The List of Men Who Separated from Foreign Wives
Ezra 10:18-44
Ezr.10.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וימצא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- מבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cs
- הכהנים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- השיבו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- נשים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- נכריות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- מבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cs
- ישוע: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יוצדק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואחיו: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:3,m,sg
- מעשיה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואליעזר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויריב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וגדליה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 9:2 (thematic): States the same problem: Israelites, including priests and Levites, had taken foreign wives—provides the background motive for the reforms enacted in Ezra 10.
- Ezra 10:44 (structural): Another verse in the same chapter that lists priests and Levites who had married foreign women and records the community's corrective action; parallels Ezra 10:18 as part of the chapter's roster of offenders.
- Zechariah 3:1 (verbal): Refers to Jeshua (Jeshua) son of Jehozadak (Jozadak) as high priest—the same priestly figure (Jeshua son of Jozadak) named in Ezra 10:18, linking the postexilic priestly family.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Describes Nehemiah's confrontation and disciplinary measures over Jews who married foreign wives; parallels Ezra's concern and sanctions regarding intermarriage in the postexilic community.
Alternative generated candidates
- And among the sons of the priests who had taken foreign wives there were found: of the sons of Jeshua son of Jozadak and his brothers—Maaseiah, Eliezer, Jarib, and Gedaliah.
- And of the priests there were found who had taken foreign wives: of the sons of Jeshua son of Jozadak and his brothers—Maaseiah, Eliezer, Yarib, and Gedaliah.
Ezr.10.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ידם: NOUN,m,sg,suff,3,m,pl
- להוציא: VERB,hiphil,inf
- נשיהם: NOUN,f,pl,abs,prsfx=3mp
- ואשמים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- איל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- צאן: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- על: PREP
- אשמתם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3,m,pl
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): Prohibits marrying the nations around Israel and commands separation from foreign wives — the legal/ethical background for Ezra’s action to put away foreign wives.
- Deuteronomy 24:1-4 (structural): Regulates the putting away (divorce) of a wife and restrictions on remarriage; provides a legal framework related to the act of sending away wives in Ezra.
- Leviticus 5:15 (verbal): Prescribes bringing a ram as an asham (guilt/trespass offering) for certain transgressions — matches Ezra’s mention of an 'asham' (ram) for their fault.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Nehemiah confronts and separates Jewish men from foreign wives and purges foreign influences — a parallel postexilic response to intermarriage like Ezra’s.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they pledged to put away their wives, and to offer guilt offerings—a ram from the flock for their trespass.
- And they pledged to put away their wives and to bring guilt offerings—a ram from the flock—for their guilt.
Ezr.10.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומבני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- חנני: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- וזבדיה: CONJ,NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:1–44 (structural): Verse 20 is one entry in the chapter-long roster of men who put away foreign wives; the verse gains meaning as part of this larger list and reform action.
- Ezra 9:1–2 (thematic): An earlier report of Israelites (including priests and Levites) marrying foreign women that precipitates Ezra’s lament and the call to separate—same issue and overlapping names.
- Nehemiah 13:23–28 (thematic): Nehemiah later confronts and punishes intermarriage with foreign women and enforces separation, echoing the reformist response found in Ezra 10.
- Deuteronomy 7:3–4 (thematic): The Mosaic prohibition against marrying nations of Canaan on covenantal and religious grounds supplies the legal/theological rationale for Ezra’s actions.
- Malachi 2:11 (allusion): A prophetic denunciation of Judah marrying the daughter of a foreign god—reflects the same covenantal concern about mixed marriages addressed in Ezra 10.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Amar: Hannani and Zabdiah.
- And of the sons of Amar: Hanani and Zebadiah.
Ezr.10.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומבני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- חרם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעשיה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ואליה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושמעיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויחיאל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועזיה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:22 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same chapter — continues the roll of names of the sons of Harim and neighboring families (same context and overlapping personal names).
- Ezra 10:23 (verbal): Contiguous verse in the same list of those implicated in the issue of foreign marriages; shares the same roster/listing structure and related names.
