David and Goliath

1 Samuel 17:1-58

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Genesis

The Creation of the World 1:1-2:3 The Creation of Man and Woman 2:4-25 The Fall of Man 3:1-24 Cain and Abel 4:1-26 From Adam to Noah 5:1-32 The Flood 6:1-8:22 God’s Covenant with Noah 9:1-17 Noah’s Drunkenness and Curse 9:18-29 Nations Descended from Noah 10:1-32 The Tower of Babel 11:1-9 From Shem to Abram 11:10-32 The Call of Abram 12:1-9 Abram in Egypt 12:10-20 Abram and Lot Separate 13:1-18 Abram Rescues Lot 14:1-24 God’s Covenant with Abram 15:1-21 Hagar and Ishmael 16:1-16 The Covenant of Circumcision 17:1-27 A Son Promised to Sarah 18:1-15 Abraham Intercedes for Sodom 18:16-33 The Destruction of Sodom 19:1-29 The Origin of Moab and Ammon 19:30-38 Abraham and Abimelech 20:1-18 The Birth of Isaac 21:1-7 Hagar and Ishmael Sent Away 21:8-21 A Treaty with Abimelech 21:22-34 The Sacrifice of Isaac 22:1-19 Nahor’s Children 22:20-24 The Death and Burial of Sarah 23:1-20 A Wife for Isaac 24:1-67 The Death of Abraham 25:1-11 Ishmael’s Descendants 25:12-18 Esau and Jacob 25:19-34 Isaac and Abimelech 26:1-35 Jacob Takes Esau’s Blessing 27:1-40 Jacob Sent to Paddan-aram 27:41-28:9 Jacob’s Dream at Bethel 28:10-22 Jacob Meets Rachel 29:1-14 Jacob Marries Leah and Rachel 29:15-30 The Children of Jacob 29:31-30:24 Jacob’s Prosperity 30:25-43 Jacob Flees from Laban 31:1-21 Jacob and Laban Make a Covenant 31:22-55 Jacob Prepares to Meet Esau 32:1-21 Jacob Wrestles with God 32:22-32 Jacob Meets Esau 33:1-20 Dinah and the Shechemites 34:1-31 God Blesses Jacob at Bethel 35:1-15 Deaths of Rachel and Isaac 35:16-29 Esau’s Descendants 36:1-30 The Kings of Edom 36:31-43 Joseph’s Dreams 37:1-11 Joseph Sold by His Brothers 37:12-36 Judah and Tamar 38:1-30 Joseph and Potiphar’s Wife 39:1-23 Joseph Interprets Dreams in Prison 40:1-23 Pharaoh’s Dreams 41:1-40 Joseph Rises to Power 41:41-57 Joseph’s Brothers Go to Egypt 42:1-38 Joseph’s Brothers Return with Benjamin 43:1-34 The Silver Cup 44:1-34 Joseph Reveals Himself 45:1-28 Jacob Goes to Egypt 46:1-47:12 Joseph and the Famine 47:13-31 Jacob Blesses Ephraim and Manasseh 48:1-22 Jacob Blesses His Sons 49:1-28 The Death and Burial of Jacob 49:29-50:14 Joseph Reassures His Brothers 50:15-21 The Death of Joseph 50:22-26

Exodus

Israel Increases in Egypt 1:1-22 The Birth of Moses 2:1-10 Moses Flees to Midian 2:11-25 The Burning Bush 3:1-22 Signs for Moses 4:1-17 Moses Returns to Egypt 4:18-31 Moses and Aaron Before Pharaoh 5:1-21 God Promises Deliverance 5:22-6:12 The Genealogy of Moses and Aaron 6:13-27 Moses and Aaron Sent to Pharaoh 6:28-7:7 Aaron’s Staff Becomes a Serpent 7:8-13 The First Plague: Water to Blood 7:14-24 The Second Plague: Frogs 7:25-8:15 The Third Plague: Gnats 8:16-19 The Fourth Plague: Flies 8:20-32 The Fifth Plague: Livestock Die 9:1-7 The Sixth Plague: Boils 9:8-12 The Seventh Plague: Hail 9:13-35 The Eighth Plague: Locusts 10:1-20 The Ninth Plague: Darkness 10:21-29 A Final Plague Threatened 11:1-10 The Passover 12:1-30 The Exodus 12:31-42 Passover Regulations 12:43-51 Consecration of the Firstborn 13:1-16 Crossing the Red Sea 13:17-14:31 The Song of Moses 15:1-21 Bitter Water Made Sweet 15:22-27 Manna from Heaven 16:1-36 Water from the Rock 17:1-7 Amalek Defeated 17:8-16 Jethro’s Advice 18:1-27 Israel at Mount Sinai 19:1-25 The Ten Commandments 20:1-21 Laws About Altars 20:22-21:1 Laws About Slaves 21:2-11 Laws About Personal Injuries 21:12-36 Laws About Restitution 22:1-15 Laws About Holiness 22:16-31 Laws About Justice 23:1-9 Sabbath Years and Weeks 23:10-13 The Three Feasts 23:14-19 The Angel and the Promises 23:20-33 The Covenant Confirmed 24:1-18 Contributions for the Sanctuary 25:1-9 The Ark of the Testimony 25:10-22 The Table for Bread 25:23-30 The Golden Lampstand 25:31-40 The Tabernacle 26:1-37 The Bronze Altar 27:1-8 The Court of the Tabernacle 27:9-19 Oil for the Lamp 27:20-21 The Priests’ Garments 28:1-5 The Ephod 28:6-14 The Breastpiece of Judgment 28:15-30 Other Priestly Garments 28:31-43 Consecration of the Priests 29:1-46 The Altar of Incense 30:1-10 The Census Tax 30:11-16 The Bronze Basin 30:17-21 The Anointing Oil 30:22-33 The Incense 30:34-38 Oholiab and Bezalel 31:1-11 The Sabbath Sign 31:12-18 The Golden Calf 32:1-33:6 The Tent of Meeting 33:7-11 Moses’ Intercession and God’s Glory 33:12-23 New Tablets and Covenant 34:1-28 The Shining Face of Moses 34:29-35 Sabbath Regulations 35:1-3 Freewill Offerings for the Tabernacle 35:4-29 Bezalel and Oholiab Set Apart 35:30-36:7 Making the Tabernacle 36:8-38 Making the Ark 37:1-9 Making the Table 37:10-16 Making the Lampstand 37:17-24 Making the Altar of Incense 37:25-29 Making the Bronze Altar 38:1-7 Making the Bronze Basin 38:8 Making the Court 38:9-20 Materials of the Tabernacle 38:21-31 Making the Priests’ Garments 39:1 The Ephod Made 39:2-7 The Breastpiece Made 39:8-21 Other Garments Made 39:22-31 The Work Completed 39:32-43 The Tabernacle Erected 40:1-33 The Glory Fills the Tabernacle 40:34-38

