: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וסבתכא: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- רעמא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודדן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:7 (quotation): Direct parallel list of the sons of Raamah (Sheba and Dedan) in the Table of Nations; Chronicles here repeats Genesis' genealogy.
- Ezekiel 27:20 (thematic): Mentions Dedan (and related trading peoples) as merchants trading with Tyre—uses Dedan as an identifiable nation descended from Cush/Raamah.
- Ezekiel 38:13 (thematic): References 'Sheba and Dedan' among distant trading/nations, echoing the genealogical identity of these peoples attested in Genesis/Chronicles.
- Isaiah 21:13 (allusion): Speaks of the 'caravans of Dedan' (Dedanim), reflecting the later tribal/territorial identity of Dedan derived from the genealogical lists (Raamah → Dedan).
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabtecha; and the sons of Raamah were Sheba and Dedan.
- The sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabtecha; and the sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan.
1 C.1.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכוש: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- נמרוד: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- החל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- להיות: VERB,qal,inf,NA,NA,NA
- גבור: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Genesis 10:8-9 (verbal): Direct parallel/quotation: Genesis names Cush as father of Nimrod and uses the same formula—'he began to be mighty in the earth; he was a mighty hunter before the LORD'—which 1 Chronicles repeats.
- Genesis 10:10 (thematic): Continues the same narrative about Nimrod by listing the beginning of his kingdom (Babel, Erech, Accad, Calneh in Shinar), situating Nimrod as an early city-found ruler—thematic expansion of 1 Chr 1:10.
- 1 Chronicles 1:8-10 (structural): Immediate biblical parallel within Chronicles: the genealogical list in 1 Chr 1 repeats and condenses the Genesis material about Cush and Nimrod; 1:8–10 forms the same structural unit as the Genesis entry.
- 2 Samuel 23:8 (thematic): Uses the term gibbor (mighty/hero). While about David's warriors, it illustrates the biblical semantic range of 'gibbor' (mighty man/hero/warrior), shedding light on the characterization of Nimrod as a 'gibbor in the earth.'
Alternative generated candidates
- Cush fathered Nimrod; he began to be a mighty one in the land.
- Cush fathered Nimrod—he began to be a mighty one on the earth.
1 C.1.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומצרים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- לודים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- ענמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- להבים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- נפתחים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:13-14 (verbal): Direct parallel/listing — Genesis gives the same genealogy of Mizraim (Egypt) as father of the Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, Naphtuhim, etc.; 1 Chronicles repeats this material.
- Genesis 10:6 (structural): Broader structural parallel — situates Mizraim as one of the sons of Ham in the Table of Nations, providing the genealogical context for the descendants named in 1 Chronicles 1:11.
- 1 Chronicles 1:12 (verbal): Immediate parallel/continuation — the neighboring verse in Chronicles repeats and expands the Egyptian list (Pathrusim, Casluhim/Caphtorim), forming the same genealogical series.
- Jeremiah 44:1 (thematic): Geographic/historical allusion — mentions 'Pathros' (the region of Upper Egypt), linking the tribal name Pathrusim (descendants of Mizraim) in Genesis/Chronicles with later references to Egyptian districts in the prophetic literature.
Alternative generated candidates
- Egypt fathered the Ludim, the Anamim, the Lehabim, and the Naphtuhim.
- Mizraim fathered the Ludim, the Anamim, the Lehabim, and the Naphtuhim.
1 C.1.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- פתרסים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- כסלחים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יצאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- משם: PREP
- פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
- ואת: CONJ
- כפתרים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:14 (quotation): Direct parallel in the Table of Nations — lists Pathrusim (Pathros), Casluhim (Casluhim, from whom the Philistines came) and Caphtorim; 1 Chron 1:12 draws its wording from this genealogy.
- Amos 9:7 (thematic): Mentions that the Philistines came from Caphtor (Caphtorim), thematically connecting the Caphtorim named in 1 Chr 1:12 with the origin of the Philistines.