- Ezra 2:36 (structural): Earlier post‑exilic genealogical list that also names the house/sons of Harim among the returned families — connects the same clan across Ezra’s genealogical and reform material.
- Nehemiah 13:23–27 (thematic): Deals with the same problem (Israelite men marrying foreign women) and Nehemiah’s corrective measures — thematically parallels Ezra’s reform and the lists of offending persons.
- Ezra 10:44 (structural): Summarizes the covenantal action taken by those named in chapter 10 (putting away foreign wives); functions as the concluding outcome to the lists of names such as 10:21.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Harim: Maaseiah, Eliah, Shemaiah, Jehiel, and Uzziah.
- And of the sons of Harim: Maaseiah, Eliah, Shemaiah, Jehiel, and Uzziah.
Ezr.10.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומבני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- פשחור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אליועיני: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מעשיה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ישמעאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נתנאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יוזבד: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ואלעשה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:21 (verbal): Immediately contiguous verse in the same chapter listing the men (from the sons of Pashur) who had taken foreign wives; the names continue across these verses as part of the same roster.
- Ezra 10:23 (verbal): Following verse that continues the roster of individuals who had intermarried; together with v.22 it forms the larger catalogue of offenders addressed in the chapter.
- Ezra 9:1-2 (thematic): Earlier report that many Israelites, including priests and Levites, had taken foreign wives; provides the narrative cause and theological concern that leads to the covenantal response recorded in Ezra 10.
- Nehemiah 13:23-28 (thematic): A later reform movement addressing the same problem of intermarriage with foreign women; thematically parallels Ezra 10's concern and corrective measures toward mixed marriages.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Pashhur: Elioenai, Maaseiah, Ishmael, Nethanel, Jozabad, and Elasah.
- And of the sons of Pashhur: Elioenai, Maaseiah, Ishmael, Nethanel, Jozabad, and Elishah.
Ezr.10.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומן: CONJ+PREP
- הלוים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- יוזבד: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- ושמעי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וקליה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- קליטא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- פתחיה: NOUN,m,pl,abs+SUFF,3,f,sg
- יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- ואליעזר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:22 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same chapter — a contiguous list of Levites involved in the reform (putting away foreign wives); continues the register of Levitical names and roles.
- Ezra 10:24 (verbal): Same chapter and context; repeats and extends the roster of Levites (sharing names such as Shemaiah, Pethahiah, Eliezer, Uzzi), showing verbal overlap in the lists.
- Nehemiah 10:22 (thematic): Levites figure among the signatories of the post-exilic covenant; thematically parallels Ezra 10 in portraying Levites as participants/enforcers in covenantal reforms and community restoration.
- 1 Chronicles 6:33-48 (structural): Genealogical/listing passage of Levites and priestly families (including names like Eliezer, Shemaiah, Uzzi/Pethahiah in the broader Levitical tradition), providing a background continuity to the Levitical names found in Ezra 10.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the Levites: Jozabad, Shemaiah, Kelaiah (that is, Kelita), Pethahiah, Judah, and Eliezer.
- And of the Levites: Jozabad, Shimei, Kelaiah (called Kelita), Pethahiah, Judah, and Eliezer.
Ezr.10.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומן: CONJ+PREP
- המשררים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- אלישיב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומן: CONJ+PREP
- השערים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- שלם: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- וטלם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואורי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- 1 Chronicles 9:17 (verbal): Lists the gatekeepers (porters) with many of the same names (Shallum, Talmon, etc.), showing the same group/office and overlapping personal names.
- 1 Chronicles 26:1-15 (structural): Gives the organization and names of the gatekeepers (keepers of the thresholds), a fuller account of the same offices and families referenced in Ezra's list.
- Nehemiah 7:44 (verbal): A parallel returnee/genealogical list that also names the gatekeepers/porters (Shallum, Talmon, etc.), reflecting continuity between the Ezra–Nehemiah and Chronicles lists.
- Ezra 10:25 (structural): Immediate neighboring verse in the same chapter that continues the list of porters and others who had taken foreign wives — same context and catalogue function.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the singers: Elishib; and of the gatekeepers: Shallum, Telem, and Uri.