Numbers

The Census of Israel 1:1-54 Arrangement of the Camp 2:1-34 The Levites’ Duties 3:1-51 Kohathites’ Service 4:1-20 Gershonites’ Service 4:21-28 Merarites’ Service 4:29-33 Census of the Levites 4:34-49 Unclean Removed from Camp 5:1-4 Restitution for Wrongs 5:5-10 The Test for Adultery 5:11-31 The Nazirite Vow 6:1-21 The Priestly Blessing 6:22-27 Offerings of the Leaders 7:1-89 The Lamps 8:1-4 The Levites Consecrated 8:5-26 The Passover Celebrated 9:1-14 The Cloud Over the Tabernacle 9:15-23 The Silver Trumpets 10:1-10 Departure from Sinai 10:11-36 Complaint and Quail; Seventy Elders 11:1-35 Miriam and Aaron Oppose Moses 12:1-16 Spies Sent into Canaan 13:1-25 Report of the Spies 13:26-33 The People Rebel 14:1-45 Offerings and Firstfruits 15:1-21 Unintentional Sin and Presumptuous Sin 15:22-31 The Sabbath-Breaker 15:32-36 Tassels on Garments 15:37-41 Korah’s Rebellion 16:1-50 Aaron’s Staff Buds 17:1-13 Priests’ and Levites’ Duties 18:1-7 Portions for Priests and Levites 18:8-32 The Red Heifer 19:1-22 Water from the Rock at Meribah 20:1-13 Edom Refuses Passage 20:14-21 Aaron’s Death 20:22-29 Arad Defeated 21:1-3 The Bronze Serpent 21:4-9 Journeys in the Wilderness 21:10-20 Victories over Sihon and Og 21:21-35 Balaam Summoned 22:1-20 Balaam’s Donkey and the Angel 22:21-41 Balaam’s First Oracle 23:1-12 Balaam’s Second Oracle 23:13-26 Balaam’s Third Oracle 23:27-24:14 The Star out of Jacob 24:15-19 Balaam’s Final Sayings 24:20-25 Baal of Peor and Phinehas 25:1-18 The Second Census 26:1-65 Daughters of Zelophehad 27:1-11 Joshua Appointed 27:12-23 Daily Offerings 28:1-8 Sabbath Offerings 28:9-10 Monthly Offerings 28:11-15 Passover Offerings 28:16-25 Weeks (Firstfruits) Offerings 28:26-31 Trumpets Offerings 29:1-6 Day of Atonement Offerings 29:7-11 Booths Offerings 29:12-40 Vows 30:1-16 War with Midian—Spoils 31:1-24 Division of the Spoils 31:25-54 Reuben, Gad, and Half-Manasseh 32:1-42 Stages of Israel’s Journey 33:1-56 Boundaries of the Land 34:1-29 Levitical Cities 35:1-5 Cities of Refuge 35:6-34 Marriage of Zelophehad’s Daughters 36:1-13

Deuteronomy

Preamble and Setting 1:1-8 Leaders Appointed 1:9-18 Spies Sent 1:19-25 Rebellion and Judgment 1:26-46 Journey Through Edom, Moab, Ammon 2:1-23 Victory over Sihon 2:24-37 Victory over Og 3:1-11 Allotment East of Jordan 3:12-20 Moses Forbidden to Enter 3:21-29 Call to Obey 4:1-14 No Idols 4:15-31 The LORD Alone Is God 4:32-40 Cities of Refuge East 4:41-43 Introduction to the Law 4:44-49 The Ten Commandments Rehearsed 5:1-33 The Shema and Instruction 6:1-25 Warning Against the Nations 7:1-26 Do Not Forget the LORD 8:1-20 Not for Your Righteousness 9:1-6 Israel’s Rebellions Recounted 9:7-29 New Tablets; Ark 10:1-11 Fear the LORD 10:12-22 Love, Obey, Choose 11:1-32 The Place of Worship 12:1-32 False Prophets and Idolatry 13:1-18 Clean and Unclean Foods 14:1-21 Tithes 14:22-29 Sabbatical Year 15:1-11 Hebrew Slaves 15:12-18 Firstborn Animals 15:19-23 Passover 16:1-8 Weeks 16:9-12 Booths 16:13-17 Justice 16:18-20 Forbidden Worship 16:21-17:7 Difficult Cases 17:8-13 Laws for the King 17:14-20 Provision for Levites 18:1-8 Abominable Practices 18:9-13 A Prophet Like Moses 18:14-22 Cities of Refuge 19:1-14 Witnesses and Penalties 19:15-21 Rules for War 20:1-20 Unsolved Murder 21:1-9 Wives from War 21:10-14 Rights of the Firstborn 21:15-17 Rebellious Son 21:18-21 Various Laws 21:22-22:12 Laws of Chastity 22:13-30 Assembly Exclusions 23:1-8 Camp Purity 23:9-14 Various Laws Continued 23:15-25:19 Firstfruits and Tithes Confession 26:1-15 You Are the LORD’s People 26:16-19 Law on Stones and Altar 27:1-8 Curses Pronounced 27:9-26 Blessings for Obedience 28:1-14 Curses for Disobedience 28:15-68 Renewal in Moab 29:1-29 Choose Life 30:1-20 Joshua Commissioned 31:1-8 Public Reading of the Law 31:9-13 Moses’ Warning of Apostasy 31:14-29 The Song of Moses 31:30-32:47 Moses to Die on Nebo 32:48-52 Moses Blesses Israel 33:1-29 The Death of Moses 34:1-12

Joshua

Joshua Commissioned and Encouraged 1:1-18 Rahab Protects the Spies 2:1-24 Crossing the Jordan and Memorial Stones 3:1-4:24 Renewal at Gilgal: Circumcision and Passover 5:1-12 The Commander Appears and the Fall of Jericho 5:13-6:27 Defeat at Ai and Achan's Sin Revealed 7:1-26 The Capture and Destruction of Ai 8:1-29 Altar on Mount Ebal and the Law Proclaimed 8:30-35 The Gibeonite Deception and Treaty 9:1-27 Victory at Gibeon and the Long Day 10:1-15 Capture and Execution of the Five Kings 10:16-28 The Southern Campaign and Conquest of Cities 10:29-43 Defeat of the Northern Coalition and Hazor Destroyed 11:1-23 Lists of Kings Defeated East and West of the Jordan 12:1-24 Land Remaining to Be Possessed 13:1-7 Allotments East of the Jordan 13:8-33 Procedure for Distributing the Land and Levitical Cities 14:1-5 Caleb's Claim and Inheritance of Hebron 14:6-15 Boundaries and Towns of Judah 15:1-63 Ephraim and West Manasseh: Boundaries and Claims 16:1-17:18 Shiloh Established and the Land Surveyed 18:1-10 Territory and Towns of Benjamin 18:11-28 Territory of Simeon 19:1-9 Territory of Zebulun 19:10-16 Territory of Issachar 19:17-23 Territory of Asher 19:24-31 Territory of Naphtali 19:32-39 Territory of Dan 19:40-48 Completion of the Allotments and Joshua's Inheritance 19:49-51 Cities of Refuge Established 20:1-9 Levitical Cities and Their Holdings 21:1-45 The Eastern Tribes' Altar and the Reconciliation 22:1-34 Joshua's Farewell Exhortation and Warning 23:1-16 Renewal of the Covenant at Shechem 24:1-27 Death and Burial of Joshua and Eleazar 24:28-33