- Deuteronomy 2:23 (verbal): Refers to the Caphtorim (Caphtor) who came and destroyed other peoples; supports the biblical tradition identifying Caphtor/Caphtorim as a migrating group related to the Philistines.
- Jeremiah 47:4 (allusion): In prophetic denunciations against Philistia the text presumes the distinct origins and identity of the Philistines (traditionally linked with Caphtor/Caphtorim), echoing the ethnographic note in 1 Chr 1:12.
Alternative generated candidates
- Also Pathrusim and Casluhim—from whom the Philistines came—and the Caphtorim.
- Also Pathrusim and Casluhim (from whom came the Philistines) and Caphtorim.
1 C.1.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכנען: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- צידון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בכרו: NOUN,3,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- חת: NOUN,m,sg,const
Parallels
- Genesis 10:15 (verbal): Almost word‑for‑word parallel: Genesis lists 'Canaan begot Sidon his firstborn, and Heth,' which 1 Chronicles repeats in the genealogy.
- Genesis 10:18 (thematic): Places Sidon and the Canaanite peoples in their territorial context ('the borders of the Canaanites were from Sidon...'), thematically linking the names in the genealogy to the region's inhabitants.
- Genesis 23:3–20 (thematic): Abraham's dealings with the 'children of Heth' (the Hittites) illustrate Heth as a distinct Canaanite people—an example of the name from the genealogy appearing in narrative tradition.
- Genesis 49:13 (allusion): Jacob's blessing mentions Sidon as a border ('his border shall be unto Zidon'), reflecting Sidon's longstanding identity and echoing the genealogical reference to Sidon as Canaan's firstborn.
Alternative generated candidates
- Canaan fathered Sidon his firstborn, and Heth.
- Canaan fathered Sidon his firstborn and Heth.
1 C.1.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- היבוסי: ADJ,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- האמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הגרגשי: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Genesis 10:16 (verbal): Lists Canaanite peoples (including the Jebusite, the Amorite, the Girgashite) as descendants of Canaan — closely parallels the catalogue of peoples in 1 Chronicles.
- Genesis 15:19-21 (quotation): God's promise to Abraham names the same Canaanite groups (including the Jebusites, Amorites, Girgashites); 1 Chronicles echoes these ancestral/territorial lists.
- Deuteronomy 7:1 (thematic): Gives a similar roster of nations (Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, Jebusites) that Israel is to dispossess — thematically related to the lists of Canaanite peoples in Chronicles.
- Judges 1:21 (allusion): Mentions the Jebusites specifically as inhabitants of Jerusalem whom the Israelites did not drive out — connects to the continued presence and identity of the Jebusites named in Chronicles.
Alternative generated candidates
- The Jebusites, the Amorites, and the Girgashites,
- And the Jebusites, the Amorites, and the Girgashites.
1 C.1.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- החוי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הערקי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- הסיני: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:16 (verbal): The same Canaanite clan names appear (Hivite/Chavvite, Arkite, Sinite); 1 Chr 1:15 is a direct repetition of this list from the Table of Nations.
- Genesis 10:15-18 (structural): Broader context in Genesis that enumerates the descendants and families of Canaan; 1 Chronicles 1 reproduces this structural genealogy.
- Judges 3:5 (thematic): Lists the peoples dwelling in Canaan (including the Hivites) at the time Israel entered the land, echoing the continued presence of the same groups named in 1 Chr 1:15.
- 2 Samuel 21:2-3 (allusion): Narrative about the Gibeonites (elsewhere identified as Hivites) in the Davidic period; shows later historical interactions with one of the groups named in the genealogical list.
Alternative generated candidates
- the Hivites, the Arkites, and the Sinites,
- Also the Hivites, the Arkites, and the Sinites.
1 C.1.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- הארודי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- הצמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ואת: CONJ
- החמתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Genesis 10:18 (verbal): Direct parallel in the Table of Nations: Genesis explicitly names the 'Arvadites, Zemarites, and Hamathites,' the same ethnonyms listed in 1 Chr 1:16.