- And of the singers: Elishib. And of the gatekeepers: Shallum, Telem, and Uri.
Ezr.10.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומישראל: CONJ+PREP,NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cs
- פרעש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רמיה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ויזיה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומלכיה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומימן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואלעזר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומלכיה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובניה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:26 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same roll-call of men who put away foreign wives; same context and list-format.
- Ezra 9:1-2 (thematic): Introduces the problem of intermarriage among the Israelites and priests that gives rise to the lists in Ezra 10.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Nehemiah's later account of confronting Jews who had married foreign women and enforcing separation—parallel concern and action.
- Ezra 2 (cf. Nehemiah 7) (structural): Genealogical and clan lists of returnees to Jerusalem; parallels in form and in naming of family/clan groups.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of Israel: of the sons of Peraiah—Ramiah, Jeziah, Malchiah, Miamin, Eleazar, Malchiah, and Benaiah.
- And of Israel: of the sons of Parosh—Ramiah, Izziah, Malchijah, Miamin, Eleazar, Malchijah, and Benaiah.
Ezr.10.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומבני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עילם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מתניה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זכריה: NOUN,m,sg,abs,prop
- ויחיאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועבדי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,prsfx,1s
- וירמות: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואליה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:22 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same chapter — part of the contiguous list of men (sons of Elam) who put away foreign wives.
- Ezra 2:6 (verbal): Earlier genealogical/regressive listing of the 'sons of Elam' among the returnees from Babylon, showing the same clan identity.
- Ezra 9:1-2 (thematic): Narrative problem that prompts chapter 10: reports of Israelites (priests, Levites, leaders) marrying foreign women — the issue resolved by the lists in ch.10.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Nehemiah's later enforcement against Jews marrying foreign wives; same concern and corrective action as in Ezra 9–10.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): Mosaic prohibition against intermarriage with surrounding peoples — the legal/theological rationale underlying Ezra's response to the marriages listed in ch.10.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Elam: Mattaniah, Zechariah, Jehiel, Abdi, Jeremoth, and Eliah.
- And of the sons of Elam: Mattaniah, Zechariah, Jehiel, Abdi, Jeremoth, and Elijah.
Ezr.10.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומבני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- זתוא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אליועני: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלישיב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מתניה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- וירמות: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- וזבד: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ועזיזא: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:44 (structural): Verse 10:44 summarizes the group of men who divorced their foreign wives; 10:27 is part of that detailed list which 10:44 aggregates.
- Ezra 2:43 (structural): The genealogy/census material lists the 'sons of Zattu' among the returnees—showing the same family-line context in post‑exilic records as the personal names in 10:27.
- Nehemiah 7:46 (structural): Nehemiah 7 repeats the Ezra returnee/census material (parallel to Ezra 2); the 'sons of Zattu' appear here too, linking the family named in 10:27 with the official registries.
- Nehemiah 13:23-28 (thematic): Nehemiah 13 recounts a separate but closely related reform against intermarriage with foreign women and the actions taken—paralleling the covenantal divorce movement reflected in Ezra 10.
- Nehemiah 13:4-9 (verbal): These verses mention Eliashib the priest (אלישיב), the same personal name found in Ezra 10:27, creating a verbal link across the narratives (and illustrating continuity of priestly figures).
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Zattu: Elioenai, Elishib, Mattaniah, Jeremoth, Zabdi, and Azziza.
- And of the sons of Zattu: Elioenai, Eliashib, Mattaniah, Jeremoth, Zabad, and Aziza.
Ezr.10.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומבני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- בבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוחנן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חנניה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עתלי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:18-44 (structural): Verse 10:28 is part of this extended roster listing the men who had married foreign wives and agreed to put them away; the surrounding verses form the complete catalogue and context for v.28.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Nehemiah confronts the same problem of Israelites marrying foreign women, describes his corrective measures and the covenantal concern for purity—paralleling Ezra's reformist response to intermarriage.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): The Pentateuchal prohibition against intermarriage with the nations of Canaan provides the legal and theological basis for Ezra's actions in removing foreign wives and preserving covenantal identity.