1 Samuel

Hannah's Prayer for a Son 1:1-20 Hannah Presents Samuel to the Lord 1:21-28 Hannah's Song of Praise 2:1-11 Eli's Corrupt Sons and Samuel's Childhood 2:12-26 Prophecy of Judgment on Eli's House 2:27-36 Samuel's Call and the Lord's Word to Eli 3:1-4:1 Israel Defeated and the Ark Captured 4:2-11 Eli's Death and the Birth of Ichabod 4:12-22 The Ark Brings Judgment in Philistine Cities 5:1-12 The Ark Returned to Israel 6:1-7:1 Samuel Judges Israel and Delivers Them at Mizpah 7:2-17 Israel Demands a King 8:1-22 Saul Chosen and Given Signs 9:1-10:8 Saul Proclaimed King by Lot 10:9-27 Saul's Victory at Jabesh-Gilead 11:1-11 Saul Confirmed as King at Gilgal 11:12-15 Samuel's Farewell and Exhortation to Israel 12:1-25 Saul's Unauthorized Sacrifice and Rebuke 13:1-15 Philistine Pressure and Israel's Lack of Arms 13:16-22 Jonathan's Bold Assault and Victory 13:23-14:14 Saul's Rash Oath and Its Consequences 14:15-23 Saul's Pursuit and Jonathan's Exploits 14:24-48 Saul's Family and Mighty Men 14:49-52 Saul's Disobedience and Rejection as King 15:1-35 David Anointed by Samuel 16:1-13 David Serves Saul and Eases His Torment 16:14-23 David and Goliath 17:1-58 David's Rise and Saul's Jealousy 18:1-30 Saul's Attempts on David's Life and Jonathan's Intervention 19:1-24 David and Jonathan's Covenant 20:1-42 David at Nob: Bread and Goliath's Sword 21:1-9 David Feigns Madness at Gath 21:10-15 David Gathers Followers and Seeks Priestly Aid 22:1-5 Massacre at Nob and Abiathar Joins David 22:6-23 David Delivers Keilah and Inquires of God 23:1-6 Saul's Pursuit, Ziphite Betrayal, and David's Escape 23:7-29 David Spares Saul in a Cave 24:1-22 Nabal's Folly and Abigail's Intervention 25:1-44 David Again Spares Saul in His Camp 26:1-25 David Seeks Refuge with Achish 27:1-12 Saul and the Witch of Endor 28:1-25 The Philistines Reject David 29:1-11 David Recovers His Family and Defeats the Amalekites 30:1-31 The Death of Saul and His Sons 31:1-13

2 Samuel

An Amalekite Reports Saul and Jonathan's Death 1:1-16 David's Lament for Saul and Jonathan 1:17-27 David Anointed King of Judah at Hebron 2:1-7 Ish‑Bosheth Made King; Civil War with David Begins 2:8-3:5 Abner Seeks Alliance with David 3:6-21 Joab Murders Abner; David's Protest and Mourning 3:22-39 Ish‑Bosheth Assassinated 4:1-12 David Anointed King over All Israel 5:1-5 David Captures Jerusalem and Establishes His House 5:6-16 David's Victories over the Philistines 5:17-25 Bringing the Ark to Jerusalem; Uzzah's Death and David's Joy 6:1-23 God's Covenant with David 7:1-17 David's Prayer of Thanksgiving for God's Promise 7:18-29 David's Military Victories 8:1-14 David's Officials and Mighty Men 8:15-18 David Shows Kindness to Mephibosheth 9:1-13 War with the Ammonites and Syrians 10:1-19 David and Bathsheba; the Death of Uriah 11:1-27 Nathan Rebukes David; Judgment and Aftermath 12:1-31 Amnon's Crime against Tamar 13:1-22 Absalom Kills Amnon and Flees 13:23-39 Joab Secures Absalom's Return and Reconciliation 14:1-33 Absalom's Conspiracy and Rise to Power 15:1-12 David Flees Jerusalem; Loyal Followers Accompany Him 15:13-37 Ziba Brings Provisions to David 16:1-4 Shimei Curses David as He Flees 16:5-14 Counsel in Absalom's Court; Ahithophel's Plan and Hushai's Counterplot 16:15-17:29 Battle in the Forest of Ephraim and Absalom's Death 18:1-18 Reports of Victory and David's Grief for Absalom 18:19-19:8 David's Return to Jerusalem; Reconciliation and Disputes 19:9-43 Sheba's Revolt and Its Suppression 20:1-26 Famine and the Gibeonites' Demand; Saul's Descendants Executed 21:1-14 David's Battles with the Philistines and the Valor of His Men 21:15-22 David's Song of Deliverance 22:1-51 David's Final Oracle 23:1-7 The Deeds of David's Mighty Warriors 23:8-39 David's Census and the Resulting Plague 24:1-17 David Purchases the Threshing Floor; Sacrifice and End of Plague 24:18-25

1 Kings

Adonijah Attempts to Seize the Throne 1:1-27 Solomon Anointed King 1:28-53 David's Charge to Solomon and Death 2:1-12 Solomon Consolidates His Power 2:13-46 Solomon's Request for Wisdom 3:1-15 Solomon's Wise Judgment 3:16-28 Solomon's Officials and Administrative Order 4:1-19 The Wealth and Prosperity of Israel 4:20-28 Solomon's Wisdom and Fame 4:29-34 Alliances and Preparations for the Temple 5:1-18 Solomon Builds the Temple 6:1-38 Solomon's Palace and Structural Works 7:1-12 Temple Furnishings and the Work of Hiram 7:13-51 The Ark Brought into the Temple 8:1-21 Solomon's Prayer of Dedication 8:22-61 The Dedication Celebrated with Sacrifice 8:62-66 God's Promise and Warning to Solomon 9:1-9 Solomon's Building Projects and Trade 9:10-28 The Queen of Sheba Visits Solomon 10:1-13 The Wealth and Splendor of Solomon's Reign 10:14-29 Solomon's Foreign Wives and Apostasy 11:1-13 Adversaries Raised Against Solomon 11:14-25 Jeroboam's Call and the Promise of Division 11:26-40 Summary of Solomon's Reign and Death 11:41-43 Rehoboam's Folly and the Kingdom Divides 12:1-24 Jeroboam Establishes Golden Calves 12:25-33 Prophetic Rebuke at Bethel and Deception 13:1-34 Ahijah's Prophecy Against Jeroboam 14:1-20 Rehoboam's Unfaithfulness and Shishak's Invasion 14:21-31 Abijam's Short Reign in Judah 15:1-8 Asa's Reforms and Early Reign 15:9-24 Nadab's Reign and Baasha's Conspiracy 15:25-32 Baasha's Reign and Jehu's Prophecy 15:33-16:7 Elah Assassinated and Zimri's Usurpation 16:8-14 Zimri's Suicide and Omri's Rise to Power 16:15-20 Omri Establishes Samaria as Capital 16:21-28 Ahab and Jezebel Introduce Baal Worship 16:29-34 Elijah Announces the Drought and Is Fed by Ravens 17:1-6 Elijah in Zarephath: Provision and Resurrection 17:7-24 Elijah Confronts Ahab and Prepares for Confrontation 18:1-15 Elijah on Mount Carmel and the Fall of Baal's Prophets 18:16-46 Elijah Flees to Horeb and Is Renewed 19:1-9 God's Response to Elijah and New Commissions 19:10-18 The Call of Elisha 19:19-21 Ben‑hadad Besieges Samaria; Israel's Defiant Response 20:1-12 Israel's Victories Over Aram and Ahab's Mercy 20:13-34 A Prophet Enacts Judgment on the King 20:35-43 Naboth's Vineyard: Ahab and Jezebel's Crime and Punishment 21:1-29 Ahab and Jehoshaphat Seek Counsel; Micaiah's True Prophecy 22:1-28 Ahab Dies at Ramoth‑Gilead 22:29-40 Jehoshaphat's Reign in Judah 22:41-50 Ahaziah Succeeds Ahab and Does Evil 22:51-53