- 1 Chronicles 1:15 (structural): Immediate neighboring verse in the same genealogical/ethnic list; 1 Chr 1:15–16 reproduces the Canaanite list found in Genesis.
- Ezekiel 27:8 (allusion): Mentions Arvad/Arvadites as maritime/merchant partners in Tyre's lament, reflecting the historical/geographical identity of Arvad named in the Chronicles/Genesis list.
- 2 Samuel 8:9-10 (thematic): Describes Tou (king of Hamath) sending gifts to David (cf. 1 Chr 18:9–10); links the place-name Hamath in the genealogical list to later historical/political interactions with Israel.
Alternative generated candidates
- the Aradites, the Zemarites, and the Hamathites.
- The Arvadites, the Zemarites, and the Hamathites.
1 C.1.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- שם: ADV
- עילם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואשור: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- וארפכשד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולוד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וארם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועוץ: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחול: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וגתר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומשך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:22 (verbal): Direct verbal parallel — the same list of the sons of Shem (Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud, Aram, Uz, Hul, Gether, Mash) appears.
- Genesis 10:21-31 (structural): Broader Table of Nations context in which the descendants of Shem are listed alongside other nations; provides the fuller genealogical and ethnographic setting for these names.
- Genesis 11:10 (allusion): Introduces "the generations of Shem" and continues the Shem line (Arphaxad onward) — thematically continuous with Chronicles' presentation of Shem's descendants.
- 1 Chronicles 1:24-27 (structural): Immediate internal parallel/continuation within Chronicles that takes the names in 1:17 forward into the genealogy from Arphaxad to Terah and Abram.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, Aram, Uz, Hul, Gether, and Meshech.
- The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, Aram, Uz, Hul, Gether, and Meshech.
1 C.1.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וארפכשד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- שלח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ושלח: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- עבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:24 (verbal): Table of Nations records Arphaxad as father of Shelah — the same brief genealogical statement found here.
- Genesis 11:10-12 (verbal): The more extended post‑Flood genealogy from Shem to Abram lists Arphaxad → Shelah → Eber, directly paralleling 1 Chr 1:18.
- Luke 3:36 (verbal): The New Testament genealogy (with some manuscript variation) includes Arphaxad and the succeeding line, connecting the NT ancestry back to the same patriarchal names.
- 1 Chronicles 1:17 (structural): Immediate neighboring verse in the same chapter that forms part of the continuous genealogical sequence including Arphaxad and his descendants.
Alternative generated candidates
- Arphaxad fathered Shelah; Shelah fathered Eber.
- Arphaxad fathered Shelah; and Shelah fathered Eber.
1 C.1.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ולעבר: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- שני: NUM,m,pl,construct
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שם: ADV
- האחד: PRON,indef,sg,m
- פלג: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- בימיו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- נפלגה: VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ושם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחיו: NOUN,3,m,sg,abs
- יקטן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Gen.10.25 (verbal): Direct parallel wording: identifies Peleg and Joktan and explicitly states 'in his days the earth was divided.'
- Gen.11.16-17 (structural): Peleg appears in the Shem–Abraham genealogy with additional chronological/age information; continues the same genealogical line.
- Gen.11.1-9 (thematic): Tower of Babel narrative explaining the division/scattering of peoples and languages — a thematic explanation for the statement that the earth was 'divided' in Peleg's days.
- 1Chr.1.20 (structural): Immediate continuation within Chronicles listing the sons of Joktan, paralleling the genealogical material connected to Peleg and Joktan in 1 Chr 1:19.
Alternative generated candidates
- To Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg (for in his days the land was divided), and the name of his brother was Joktan.
- To Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg—for in his days the earth was divided—and his brother's name was Joktan.
1 C.1.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויקטן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ילד: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- אלמודד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- שלף: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- חצרמות: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- ירח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:26-29 (verbal): Direct repetition of the names (Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah, etc.)—the same Joktan/Joktanite genealogy found in 1 Chronicles.