- Malachi 2:11 (allusion): Malachi condemns Judah for taking the daughter of a foreign god in marriage, linking foreign marriage with religious unfaithfulness—an interpretive frame evident in Ezra's concern over such unions.
- 1 Kings 11:1-2 (thematic): Solomon's foreign marriages and their reported role in leading him to idolatry illustrate the recurring biblical motif that intermarriage can compromise covenant fidelity, a concern motivating Ezra's reforms.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Bebai: Johanan, Hananiah, Zebadiah, and Attai.
- And of the sons of Bebai: Jehohanan, Hananiah, Zabbai, and Athlai.
Ezr.10.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומבני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- משלם: VERB,piel,part,3,m,sg
- מלוך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועדיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישוב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ושאל: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- ורמות: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 9:1-2 (structural): Immediate narrative background: Ezra learns that many of the people, priests and Levites have taken foreign wives—the issue to which the lists in Ezra 10 (including 10:29) directly respond.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Later reform parallel where Nehemiah confronts Jews who married foreign women; similar concern for covenant fidelity and measures taken against intermarriage.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): Deuteronomic law forbids intermarriage with Canaanite nations to prevent turning to other gods—the legal/ideological basis for Ezra’s opposition to foreign wives.
- Numbers 25:6-9 (allusion): Account of Israelites’ allegiances through relations with foreign women leading to idolatry and divine punishment—an earlier precedent linking intermarriage with covenantal compromise.
- 1 Kings 11:1-2 (thematic): Solomon’s marriages to foreign women lead him to idolatry; exemplifies the perceived religious danger of intermarriage that motivates Ezra’s reforms.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of the men of Meshullam: Malluch, Adaiah, Jashub, Sheal, and Ramoth.
- And of the sons of Bani: Meshullam, Malluch, Adaiah, Jashub, Sheal, and Ramoth.
Ezr.10.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומבני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- פחת: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מואב: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- עדנא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכלל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בניה: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss3,m
- מעשיה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מתניה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בצלאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובנוי: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומנשה: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 2:6–7 (verbal): The same clan heading (sons of Pahath‑Moab/Elam and associated family names) appears in the returnees list—many of the personal and family names are repeated verbatim.
- Nehemiah 7:11–12 (structural): Nehemiah reproduces the Ezra 2 returnees list (a parallel genealogical/household roll) including the Pahath‑Moab/Elam group, showing the same family clusters.
- Ezra 9:1–2 (thematic): Earlier in Ezra the problem is announced: leaders and people had taken foreign (non‑Israelite) wives—this background explains the lists in chapter 10 of those who put such marriages away.
- Deuteronomy 7:3–4 (thematic): The Mosaic prohibition against intermarriage with the nations provides the legal/theological rationale underlying Ezra’s insistence on separating from foreign wives.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Pahath‑Moab: Adna, and all his sons; Eliah, Maaseiah, Mattaniah, Benaiah, and Manasseh.
- And of the sons of Pahath‑Moab: Adna and Kelal and their sons—Maaseiah, Mattaniah, Benaiah, Bedeiah, Meshullam, and Shephatiah—and of their kinsmen.
Ezr.10.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- חרם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אליעזר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלכיה: NOUN,m,pl,abs+SUFF:3,m,sg
- שמעיה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- שמעון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 2:33 (verbal): Parallel list in the earlier returnee census naming the sons of Harim (similar personal names), showing the same family group elsewhere in Ezra's genealogical material.
- Nehemiah 7:39 (verbal): Nehemiah's parallel to Ezra 2 repeats the lists of families who returned from exile, including the sons of Harim with corresponding names—another textual witness to the same group.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Describes the problem of Israelites marrying foreign women and Nehemiah's corrective measures—directly parallel in theme to Ezra 10, where members of the sons of Harim put away foreign wives.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): The Mosaic prohibition against intermarriage with the nations of Canaan provides the legal and theological background for Ezra's insistence that those listed (including the sons of Harim) separate from foreign wives.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Harim: Eliezer, Ishiah, Malchiah, Shemaiah, and Shimeon.
- And of the sons of Harim: Eliezer, Ishiah, Malkijah, Shemaiah, and Shimei.