2 Kings

Ahaziah Seeks Counsel and Elijah’s Judgment 1:1-18 Elijah Taken Up; Elisha Succeeds 2:1-18 Elisha Purifies Jericho’s Water 2:19-22 Mockers of Elisha Mauled by Bears 2:23-25 Alliance Against Moab and Elisha’s Miracle 3:1-27 The Widow’s Oil Multiplied 4:1-7 Elisha Restores the Shunammite’s Son 4:8-37 Poisoned Stew Made Safe 4:38-41 Elisha Feeds a Hundred Men 4:42-44 Naaman Healed of Leprosy and Gehazi’s Greed 5:1-27 The Floating Axe Head 6:1-7 Elisha Foils the Aramean Raid 6:8-23 Famine Besieges Samaria 6:24-7:2 Arameans Flee; Samaria’s Deliverance 7:3-20 The Shunammite Restored to Her Land 8:1-6 Elisha Foretells Hazael’s Rise 8:7-15 Jehoram’s Reign in Israel 8:16-24 Ahaziah of Judah Ascends the Throne 8:25-29 Anointing of Jehu as King 9:1-13 Jehu Slays Joram and the House of Ahab 9:14-29 The Death of Jezebel 9:30-37 Jehu Executes Ahab’s Kin at Jezreel 10:1-17 Jehu Destroys Baal Worship 10:18-36 Joash Crowned; Athaliah Overthrown 11:1-21 Joash Repairs the Temple 12:1-21 Jehoahaz of Israel and Aramean Oppression 13:1-9 Jehoash of Israel and Elisha’s Final Acts 13:10-25 Amaziah of Judah: Victory and Pride 14:1-22 Jeroboam II Restores Israel’s Borders 14:23-29 Azariah (Uzziah) King of Judah 15:1-7 Zechariah’s Short Reign and Assassination 15:8-12 Shallum’s Brief Usurpation and Murder 15:13-16 Menahem’s Reign and Tribute to Assyria 15:17-22 Pekahiah Murdered; Pekah’s Conspiracy 15:23-26 Pekah Rules and Wars with Judah 15:27-31 Jotham King of Judah 15:32-38 Ahaz’s Reign and Submission to Assyria 16:1-20 Fall of Samaria and Israel’s Exile 17:1-6 Reasons for Israel’s Exile 17:7-23 Resettling Samaria and Syncretistic Worship 17:24-41 Hezekiah’s Reforms and Fortifications 18:1-16 Rabshakeh’s Taunts before Jerusalem 18:17-37 Hezekiah’s Plea and Isaiah’s Prophecy 19:1-13 Hezekiah’s Prayer of Surrender 19:14-19 The LORD Delivers Jerusalem from Sennacherib 19:20-37 Hezekiah’s Illness, Recovery, and the Sign 20:1-11 Hezekiah’s Pride and a Warning about Babylon 20:12-21 Manasseh’s Long, Wicked Reign 21:1-18 Amon’s Short Reign and Assassination 21:19-26 Josiah Finds the Book of the Law and Reforms 22:1-20 Josiah’s Covenant Renewal and Passover 23:1-30 Jehoahaz Deposed; Jehoiakim Installed by Egypt 23:31-35 Jehoiakim’s Reign and Babylonian Pressure 23:36-24:7 Jehoiachin’s Brief Reign and First Exile 24:8-17 Zedekiah Appointed as Babylon’s Vassal 24:18-19 Siege and Fall of Jerusalem; Destruction and Exile 24:20-25:26 Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Prison 25:27-30

1 Chronicles

Genealogies from Adam to Abraham 1:1-27 The Descendants of Abraham 1:28-34 The Edomite Genealogies (Esau and Seir) 1:35-54 The Sons of Israel 2:1-2 The Genealogy and Families of Judah 2:3-55 David’s Descendants and the Royal Line 3:1-24 Judahite Families and Notable Descendants 4:1-23 The Families and Settlements of Simeon 4:24-43 Transjordanian Tribes and Their Chiefs 5:1-10 Wars and Settlements East of the Jordan 5:11-22 Loss of Territory and Exile East of the Jordan 5:23-26 The Levites: Genealogy and Temple Service 6:1-81 The Tribe of Issachar 7:1-5 A Register of Benjamin’s Households 7:6-12 A Brief Genealogical Note 7:13 The Tribe of Naphtali 7:14-19 The Tribe of Manasseh 7:20-29 The Tribe of Ephraim 7:30-40 The Genealogy of Benjamin (including Saul’s Line) 8:1-9:1 Resettlement of Jerusalem: Residents and Officials 9:2-34 Gatekeepers and Temple Servants in Jerusalem 9:35-44 The Death of Saul and the End of His House 10:1-14 David Anointed King over Israel 11:1-3 David Captures Jerusalem (Zion) 11:4-9 David’s Mighty Men and Warriors 11:10-47 Those Who Came to David at Hebron (Judah’s Support) 12:1-22 Israel’s Warriors Join David at Hebron 12:23-40 Bringing the Ark: Preparations and Uzzah’s Death 13:1-14 David’s Household and Philistine Submission 14:1-7 David’s Victories over the Philistines 14:8-17 Preparations for Bringing the Ark to Jerusalem 15:1-16:6 David Institutes Worship and a Song of Praise 16:7-43 God’s Covenant with David (Nathan’s Oracle) 17:1-15 David’s Prayer of Thanksgiving for the Covenant 17:16-27 David’s Military Victories and Tribute 18:1-13 David’s Officials and the Spoils of War 18:14-17 War with the Ammonites and Their Allies 19:1-19 The Campaign against Rabbah (Ammon) 20:1-3 Defeat of the Philistines and Their Champions 20:4-8 David’s Census, Plague, and Purchase of the Temple Site 21:1-22:1 David’s Preparations and Instructions for Solomon 22:2-19 David Organizes the Levites 23:1-6 Levitical Families and Their Heads 23:7-11 Age Regulations and Duties of the Levites 23:12-20 Assignments of Levites: Singers, Gatekeepers, Treasurers 23:21-32 Divisions of the Priests into Twenty‑Four Courses 24:1-19 Priestly Families and Their Cities 24:20-31 The Levitical Musicians and Their Organization 25:1-31 Gatekeepers and Their Lineages 26:1-19 Officials Responsible for Treasuries and Records 26:20-32 Military Divisions and Their Commanders 27:1-15 David’s Civil Officials and Overseers 27:16-24 Heads of the King’s Household and Provisions 27:25-34 David’s Charge to Solomon and the Temple Plan 28:1-21 The Nation’s Offerings for the Temple 29:1-9 David’s Prayer of Praise and Blessing for Solomon 29:10-20 David’s Final Acts and Organization of the Kingdom 29:21-25 The Death of David and Solomon’s Accession 29:26-30