- Genesis 10:1 (structural): Both verses belong to the Table of Nations framework (Noah’s descendants); 1 Chronicles 1:20 echoes the genealogical ordering and purpose of Genesis 10.
- Genesis 10:30 (thematic): Comment about the dwellings/territory of Joktan’s descendants (‘from Mesha to Sephar’); thematically connects the names in 1 Chronicles to the ancestral/territorial identity of Joktan’s line.
Alternative generated candidates
- Joktan fathered Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, and Jerah,
- Joktan fathered Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, and Jerah.
1 C.1.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- הדורם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- אוזל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- דקלה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:27 (verbal): Names Hadoram (הדורם), Uzal (אוזל) and Diklah (דקלה) appear here in the same sequence — a direct parallel in the Table of Nations (Joktan’s sons).
- Genesis 10:26-29 (structural): The broader list of Joktan’s offspring; 1 Chr 1:21 corresponds to a portion of this genealogical block and shares its structure and content.
- Genesis 10:29 (thematic): Continues the enumeration of Joktan’s descendants (Ophir, Havilah, Jobab), showing the same genealogical cluster to which Hadoram, Uzal and Diklah belong.
- 1 Chronicles 1:20-23 (structural): Immediate Chronicles context that contains verse 21; the same genealogy is repeated and arranged in the same sequence within the book’s opening genealogical summary.
Alternative generated candidates
- Hadoram, Uzal, and Diklah,
- And Hadoram, Uzal, and Diklah.
1 C.1.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- עיבל: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ואת: CONJ
- אבימאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- שבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:26-29 (verbal): Direct parallel: the list of Joktan’s sons appears almost verbatim in Genesis, including Abimael (אבימעל) and Sheba (שבא); Chronicles' עיבל corresponds to Genesis' אובל/Obal (variant spelling).
- Genesis 10:25-32 (thematic): This verse is part of the wider 'Table of Nations' in Genesis that situates Joktan’s descendants (including Sheba and related names) as Arabian/Sabaean lineages.
- 1 Chronicles 1:20-23 (structural): Immediate internal parallel within the same chapter: surrounding verses reproduce the same Joktan genealogy and sequence of names.
Alternative generated candidates
- Ebal, Abimael, and Sheba,
- And Ebal, Abimael, and Sheba.
1 C.1.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואת: CONJ
- אופיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- חוילה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ואת: CONJ
- יובב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- יקטן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 10:27 (quotation): Parallel list in the Table of Nations: explicitly names Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab as sons of Joktan — direct textual parallel to Chronicles.
- 1 Chronicles 1:20-24 (structural): Same genealogical block within Chronicles that enumerates Joktan’s sons; the verse falls within this recurring genealogical structure.
- 1 Kings 10:11 (thematic): Refers to Ophir as a famed source of gold brought to Solomon — links the personal/place name Ophir in the Joktan list to later geographic/trade traditions.
- Genesis 2:11-12 (thematic): Mentions the land of Havilah (noted for its gold and resources), connecting the name Havilah in Joktan’s genealogy with other biblical references to that region.
Alternative generated candidates
- and Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab—these were all sons of Joktan.
- And Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab—these were all sons of Joktan.
1 C.1.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שם: ADV
- ארפכשד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שלח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 10:22 (verbal): Arpachshad (Arphaxad) is listed among the sons of Shem in the Table of Nations—same name and role as in Chronicles.
- Genesis 11:10 (verbal): Arphaxad appears in the post‑Flood generations of Shem and is named as father of Shelah, directly paralleling the Chronicles genealogy.
- Luke 3:36 (structural): Arphaxad occurs in Luke’s extended genealogy (tracing back through Shem/Noah), reflecting the New Testament usage of the same ancestral line.
Alternative generated candidates
- Shem, Arphaxad, Shelah.
- Shem, Arphaxad, Shelah.