Ezr.10.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בנימן: NOUN,m,sg,proper
- מלוך: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שמריה: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:29 (structural): Neighboring verse in the same catalog of men who put away foreign wives; part of the contiguous list that includes Benjamin, Malluch, Shemaiah.
- Ezra 10:43 (structural): Concluding verse of the same register of names; frames the broader group and outcome of the reform recorded in Ezra 10.
- Ezra 9:1-2 (verbal): Earlier report that many Israelites—priests and laymen—had taken foreign wives, providing the immediate narrative cause for the lists in Ezra 10.
- Nehemiah 13:23-30 (thematic): Later Providential reform dealing with Israelites who intermarried with foreign women; echoes the same concern for separation and covenant fidelity.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (allusion): Legal prohibition against intermarriage with Canaanite nations that undergirds the theological rationale for Ezra's reforms.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of Benjamin: Malluch, and Shemaiah.
- And of Benjamin: Malluch and Shemariah.
Ezr.10.33 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cs
- חשם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מתני: NOUN,m,pl,abs+1cs
- מתתה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זבד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אליפלט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ירמי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מנשה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שמעי: NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- Ezra 10:28-29 (structural): Immediately adjacent portion of the same chapter listing many of the same men who put away foreign wives; part of the contiguous roster of names.
- Ezra 10:44 (structural): Summary statement at the end of the chapter that counts and confirms those who had separated from their foreign wives, tying together the individual name lists.
- Nehemiah 13:23-28 (thematic): Later reform under Nehemiah addressing the same problem of intermarriage with foreign women and taking disciplinary action to protect covenantal purity.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): The Torah prohibition against marrying Canaanite (foreign) women and the rationale (turning hearts to other gods) that undergirds Ezra's concern with these marriages.
- 1 Kings 11:1-2 (thematic): Example of Solomon's foreign wives leading to idolatry and divine judgment; serves as a narrative precedent illustrating the perceived dangers of Israelite men marrying foreign women.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Hashum: Mattaniah, Mattithiah, Zabdi, Eliphelet, Jerimoth, and Isshiah, Shemai.
- And of the sons of Hashum: Mattaniah, Mattenai, Zabad, Eliphelet, Jerimoth, Manasseh, and Shemai.
Ezr.10.34 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- מעדי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עמרם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואואל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 2 (structural): Ezra 2 contains the returned-exiles' genealogical lists (names and family groups) that correspond to the same clan and personal names found in the lists of Ezra 10.
- Nehemiah 7 (verbal): Nehemiah 7 largely parallels Ezra 2 with almost identical genealogical and personnel lists (the same family names recur), providing a direct parallel record of the post‑exilic population.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Narrative account of Jews marrying foreign women and Nehemiah's corrective measures; thematically parallels Ezra 10's listing and purification actions regarding mixed marriages.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): Legal prohibition against intermarriage with foreign nations (and the theological rationale); provides the covenantal background for Ezra's concern with marriages to foreign women.
- Malachi 2:11 (thematic): Denounces marrying the daughter of a foreign god as profaning the covenant—a prophetic critique thematically linked to Ezra's reaction against intermarriage.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of the tribe of Admatha: Omri and Hezekiah.
- And of the sons of Magdiel: Amram and Uel.
Ezr.10.35 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בניה: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss3,m
- בדיה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- כלוהו: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 9:2 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel — the problem of Judahite men marrying foreign women is introduced and the list of offenders (and their offspring) is the focus of both passages.
- Ezra 10:44 (structural): Closely related verse in the same chapter that records the final outcome (those who put away their foreign wives), directly connected to the lists and judgments referenced earlier.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Nehemiah rebukes Judahite men for marrying foreign women and enforces separation — a later reform addressing the same social/religious issue as Ezra 10.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): Law background for the prohibition against intermarriage: God commands Israel not to intermarry with the nations to prevent turning to other gods, providing the legal-theological rationale for Ezra’s reforms.
- Malachi 2:11-16 (thematic): Prophetic denunciation of intermarriage and faithlessness (treachery) in marriage — echoes the moral and covenantal concerns motivating Ezra’s insistence on separating from foreign wives.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Nebo: Jeiel and Zechariah.