2 Chronicles

Solomon's Sacrifice at Gibeon and Prayer for Wisdom 1:1-17 Solomon Secures Materials and Craftsmen for the Temple 2:1-18 The Temple: Foundation and Structure 3:1-17 Temple Furnishings and Completion of the Work 4:1-5:1 The Ark Installed and Solomon's Dedication Prayer 5:2-6:11 Solomon's Prayer of Dedication and God's Assurance 6:12-42 The Lord Fills the Temple and the Dedication Festival 7:1-10 God Appears to Solomon and Gives a Conditional Promise 7:11-22 Solomon's Other Buildings and Relations with Hiram 8:1-18 The Queen of Sheba Visits Solomon 9:1-12 Solomon's Wealth, Trade, and Administration 9:13-28 Summary of Solomon's Reign and Death 9:29-31 Rehoboam's Folly and the Division of the Kingdom 10:1-11:4 Rehoboam Fortifies Judah and Consolidates Support 11:5-17 Rehoboam's Descendants and Death 11:18-23 Shishak's Invasion and Judah's Loss 12:1-16 Abijah's Victory over Israel and His Death 13:1-14:1 Asa's Reforms and Victory over Ethiopia 14:2-15 Asa Strengthened by Prophecy and Covenant Renewal 15:1-19 Asa's Alliance with Aram and Reproof by Hanani 16:1-14 Jehoshaphat Strengthens Judah and Reforms Justice 17:1-19 Jehoshaphat's Alliance with Ahab and the Battle at Ramoth-gilead 18:1-27 Jehu Rebukes Jehoshaphat for the Alliance with Ahab 18:28-19:3 Judicial Reforms: Judges Appointed to Administer Justice 19:4-11 Jehoshaphat's Deliverance through Prayer and Praise 20:1-30 End of Jehoshaphat's Reign and Jehoram's Accession 20:31-21:3 Jehoram's Wicked Reign, Revolts, and Judgment 21:4-20 Ahaziah Succeeds His Father and Is Wounded 22:1-9 Athaliah's Usurpation Overthrown and Joash Crowned 22:10-23:21 Joash's Temple Restoration under Jehoiada 24:1-16 Joash's Apostasy, Punishment, and Assassination 24:17-27 Amaziah's Reign: Victory, Pride, and Defeat by Israel 25:1-28 Uzziah's Prosperity and Pride; Leprosy for Presumption 26:1-23 Jotham's Reign: Fortifications and Prosperity 27:1-9 Ahaz's Idolatry, Defeats, and Assyrian Subjugation 28:1-27 Hezekiah's Temple Restoration and Religious Reforms 29:1-36 Hezekiah's Passover and National Repentance 30:1-31:1 Hezekiah's Religious Administration and Temple Support 31:2-21 Hezekiah's Defense Against Sennacherib and Divine Deliverance 32:1-23 Hezekiah's Illness, Pride, and the Babylonian Envoys 32:24-33 Manasseh's Idolatry, Captivity, Repentance, and Restoration 33:1-20 Amon's Wicked Reign and Assassination 33:21-25 Josiah's Early Reforms and Temple Repair 34:1-13 The Book of the Law Found, Huldah's Prophecy, and Josiah's Covenant 34:14-33 Josiah's Observance of the Passover 35:1-19 Josiah Killed at Megiddo and National Mourning 35:20-36:1 Jehoahaz Reigns Briefly and Is Deposed by Pharaoh 36:2-4 Jehoiakim's Reign and Disobedience 36:5-8 Jehoiachin's Short Reign and Exile to Babylon 36:9-10 Zedekiah's Reign and Rejection of Prophetic Warnings 36:11-14 Judgment, Exile, and the Decree of Cyrus 36:15-23

Psalm

Psalms 1–2 1:1-2:12 Psalms 3–8 3:1-8 Psalms 4–8 4:1-8 Psalms 5–12 5:1-12 Psalms 6–10 6:1-10 Psalms 7–17 7:1-17 Psalms 8–9 8:1-9 Psalms 9–10 9:1-10:18 Psalms 11–7 11:1-7 Psalms 12–8 12:1-8 Psalms 13–6 13:1-6 Psalms 14–7 14:1-7 Psalms 15–5 15:1-5 Psalms 16–11 16:1-11 Psalms 17–15 17:1-15 Psalms 18–50 18:1-50 Psalms 19–14 19:1-14 Psalms 20–9 20:1-9 Psalms 21–13 21:1-13 Psalms 22–31 22:1-31 Psalms 23–6 23:1-6 Psalms 24–10 24:1-10 Psalms 25–22 25:1-22 Psalms 26–12 26:1-12 Psalms 27–14 27:1-14 Psalms 28–9 28:1-9 Psalms 29–11 29:1-11 Psalms 30–12 30:1-12 Psalms 31–24 31:1-24 Psalms 32–33 32:1-33:22 Psalms 34–22 34:1-22 Psalms 35–28 35:1-28 Psalms 36–12 36:1-12 Psalms 37–40 37:1-40 Psalms 38–22 38:1-22 Psalms 39–13 39:1-13 Psalms 40–17 40:1-17 Psalms 41–13 41:1-13 Psalms 42–43 42:1-43:5 Psalms 44–26 44:1-26 Psalms 45–17 45:1-17 Psalms 46–11 46:1-11 Psalms 47–9 47:1-9 Psalms 48–14 48:1-14 Psalms 49–20 49:1-20 Psalms 50–23 50:1-23 Psalms 51–19 51:1-19 Psalms 52–9 52:1-9 Psalms 53–6 53:1-6 Psalms 54–7 54:1-7 Psalms 55–23 55:1-23 Psalms 56–13 56:1-13 Psalms 57–11 57:1-11 Psalms 58–11 58:1-11 Psalms 59–17 59:1-17 Psalms 60–12 60:1-12 Psalms 61–8 61:1-8 Psalms 62–12 62:1-12 Psalms 63–11 63:1-11 Psalms 64–10 64:1-10 Psalms 65–13 65:1-13 Psalms 66–20 66:1-20 Psalms 67–7 67:1-7 Psalms 68–35 68:1-35 Psalms 69–36 69:1-36 Psalms 70–71 70:1-71:24 Psalms 72–20 72:1-20 Psalms 73–28 73:1-28 Psalms 74–23 74:1-23 Psalms 75–10 75:1-10 Psalms 76–12 76:1-12 Psalms 77–20 77:1-20 Psalms 78–72 78:1-72 Psalms 79–13 79:1-13 Psalms 80–19 80:1-19 Psalms 81–16 81:1-16 Psalms 82–8 82:1-8 Psalms 83–18 83:1-18 Psalms 84–12 84:1-12 Psalms 85–13 85:1-13 Psalms 86–17 86:1-17 Psalms 87–7 87:1-7 Psalms 88–18 88:1-18 Psalms 89–52 89:1-52 Psalms 90–91 90:1-91:16 Psalms 92–97 92:1-97:12 Psalms 98–99 98:1-99:9 Psalms 100–5 100:1-5 Psalms 101–8 101:1-8 Psalms 102–28 102:1-28 Psalms 103–106 103:1-106:48 Psalms 107–43 107:1-43 Psalms 108–13 108:1-13 Psalms 109–31 109:1-31 Psalms 110–118 110:1-118:29 Psalms 119–8 119:1-8 Psalms 119–16 119:9-16 Psalms 119–24 119:17-24 Psalms 119–32 119:25-32 Psalms 119–40 119:33-40 Psalms 119–48 119:41-48 Psalms 119–56 119:49-56 Psalms 119–64 119:57-64 Psalms 119–72 119:65-72 Psalms 119–80 119:73-80 Psalms 119–88 119:81-88 Psalms 119–176 119:89-176 Psalms 119–104 119:96-104 Psalms 119–112 119:105-112 Psalms 119–120 119:113-120 Psalms 119–128 119:121-128 Psalms 119–136 119:129-136 Psalms 119–144 119:137-144 Psalms 119–152 119:145-152 Psalms 119–160 119:153-160 Psalms 119–168 119:161-168 Psalms 119–176 119:169-176 Psalms 120–7 120:1-7 Psalms 121–8 121:1-8 Psalms 122–9 122:1-9 Psalms 123–4 123:1-4 Psalms 124–8 124:1-8 Psalms 125–5 125:1-5 Psalms 126–6 126:1-6 Psalms 127–5 127:1-5 Psalms 128–6 128:1-6 Psalms 129–8 129:1-8 Psalms 130–8 130:1-8 Psalms 131–3 131:1-3 Psalms 132–18 132:1-18 Psalms 133–3 133:1-3 Psalms 134–137 134:1-137:9 Psalms 138–8 138:1-8 Psalms 139–24 139:1-24 Psalms 140–13 140:1-13 Psalms 141–10 141:1-10 Psalms 142–7 142:1-7 Psalms 143–12 143:1-12 Psalms 144–15 144:1-15 Psalms 145–150 145:1-150:6

