Camp Purity
Deuteronomy 23:9-14
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Deu.23.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- יולדו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- דור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שלישי: ADJ,ord,m,sg
- יבא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- בקהל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 23:3-4 (verbal): Directly related legal tradition forbidding Ammonites and Moabites from entering the assembly of the LORD for generations (specifies exclusion to the tenth generation), paralleling the concern with which generations may ‘come into the congregation’.
- Exodus 12:48-49 (thematic): Regulates the status of a foreigner (resident alien) regarding participation in covenant rites and declares one law for native and stranger — addresses how non‑Israelites and their offspring may be admitted to the community.
- Ezra 9:1–10:4 (thematic): Ezra’s reaction to intermarriage and the resulting status of children; reflects post‑exilic anxieties about foreign ancestry and membership in Israel’s religious community.
- Nehemiah 13:23-27 (thematic): Nehemiah confronts the problem of Israelites marrying foreign women and the mixed offspring, insisting on separation to preserve communal/religious purity — a practical parallel about generational inclusion/exclusion.
- Ruth 4:13-17 (allusion): Narrative counterpoint: Ruth the Moabite’s son (Obed) is fully integrated into Israel and becomes ancestor of David, illustrating how a foreign line can be incorporated into the congregation across generations.
Alternative generated candidates
- But the sons born to them—the third generation—may come into the assembly of the LORD.
- The sons born to them, even to the third generation, shall enter the assembly of the LORD.
Deu.23.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- תצא: VERB,qal,impf,2,ms
- מחנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- על: PREP
- איביך: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ונשמרת: VERB,niphal,impf,2,m,sg
- מכל: PREP
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רע: ADJ,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 23:14 (structural): Immediate continuation that explains why the camp must avoid evil: Yahweh walks in the camp, so the camp must be holy and free from anything unclean.
- Deuteronomy 20:1–4 (thematic): Instructions for going out to battle that emphasize God's presence with the army and the moral/ritual readiness required when confronting enemies.
- Numbers 5:2–3 (verbal): A direct command to remove the unclean (lepers, certain undefiled persons) from the camp, paralleling the injunction to keep the camp from evil/uncleanness.
- Joshua 6:18–19 (verbal): Command to keep Israel from the accursed things during the attack on Jericho; a wartime injunction to avoid contaminating the camp or community with forbidden items.
- Leviticus 10:10 (thematic): Priestly instruction to distinguish between holy and common/unclean—a broader cultic principle underlying commands to maintain holiness in the camp.
Alternative generated candidates
- When you go out as a camp against your enemies, keep yourself from every evil thing.
- When you go out as a camp against your enemies, keep yourself from every evil thing.
Deu.23.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לא: PART_NEG
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- טהור: ADJ,m,sg
- מקרה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לילה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויצא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- מחוץ: PREP
- למחנה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יבא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- תוך: PREP
- המחנה: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Leviticus 15:16-18 (verbal): Directly addresses a man with a nocturnal emission — he must wash and is ritually unclean until evening, the same impurity behind Deut. 23:11's exclusion from the camp.
- Leviticus 15:31 (thematic): Commands Israel to keep themselves separate from uncleanness so as not to defile the sanctuary/land — provides the theological rationale for excluding the unclean from the camp.
- Numbers 5:1-3 (thematic): Gives the general rule to send out of the camp those who are ritually unclean (lepers, those with discharges, corpse contamination), reflecting the same social/ritual exclusion in Deut. 23:11.
- Deuteronomy 23:12-14 (structural): Immediate context: laws on camp sanitation (setting aside a place outside the camp for excretion and instructions for washing), forming a connected regulation cluster about purity and exclusion in the camp.
Alternative generated candidates
- If there is among you a man who is unclean because of a nocturnal emission, he shall go outside the camp; he shall not come within the camp.
- If there is among you a man who is unclean by a nocturnal emission and he goes outside the camp, he shall not come into the camp.