- And their sons: Bediah and Kelohu.
Ezr.10.36 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וניה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מרמות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- אלישיב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:44 (structural): This verse functions as the concluding summary to the same list of men (including the name in 10:36), noting that all these had taken foreign wives—directly connected to the list item here.
- Ezra 10:1-4 (structural): These opening verses of the chapter record the assembly and the covenant to put away foreign wives; the names in 10:36 appear as part of the group action instituted in these verses.
- Ezra 9:1-2 (thematic): Ezra’s earlier report and lament about Israelites, priests and Levites marrying foreign women provides the background and theological motivation for the corrective measures reflected in the list that includes 10:36.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Nehemiah reproaches Jews who married foreign women and enforces separation—parallel episode showing the same concern for covenant purity and intermarriage as in Ezra 10.
- Malachi 2:11 (thematic): Malachi condemns Judah’s intermarriage with the ‘daughter of a foreign god,’ echoing the prophetic/ethical objection to marrying foreign women that underlies the actions recorded in Ezra 10 (including 10:36).
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Magbish: Elishib.
- And of the Nebo family: Elishib.
Ezr.10.37 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מתניה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מתני: NOUN,m,pl,abs+1cs
- ויעשי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:2-44 (structural): Verse 37 is one entry in the chapter’s extended roster of men who had married foreign wives; compare the full list and its organization in Ezra 10:2–44.
- Ezra 9:1-2 (thematic): Reports the problem that precipitates the list in ch. 10 — the discovery that some Israelites, including priests and Levites, had taken foreign wives.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Nehemiah recounts the same concern about Jews marrying foreign women and the subsequent corrective measures, reflecting the same reformist impulse as Ezra 10.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (allusion): The law forbids intermarriage with surrounding nations to prevent idolatry; this legal/theological tradition underlies Ezra’s actions and the demand for dissolution of those marriages.
Alternative generated candidates
- Mattaniah, Mattithiah, and Jashub.
- And Mattaniah, Matnai, and Jaaziah.
Ezr.10.38 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ובנוי: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs,PRON,3,m,sg
- שמעי: NOUN,m,sg,prop
Parallels
- Ezra 9:1-2 (structural): The immediate narrative antecedent that reports the problem—men and priests had taken foreign wives—providing the occasion for the lists of offenders (including families like Shemaiah’s) in Ezra 10.
- Ezra 10:2-3 (structural): Within the same chapter the assembly’s covenant and call to put away foreign wives set the legal and communal framework for the subsequent roll of names ('sons and sons‑in‑law') in vv.38–44.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Nehemiah rebukes men of Judah for marrying foreign women and institutes corrective action—paralleling Ezra’s concern and reform concerning intermarriage and mixed families.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): The Mosaic prohibition against intermarriage with Canaanite nations and the warning that such unions lead Israel astray provides the law/background motivating Ezra’s purge of foreign marriages.
- Malachi 2:11 (thematic): Malachi condemns Judah for marrying 'the daughter of a foreign god,' interpreting intermarriage as spiritual unfaithfulness—echoing the religious rationale behind Ezra’s list and separations.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Harim: Shemai and Bunni.
- And of their sons and of their kinsmen: Shemaiah.
Ezr.10.39 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושלמיה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונתן: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ועדיה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:18-44 (structural): The broader list in which v.39 appears; other verses enumerate the same men who put away foreign wives during Ezra’s reform.
- Ezra 9:1-4 (thematic): Describes the discovery of Israelite intermarriage and Ezra’s grief and prayer — the background motive for the separations recorded in ch.10.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Nehemiah’s later enforcement against Jews marrying foreign women and the social/religious consequences — a parallel reforming response to intermarriage.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): The Mosaic prohibition against intermarriage with Canaanite (foreign) nations — the law cited as the theological basis for Ezra’s actions.
- Malachi 2:11-12 (thematic): Condemns Judah for marrying ‘the daughter of a foreign god,’ reflecting prophetic criticism of foreign marriages similar to Ezra’s concern.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Shelemiah, and Nathan, and Adaiah.