Proverbs

Introduction: The Purpose of Proverbs and the Fear of the Lord 1:1-7 Warning Against Enticement by Sinners 1:8-19 Wisdom's Public Call and the Folly of Rejection 1:20-33 The Value of Wisdom and Its Protection 2:1-22 Trusting God and Walking in Wisdom 3:1-35 A Father's Exhortation to Hold Fast to Wisdom 4:1-27 Warning Against Adultery and a Call to Fidelity 5:1-23 Warnings: Surety, Laziness, and Wickedness 6:1-19 Obey Parental Commands and the Dangers of Adultery 6:20-35 The Example of a Young Man Seduced 7:1-27 Wisdom's Proclamation and Blessings 8:1-36 Contrasting Invitations of Wisdom and Folly 9:1-18 Solomon's Proverbs: Contrasts of Righteousness and Folly 10:1-32 Proverbs on Justice, Integrity, and Righteous Living 11:1-31 Wise Conduct, Diligence, and Righteous Speech 12:1-28 Discipline, Wealth, and the Wise Child 13:1-25 Sayings on Wisdom, Folly, and the Fear of the Lord 14:1-35 The Power of Speech and the Benefits of Wisdom 15:1-33 God's Sovereignty Over Human Plans 16:1-33 Relations and Righteousness: Peace, Speech, and Integrity 17:1-28 The Power of Words and the Nature of Companionship 18:1-24 Advice on Wealth, Conduct, and Discipline 19:1-29 Counsel, Justice, and Warnings Against Excess 20:1-30 Divine Sovereignty, Justice, and the King's Role 21:1-31 Reputation, Generosity, and Child Discipline 22:1-16 Sayings of the Wise: Practical Moral Instruction 22:17-24:34 Solomon's Proverbs on Restraint and Leadership 25:1-28 Folly and Foolish Behavior in Speech and Deeds 26:1-28 Friendship, Counsel, and Practical Wisdom for Life 27:1-27 Justice, Righteousness, and the Results of Rebellion 28:1-28 Discipline, Leadership, and Social Order 29:1-27 The Sayings of Agur: Humility and Observations 30:1-33 Advice to King Lemuel and the Virtuous Woman 31:1-31

Isaiah

Judah's Rebellion and Call to Repentance 1:1-31 The Mountain of the Lord and the Nations' Hope 2:1-6 Judgment on Arrogance and Idolatry 2:7-22 Judgment on Jerusalem's Leaders and Social Order 3:1-4:1 The Branch and the Renewal of Zion 4:2-6 The Song of the Vineyard: Israel's Failure 5:1-7 Woes to Israel and Coming Judgment 5:8-30 Isaiah's Vision and Commission 6:1-13 Ahaz, the Immanuel Sign, and Invasion 7:1-25 The Sign of Plunder and a Call to Courage 8:1-10 Trust the Lord, Not Alliances or Diviners 8:11-22 A Child Is Born: Promise of Peace 9:1-7 Israel's Arrogance and Coming Punishment 9:8-10:4 Assyria: Instrument of Judgment and Its Doom 10:5-19 The Remnant and the Fall of Assyria 10:20-34 The Righteous Branch and the Peaceable Kingdom 11:1-16 A Song of Praise for God's Salvation 12:1-6 Babylon's Doom and the Day of the Lord 13:1-14:23 God's Decree: Assyria Overthrown 14:24-27 Oracle Concerning Philistia and Promise to Zion 14:28-32 Lament for Moab 15:1-16:14 Judgment on Damascus and Northern Israel 17:1-14 A Message to Cush (Ethiopia) 18:1-7 Judgment on Egypt and Future Salvation 19:1-25 Isaiah's Sign against Egypt and Cush 20:1-6 Prophecy of Babylon's Fall (The Watchman's Report) 21:1-10 Oracle concerning Dumah: The Night Watchman's Lament 21:11-12 Oracle Against Arabia (Dedan and Kedar) 21:13-17 The Valley of Vision: Jerusalem's Fall and Leadership Change 22:1-25 Tyre's Fall and Future Restoration 23:1-18 The Lord's Universal Judgment and Final Reign 24:1-23 Praise for God's Triumph and Deliverance 25:1-12 Trust in God and Hope for Deliverance 26:1-21 The Slaying of Leviathan and Israel's Restoration 27:1-13 Woe to Ephraim and Judah: Drunkenness and Judgment 28:1-29 Woe to Ariel (Jerusalem) and Promise of Enlightenment 29:1-24 Rebuke for Seeking Egypt's Help; Call to Trust the Lord 30:1-33 Egypt Is No Help; The Lord Will Save Jerusalem 31:1-9 A Righteous King and Just Leadership 32:1-8 Call to Repentance and Promise of Renewal 32:9-20 A Plea for Deliverance and the Lord's Judgment 33:1-24 The Lord's Vengeance on the Nations (Edom) 34:1-17 The Glorious Restoration of the Redeemed 35:1-10 Sennacherib's Siege and Rabshakeh's Taunt 36:1-22 Hezekiah Seeks Isaiah; Rabshakeh's Threat 37:1-13 Hezekiah's Prayer and Isaiah's Assurance 37:14-20 God Delivers Jerusalem and Sennacherib's Defeat 37:21-38 Hezekiah's Illness, Prayer, and Recovery 38:1-22 Babylonian Envoys and the Announcement of Exile 39:1-8 Comfort for Zion and the Majesty of God 40:1-31 God Defends Israel Against the Nations and Idols 41:1-29 The Servant of the Lord: Covenant and Mission 42:1-9 A Call to Praise and God's Guidance for the Blind 42:10-17 Israel's Unfaithfulness and Resulting Judgment 42:18-25 Israel Redeemed: God's Sovereign Deliverer 43:1-13 The Lord Proclaims Redemption and Rebukes Israel 43:14-28 Israel Chosen and Blessed by the Spirit 44:1-5 The Folly of Idols and God's Uniqueness 44:6-23 God the Creator and the Call of Cyrus for Israel's Restoration 44:24-45:25 The God Who Carries and Redeems: Yahweh's Sovereignty over Idols 46:1-13 The Humbling of Babylon the Mistress 47:1-15 Israel's Stubbornness and God's Resolute Purpose 48:1-11 God's Sovereign 'I Am' and Call to Return 48:12-22 The Servant's Commission to Restore Israel and the Nations 49:1-8 Restoration and Promise to Gather Israel 49:9-26 The Servant's Suffering and Israel's Rejection 50:1-11 Comfort for Zion: Remember Abraham; God's Salvation 51:1-16 Awakening of Zion and Proclamation of Salvation 51:17-52:12 The Suffering Servant and Atonement 52:13-53:12 The Exalted Zion: Promise of Restoration and Protection 54:1-17 Invitation to Life and the Power of God's Word 55:1-13 Justice, Inclusion, and Sabbath Observance 56:1-8 Condemnation of Idolatry and Complacency 56:9-57:13 Restoration for the Humble and Promise of Peace 57:14-21 True Fasting: Justice, Mercy, and Sabbath Blessing 58:1-14 Sin's Consequences and God's Redeeming Intervention 59:1-21 The Glory and Gathering of Zion 60:1-22 The Year of the Lord's Favor and Joyful Restoration 61:1-11 Zion's Vindication and New Name 62:1-12 The Lord's Vengeance: Treading the Winepress 63:1-6 Remembering God's Mercy and Plea for Restoration 63:7-64:12 God's Grace to the Faithful and Judgment on the Rebellious 65:1-16 A New Creation: Joy and Peace 65:17-25 The Lord's Final Judgment and the New Creation 66:1-24