1 C.1.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- עבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פלג: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רעו: VERB,qal,imp,2,pl
Parallels
- Gen.10.25 (verbal): Eber and Peleg occur together; Genesis notes Peleg’s naming (‘in his days the earth was divided’), linking the same genealogical pair found in Chronicles.
- Gen.11.16 (verbal): Records Eber fathering Peleg (with age), a direct genealogical parallel to Chronicles’ brief listing of the same names.
- Gen.11.18 (verbal): Records Peleg fathering Reu (with age), corresponding to the sequence Eber → Peleg → Reu in 1 Chronicles 1:25.
- Gen.11.20 (verbal): Continues the genealogy with Reu (noting his parentage/offspring), matching the presence of Reu in the Chronicles list.
- 1Chr.1.24 (structural): Immediate contextual parallel within Chronicles: the surrounding verses set the same Shem–Arphaxad–Shelah–Eber–Peleg–Reu genealogy, showing the verse is part of a continuous genealogical structure.
Alternative generated candidates
- Eber, Peleg, Reu.
- Eber, Peleg, Reu.
1 C.1.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שרוג: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נחור: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- תרח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Gen.11:26 (verbal): Same names in the primeval genealogy—Serug, Nahor, Terah—appearing verbatim in the Genesis list leading to Abraham.
- Gen.11:27 (structural): Genesis introduces 'These are the generations of Terah' and then lists Terah's sons (Abram, Nahor, Haran), paralleling Chronicles' genealogical framing.
- Josh.24:2 (allusion): Joshua's covenant speech recalls 'Terah, the father of Abraham and the father of Nahor,' directly invoking Terah and Nahor from the same ancestral line.
- Acts 7:4 (thematic): In Stephen's retelling of Abraham's origin and migration he links Abraham's departure from Haran to the death of his father—implicitly Terah—echoing the family context of Terah and Nahor.
Alternative generated candidates
- Serug, Nahor, Terah.
- Serug, Nahor, Terah.
1 C.1.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אברם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- אברהם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 17:5 (quotation): God renames Abram 'Abraham' — Chronicles' brief statement ('Abram is Abraham') echoes and presupposes the explicit renaming in Gen 17:5.
- Genesis 11:26-32 (structural): Chronicles compresses the genealogical material found here; the identification of Abram echoes the Genesis genealogy that introduces Terah and his sons including Abram.
- Genesis 12:1-3 (thematic): The call and covenant promises to Abram establish him as the founding patriarch; Chronicles' identification points to Abram/Abraham's central covenant role described in Gen 12.
- Acts 7:2-4 (allusion): Stephen's retelling of Israel's origins refers to 'Abram' and his migration — an early Christian retelling that treats Abram and Abraham as the same patriarch, paralleling Chronicles' identification.
Alternative generated candidates
- Abram—this is Abraham.
- Abram—he is Abraham.
Adam, Seth, Enosh.
Kenan, Mahalalel, Jared.
Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech.
Noah—Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras.
The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
The sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, the Kittim, and the Rodanim.
The sons of Ham: Cush, Mizraim (Egypt), Put, and Canaan.
The sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabta, Raamah, and Sabteca; and the sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan.
Cush fathered Nimrod; he began to be a mighty one in the land.
Mizraim fathered Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, and Naphtuhim.
Also Pathrusim and Casluhim (from whom the Philistines came), and Caphtorim.
Canaan fathered Sidon his firstborn, and Heth.
The Jebusites, the Amorites, and the Girgashites.
The Hivites, the Arkites, and the Sinites.
The Arvadites, the Zemarites, and the Hamathites.
The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, Aram, Uz, Hul, Gether, and Meshech.
Arphaxad fathered Shelah; Shelah fathered Eber.
To Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg, for in his days the earth was divided; and the name of his brother was Joktan.
Joktan fathered Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, and Jerah. And Hadoram, Uzal, and Diklah. And Obal, Abimael, and Sheba. And Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab—these were all the sons of Joktan.
Shem, Arphaxad, Shelah.
Eber, Peleg, Reu.
Serug, Nahor, Terah.
Abram (that is, Abraham).