- And Shelemiah, Nathan, and Adiah.
Ezr.10.40 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מכנדבי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ששי: ADJ,m,sg
- שרי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
Parallels
- Ezra 2:36-39 (structural): A returnee list naming priests, Levites, singers and gatekeepers — structurally parallel to the personnel lists in Ezra 10 and in some cases preserving overlapping names.
- Nehemiah 7:39-43 (structural): Nehemiah’s register that largely mirrors Ezra 2’s catalog of temple personnel; provides a parallel postexilic list comparable to Ezra 10’s enumeration.
- 1 Chronicles 9:2-34 (thematic): A postexilic chapter listing priests, Levites, gatekeepers and singers in Jerusalem — thematically parallel as another roster of temple functionaries.
- 1 Chronicles 6:31-48 (verbal): Genealogical material for the Levites and priests; overlaps in names and offices with the lists of temple personnel found in Ezra and Nehemiah.
- Ezra 10:2-4 (thematic): Immediate contextual parallel: the assembly and covenant concerning foreign wives that explains the subsequent lists (vv.35–44) in which v.40 appears.
Alternative generated candidates
- Of the remainder of the people—of the priests, the singers, the gatekeepers, the Nethinim, and all Israel—
- And of the chiefs of the province: Shashai and Shear‑jashub.
Ezr.10.41 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- עזראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושלמיהו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שמריה: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:44 (structural): Direct continuation/summary of the same list of men who had taken foreign wives; same episode and overlapping names in the catalogue of those who separated.
- Ezra 9:1-2 (thematic): The discovery and initial report of Israelites marrying foreign women that precipitates the reforms recorded in Ezra 10; provides the immediate context for the names listed.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Nehemiah’s account of opposing mixed marriages and enforcing separations parallels the concern and remedial action reflected in Ezra 10’s register of offenders.
- Ezra 2 (passim) / Nehemiah 7 (passim) (structural): Genealogical and returnee lists in Ezra 2 and Nehemiah 7 function like Ezra 10’s roll of names—same literary form and often overlapping family‑names, situating individuals within post‑exilic community records.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): The Deuteronomic prohibition against intermarriage with surrounding peoples provides the legal/theological background for the ban on foreign wives that motivates the expulsions recorded in Ezra 10.
Alternative generated candidates
- —the sons of the captivity who had resided in Tel‑Melah, Tel‑Harsa, Cherub, Addon, and Immer—
- And Azarel, Shelemiah, and Shemariah.
Ezr.10.42 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שלום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמריה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יוסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 10:44 (structural): Final verse of the same chapter's roster of those who put away foreign wives — situates the names in v.42 within the full list and the reform action.
- Ezra 9:1-2 (allusion): Earlier chapter that reports the problem of intermarriage among priests and people and sets up the covenantal response enacted in Ezra 10.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): A later narrative where Nehemiah confronts Israelites for marrying foreign women and enforces separation — parallels the concern and corrective measures found in Ezra 10.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): Legal prohibition against intermarriage with the surrounding nations; provides the covenantal/halakhic rationale underlying Ezra's action to dissolve foreign marriages.
Alternative generated candidates
- —at Tel‑Harsha, Cherub, Addon, and Immer—were at the assembly.
- And Shallum, Amariah, and Joseph.
Ezr.10.43 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cs
- נבו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יעיאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מתתיה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זבד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- זבינא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ידי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- ויואל: VERB,qal,part,3,m,sg
- בניה: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss3,m
Parallels
- Ezra 10:44 (structural): Direct continuation of the same roster of men who had taken foreign wives; completes the list begun in 10:1–43.
- Ezra 9:2 (thematic): States the charge that led to the covenant in ch.10 — many Israelites, including priests and Levites, had taken foreign wives; provides the immediate theological and narrative context for the names in 10:43.
- Nehemiah 13:23-29 (thematic): Later account of opposition to intermarriage and enforcement of divorces among the returned exiles; parallels Ezra’s concern and actions regarding marriages to foreign women.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): The Mosaic prohibition against intermarriage with the peoples of the land supplies the legal/theological basis for Ezra’s repudiation of foreign wives.