Jeremiah

The Call and Commission of Jeremiah 1:1-19 Israel's Unfaithfulness and Call to Repentance 2:1-3:5 Judah's Spiritual Adultery and Call to Return 3:6-4:4 The Coming Calamity on the Land 4:5-31 An Accusation against Jerusalem's Corruption 5:1-31 The Siege and Devastation of Jerusalem 6:1-30 The Temple Sermon: False Security Condemned 7:1-29 Violence and Corruption in the Land 7:30-8:3 Persistent Idolatry and Coming Punishment 8:4-9:26 The Folly of Idols 10:1-16 Judah's Flight and Jeremiah's Lament 10:17-22 A Prayer for Direction and Deliverance 10:23-25 The Broken Covenant and a Public Warning 11:1-17 Conspiracy against Jeremiah and God's Vindication 11:18-23 Jeremiah's Complaint to God 12:1-4 A Call to Endure and Judgment on Nations 12:5-17 The Linen Belt: Symbol of Judah's Humiliation 13:1-11 A Sign of Shame and Pronounced Judgment 13:12-14 A Lament of Shame and Imminent Disaster 13:15-27 Famine, False Prophets, and Divine Judgment 14:1-15:21 Symbolic Acts and the People's Sinfulness 16:1-17:18 Warning about Sabbath Violations 17:19-27 The Potter and the Broken Jar: Judgment on Jerusalem 18:1-19:15 Persecution by Pashhur the Priest 20:1-6 Jeremiah's Lament and Resolve 20:7-18 A Message to the Royal House: Doom for Jerusalem 21:1-14 Judgment on the Kings and Royal House 22:1-30 False Shepherds Condemned and a Righteous Branch Promised 23:1-8 Condemnation of False Prophets 23:9-32 The Lord Rebukes False Oracles 23:33-40 The Two Figs: Exile and Remnant 24:1-10 Seventy Years of Babylonian Dominion 25:1-14 The Cup of God's Wrath on the Nations 25:15-38 Jeremiah's Temple Address, Arrest, and Vindication 26:1-24 The Yoke of Babylon and Call to Submit 27:1-22 Hananiah's False Prophecy and Its Rebuke 28:1-17 Letter to the Exiles: Seek the Welfare of Babylon 29:1-23 Shemaiah's Letter and Its Condemnation 29:24-32 The Book of Comfort: Restoration and the New Covenant 30:1-31:40 Jeremiah Buys a Field: Faith and Hope in Captivity 32:1-44 Promise of Restoration and the Davidic Covenant 33:1-26 Zedekiah's Appeal and Jeremiah's Warning 34:1-7 Breach of Covenant and Punishment for Oppression 34:8-22 The Rechabites' Fidelity as a Rebuke to Judah 35:1-19 Baruch Writes Jeremiah's Words and the Scroll Is Burned 36:1-32 Jeremiah Imprisoned during the Siege of Jerusalem 37:1-21 Jeremiah Cast into a Cistern 38:1-13 Ebed‑Melech Rescues Jeremiah; Zedekiah's Failure 38:14-28 The Fall of Jerusalem and Jeremiah's Release 39:1-18 Gedaliah Appointed Governor and Jeremiah's Choice 40:1-6 Assassination of Gedaliah and the Terror in Judah 40:7-41:15 Rejection of Jeremiah's Counsel and Flight to Egypt 41:16-43:13 The Jews in Egypt: Idolatry and Condemnation 44:1-30 A Word to Baruch: Encouragement and Warning 45:1-5 Oracles against Egypt 46:1-28 Judgment on the Philistines 47:1-7 Judgment on Moab 48:1-47 Judgment on Ammon 49:1-6 Judgment on Edom 49:7-22 Judgment on Damascus and Aram 49:23-27 Destruction of Kedar and the Nomads 49:28-33 Judgment on Elam and Future Restoration 49:34-39 Judgment on Babylon and Its Final Fall 50:1-51:64 The Fall of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's Fate 52:1-30 Jehoiachin's Release from Babylonian Captivity 52:31-34

Ezekiel

The Vision of God's Glory and the Living Creatures 1:1-28 Ezekiel's Commission and the Eating of the Scroll 2:1-3:15 Ezekiel Appointed as Watchman and Made Speechless 3:16-27 Symbolic Acts of Siege and Judgment on Jerusalem 4:1-5:17 Judgment on Israel for Idolatry 6:1-14 The Day of the Lord: Impending Disaster 7:1-27 Visions of Temple Abominations 8:1-18 The Execution of Jerusalem's Wicked and the Marked Few 9:1-11 The Departure of God's Glory from the Temple 10:1-22 Condemnation of Jerusalem's Leaders 11:1-15 The Departure of God's Glory and Promise of Restoration 11:16-25 Signs of Exile and the Futility of False Hopes 12:1-28 Condemnation of False Prophets and Diviners 13:1-23 Elders' Idolatry and Its Consequences 14:1-11 Judgment on Nations and the Limits of Intercession 14:12-23 Jerusalem Portrayed as a Useless Vine 15:1-8 Jerusalem's Infidelity: Shame, Judgment, and Vindication 16:1-63 The Parable of the Two Eagles: Zedekiah's Folly 17:1-24 Individual Responsibility and the Call to Repentance 18:1-32 A Lament for Israel's Princes 19:1-14 Israel's History of Rebellion and Divine Judgment 20:1-29 Punishment for Profane Worship and Promise of Restoration 20:30-44 A Prophecy Against the Mountains of Israel 20:45-49 The Sword of the Lord: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations 21:1-32 Jerusalem's Corruption and the Search for a Righteous Remnant 22:1-31 The Sisters' Harlotry: Samaria and Jerusalem Condemned 23:1-49 The Boiling Pot: Prophecy of Jerusalem's Siege 24:1-14 The Sign of Ezekiel's Wife's Death: Judgment and Changed Lament 24:15-27 Oracle Against Ammon 25:1-7 Oracles Against Moab and Seir 25:8-11 Judgment on the Philistines 25:12-14 Oracle Against Tyre 25:15-17 The Fall of Tyre Foretold 26:1-21 Lamentation for Tyre, the Merchant City 27:1-36 The Pride and Fall of Tyre's Ruler 28:1-19 Judgment on Sidon and Promise of Israel's Security 28:20-26 Egypt's Humiliation and Years of Desolation 29:1-21 The Day of the Lord Against Egypt and Its Allies 30:1-26 Egypt Compared to the Fallen Cedar: Pride and Doom 31:1-18 Lament for Egypt's Collapse and Descent into Sheol 32:1-32 The Watchman's Duty and Personal Responsibility 33:1-20 Report of Jerusalem's Fall and the People's Alarm 33:21-33 Condemnation of Bad Shepherds and Promise of a Good Shepherd 34:1-31 Judgment on Edom for Rejoicing over Israel 35:1-15 Promise of Israel's Restoration and Spiritual Renewal 36:1-38 The Valley of Dry Bones: National Revival 37:1-14 The Two Sticks: Unity of Israel and the Davidic Covenant 37:15-28 The Invasion of Gog and Its Defeat 38:1-39:29 Vision of the Future Temple: Introduction and Commission 40:1-4 Measurements of the Outer Court and Gateways 40:5-16 Courtyard Entrances and Portico Dimensions 40:17-19 Inner Court Entrances and Chambers 40:20-23 Vestibules and Side Entrance Specifications 40:24-27 Details of Inner Chambers and Gate Structure 40:28-37 Porches, Chambers, and Steps of the Temple Court 40:38-43 Priests' Chambers and the Prince's Quarters 40:44-47 The Inner Sanctuary and Holy Place Measurements 40:48-41:26 Priestly Chambers and the Inner Court Layout 42:1-20 The Return of God's Glory to the Temple 43:1-12 Altar Design and Sacrificial Regulations 43:13-27 Temple Gates, Priestly Roles, and Exclusions 44:1-31 Land Allotments and the Prince's Portion 45:1-12 Worship Regulations: Offerings, Festivals, and the Prince 45:13-46:24 The Life-Giving River Flowing from the Temple 47:1-12 Division of the Land and Inheritance Boundaries 47:13-23 Tribal Allotments in the Restored Land 48:1-29 The City Gates and the Name: 'The Lord Is There' 48:30-35