Deu.23.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לפנות: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- ערב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ירחץ: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- במים: PREP
- וכבא: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- השמש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- יבא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אל: NEG
- תוך: PREP
- המחנה: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Deut.23.13 (verbal): Immediate continuation of the same sanitary regulation—commands provision of a tool to dig and cover bodily excrement outside the camp.
- Deut.23.14 (thematic): Gives the theological rationale for the sanitation rule: the camp must be kept holy because Yahweh walks among the camp.
- Numbers 5:2 (thematic): Similar prohibition/arrangement concerning persons and sources of impurity being kept out of the camp—shared concern for ritual/communal purity and camp order.
- Leviticus 22:6–7 (verbal): Prescribes washing the body with water and links ceremonial cleanliness to the evening (sunset) boundary—parallels the wash-with-water/evening timing in Deut 23:12.
- Leviticus 15:13 (thematic): Instructions for bathing and washing garments to remove uncleanness from bodily discharges—echoes the broader concern with washing and purity after contact with bodily fluids.
Alternative generated candidates
- And in the evening he shall wash himself with water, and when the sun has set he shall come into the camp.
- He shall wash himself with water in the evening, and when the sun has set he may come into the camp.
Deu.23.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויד: CONJ
- תהיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,f,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- מחוץ: PREP
- למחנה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויצאת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- שמה: ADV
- חוץ: ADV
Parallels
- Deut.23.12 (structural): Immediate context — commands a designated place outside the camp and the use of a tool to dig and cover excrement (directly contiguous instruction).
- Numbers 5:2-3 (thematic): Orders that the ritually unclean (e.g., those with bodily discharges or contact with the dead) be put outside the camp to avoid defiling the community — similar concern with keeping the camp pure and placing persons or functions outside it.
- Numbers 19:3 (verbal): The red heifer is to be taken 'outside the camp' to be slaughtered and burned — uses the same formula of performing certain impurity-related actions outside the camp.
- Leviticus 16:27 (thematic): Instructions that the sin-offering carcasses from the Day of Atonement be taken outside the camp and burned — parallels the removal of impurity or refuse beyond the camp boundary.
- Hebrews 13:11-13 (allusion): Uses the Jewish practice of burning sacrificial remains 'outside the camp' to explain why Jesus suffered outside the gate, thereby echoing the Old Testament spatial motif of impurity and removal.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall have a place outside the camp, and you shall go out there.
- There shall be a place for you outside the camp, and you shall go out there.
Deu.23.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויתד: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- תהיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,f,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- על: PREP
- אזנך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,2,m,sg
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- בשבתך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- חוץ: ADV
- וחפרתה: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- בה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
- ושבת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- וכסית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- צאתך: NOUN,f,sg,cons,poss:2ms
Parallels
- Leviticus 13:46 (thematic): Both require the unclean (here, a leper) to be outside the camp — same concern for keeping the camp ritually pure and separated from sources of impurity.
- Numbers 5:2 (thematic): Commands Israel to put the unclean out of the camp; echoes Deuteronomy’s regulation that bodily impurity must be kept outside the community space.
- Leviticus 16:16-18 (structural): Describes priestly procedures to atone for and cleanse the sanctuary and the camp — reflects the wider concern for holiness of the camp that underlies the instruction to bury excrement outside.
- Hebrews 13:12-13 (allusion): Uses the image of going ‘outside the camp’ of Israel in reference to Jesus’ suffering and sanctification — adopts the OT spatial symbolism of impurity/outside to speak of religious witness and purity.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall have a spade with your equipment at your side; and when you sit down outside you shall dig with it, and when you turn back you shall cover your waste.
- You shall have a spade with your equipment; when you sit down outside dig with it, and when you turn back cover your excrement.
Their sons who are born to them—the third generation—shall come to the assembly of the LORD.
When you go out to meet your enemies in the field, guard yourself from every defiling thing.
If there is among you a man who is unclean from a nocturnal emission, he shall go outside the camp; he shall not come within the camp.
At evening he shall wash himself with water; and when the sun goes down he shall come into the camp.
You shall have a place outside the camp, and you shall go out there.
You shall have a spade among your equipment; when you sit outside, dig with it, then turn back and cover your excrement.