Alternative generated candidates
- And of the sons of Nebo: Jeiel, Mattithiah, Zabad, Zebina, Jaddai, and Joel; and they were heads of households.
- And of the sons of Nebo: Jeiel, Mattithiah, Zabad, Zebina, Jaddai, and Joel—six in all.
Ezr.10.44 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- נשאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- נשים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- נכריות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ויש: CONJ+VERB,qal,pres,3,_,sg
- מהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- נשים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- וישימו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
Parallels
- Ezra 9:2 (verbal): Directly parallels the earlier report that 'the people of Israel, the priests and the Levites have not separated themselves from the peoples of the lands' and lists those who had taken foreign wives — same issue and similar wording.
- Ezra 9:12 (thematic): Expresses the communal problem and consequence of marrying foreign women and the need for separation — echoes the concern in 10:44 about offspring from such unions and the necessity of reform.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (structural): A later narrative recounting the same problem: Jews and even priestly families had married foreign women; Nehemiah condemns and reforms these unions, parallel in action and outcome to Ezra's reforms.
- Deuteronomy 7:3-4 (thematic): The Mosaic law prohibiting marriage with Canaanite (foreign) women and warning such unions lead to idolatry underlies the theological rationale for Ezra's reforms and the concern in 10:44.
- Malachi 2:11-12 (allusion): Prophetically condemns Israel for marrying 'the daughter of a foreign god' and profaning the sanctuary — a theological critique of intermarriage that echoes the moral/spiritual concern behind Ezra's actions.
Alternative generated candidates
- All these had taken foreign wives, and some had wives by whom they had children.
- All these had taken foreign wives; and some of them had wives by whom they had children.
And among the priests who had married foreign wives were: of the sons of Jeshua son of Jozadak and his brothers, Maaseiah, Eliezer, Jarib, and Gedaliah. And they gave their hand to put away their wives; and they presented a guilt offering, a ram of the flock, for their trespass. And of the sons of Immer: Hanani and Zebadiah. And of the sons of Harim: Maaseiah, Eliah, Shemaiah, Jehiel, and Uzziah. And of the sons of Pashhur: Elioenai, Maaseiah, Ishmael, Nethanel, Jozabad, and Elishama. And of the Levites: Jozabad, Shimei, Kelaiah (who is Kelita), Pethahiah, Judah, and Eliezer. And of the singers: Eliashib; and of the gatekeepers: Shallum, Telem, and Uri. And of Israel: of the sons of Peraiah, Ramiah, Izziah, Malchijah, Miamin, Eleazar, Malchijah, and Benaiah. And of the sons of Elam: Mattaniah, Zechariah, Jehiel, Abdi, Jeremoth, and Eliah. And of the sons of Zattu: Elioenai, Eliashib, Mattaniah, Jeremoth, Zabud, and Aziza. And of the sons of Bebai: Jehohanan, Hananiah, Zabbai, and Athlai. And of the sons of Bani: Meshullam, Malluch, Adaiah, Jashub, Sheal, and Ramoth. And of the sons of Pahath-Moab: Adna and Chelal, and their sons—Maaseiah, Mattaniah, Zabad, Benaiah, Binnui, and Manasseh. And of the sons of Harim: Eliezer, Ishiah, Malchijah, Shemaiah, and Shimon. And of Benjamin: Malluch and Shemariah. And of the sons of Hashum: Mattaniah, Mattithiah, Zabad, Eliphelet, Jeremoth, Menahem, and Shemai. And of the sons of Maacah: Amram and Uel. And their sons: Bani, Bediah, Kelubbai. And of the sons of Adin: Eliasib.
Mattaniah, Mattithiah, and Jaasiel. And of their sons and of Benaiah: Shemaiah. And Shelemiah, Nathan, and Adaiah. And of the men of Nebai: Sheshai and Zaccur, and their leaders.
Of Azariah, Shelemiah, and Shemariah.
Shalom, Ammiel, and Joseph. And of the sons of Nebo: Jehiel, Mattithiah, Zabad, Zebina, Joel, and Hananiah.
All these had taken foreign wives; and some of them had wives by whom they had borne children.