Matthew

The Genealogy of Jesus 1:1-17 The Birth of Jesus Foretold to Joseph 1:18-25 The Visit of the Magi 2:1-12 Flight into Egypt and the Slaughter of the Innocents 2:13-18 Return to Nazareth 2:19-23 John the Baptist Prepares the Way 3:1-12 The Baptism of Jesus 3:13-17 The Temptation of Jesus 4:1-11 Jesus Begins His Galilean Ministry 4:12-17 Jesus Calls the First Disciples 4:18-22 Jesus Ministers Throughout Galilee 4:23-25 The Beatitudes 5:1-12 Salt and Light 5:13-16 Jesus and the Law 5:17-20 Teaching on Anger and Reconciliation 5:21-26 Teaching on Adultery and Lust 5:27-30 Teaching on Divorce 5:31-32 Teaching on Oaths and Honesty 5:33-37 Teaching on Retaliation and Generosity 5:38-42 Love Your Enemies 5:43-48 Giving to the Needy in Secret 6:1-4 Prayer and the Lord's Prayer 6:5-15 Teaching on Fasting 6:16-18 Treasures and Serving God 6:19-24 Do Not Worry 6:25-34 Do Not Judge 7:1-6 Ask, Seek, Knock and the Golden Rule 7:7-12 The Narrow and Wide Gates 7:13-14 Recognizing False Prophets 7:15-23 Parable of the Wise and Foolish Builders 7:24-29 Jesus Cleanses a Leper 8:1-4 The Faith of the Centurion 8:5-13 Jesus Heals Many and Fulfills Prophecy 8:14-17 The Cost of Discipleship 8:18-22 Jesus Calms the Storm 8:23-27 Healing of Two Demon-Possessed Men 8:28-34 Jesus Heals a Paralytic 9:1-8 Jesus Calls Matthew and Eats with Sinners 9:9-13 Fasting and the New Cloth and Wineskins 9:14-17 A Daughter Restored and a Woman Healed 9:18-26 Two Blind Men Healed and a Mute Man Restored 9:27-34 Jesus' Compassion and the Call for Workers 9:35-38 The Mission of the Twelve 10:1-42 John's Inquiry and Jesus' Testimony about John 11:1-19 Woe to Unrepentant Cities 11:20-24 The Father's Revelation and Rest for the Weary 11:25-30 Sabbath Controversies: Grain and Healing 12:1-14 Jesus Heals and Fulfills Isaiah's Prophecy 12:15-21 Accusation, Blasphemy Against the Spirit, and the Heart's Fruit 12:22-37 The Sign of Jonah and the Unclean Spirit 12:38-45 Jesus Redefines Family 12:46-50 The Parable of the Sower and Its Interpretation 13:1-23 The Parable of the Weeds 13:24-30 The Mustard Seed and the Yeast 13:31-35 Explanation of the Weeds and End-Time Judgment 13:36-43 Treasure and Pearl: The Kingdom's Value 13:44-46 The Net and New and Old Treasures 13:47-52 Jesus Rejected at Nazareth 13:53-58 The Execution of John the Baptist 14:1-12 Feeding the Five Thousand 14:13-21 Jesus Walks on Water and Heals Many 14:22-36 Tradition, Purity, and the Canaanite Woman's Faith 15:1-28 Jesus Heals Many and Feeds the Four Thousand 15:29-39 Pharisees Demand a Sign 16:1-4 Warning About the Teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees 16:5-12 Peter's Confession: You Are the Christ 16:13-20 Jesus Foretells His Death and Discipleship 16:21-28 The Transfiguration 17:1-13 Healing a Demon-Possessed Boy and a Second Prediction of Death 17:14-23 Payment of the Temple Tax 17:24-27 Humility and Care for Little Ones 18:1-9 The Parable of the Lost Sheep 18:10-14 Church Discipline and Prayer 18:15-20 Forgiveness and the Unforgiving Servant 18:21-35 Marriage, Divorce, and Children 19:1-15 The Rich Young Ruler and the Cost of Discipleship 19:16-30 The Parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard 20:1-16 Jesus Predicts His Death and Resurrection 20:17-19 Request for Honor and Teaching on Servanthood 20:20-28 Two Blind Men Healed Near Jericho 20:29-34 The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem 21:1-11 Jesus Cleanses the Temple and Heals 21:12-17 The Withered Fig Tree and Teaching on Faith 21:18-22 Jesus' Authority Challenged 21:23-27 The Parable of the Two Sons 21:28-32 The Parable of the Wicked Tenants 21:33-46 The Parable of the Wedding Banquet 22:1-14 Question about Paying Taxes to Caesar 22:15-22 The Sadducees and the Resurrection 22:23-33 The Greatest Commandment 22:34-40 Jesus Questions the Pharisees about the Messiah 22:41-46 Seven Woes on the Scribes and Pharisees 23:1-39 The Olivet Discourse: Signs of the End and the Temple's Destruction 24:1-35 The Olivet Discourse: Watchfulness and Judgment 24:36-51 The Parable of the Ten Virgins 25:1-13 The Parable of the Talents 25:14-30 The Final Judgment: Sheep and Goats 25:31-46 The Plot to Arrest Jesus 26:1-5 The Anointing at Bethany 26:6-13 Judas Agrees to Betray Jesus 26:14-16 The Last Supper 26:17-30 Jesus Predicts Peter's Denial 26:31-35 Prayer in Gethsemane 26:36-46 The Arrest of Jesus 26:47-56 Jesus Before the Sanhedrin 26:57-68 Peter's Denial and Repentance 26:69-75 Judas' Remorse and Suicide 27:1-10 Jesus Sentenced by Pilate 27:11-26 Jesus Mocked and Scourged 27:27-31 The Crucifixion and Mockery 27:32-44 The Death of Jesus 27:45-56 Jesus Is Buried 27:57-61 The Tomb Secured by the Authorities 27:62-66 The Resurrection: Women at the Tomb 28:1-10 The Guards' Report and the Chief Priests' Lie 28:11-15 The Great Commission 28:16-20

Mark

John the Baptist Prepares the Way 1:1-8 The Baptism and Temptation of Jesus 1:9-13 Jesus Begins His Ministry and Calls the First Disciples 1:14-20 Jesus Teaches with Authority and Casts Out an Unclean Spirit 1:21-28 Healings and Demons Cleansed at Simon's Home 1:29-34 Jesus Prays and Proclaims the Kingdom in Galilee 1:35-39 Healing of a Man with Leprosy 1:40-45 Forgiveness and Healing of a Paralytic 2:1-12 Calling of Levi and Eating with Sinners 2:13-17 Questions about Fasting; New Cloth and Wineskins 2:18-22 Sabbath Controversies: Grain, Healing, and Plot Against Jesus 2:23-3:6 Great Crowds Follow; Unclean Spirits Acknowledge Jesus 3:7-12 Jesus Appoints the Twelve Apostles 3:13-19 Accusations of Beelzebul and the Parable of the Strong Man 3:20-30 Jesus Redefines True Family 3:31-35 Parable of the Sower and Its Interpretation 4:1-20 A Lamp, Measure, and the Principle of Growth 4:21-25 Parable of the Growing Seed 4:26-29 The Mustard Seed and the Kingdom's Growth 4:30-34 Jesus Calms the Storm 4:35-41 The Gerasene Demoniac Restored 5:1-20 A Woman Healed and Jairus' Daughter Raised 5:21-43 Jesus Rejected in His Hometown 6:1-6 Jesus Sends Out the Twelve 6:7-13 Herod, Herodias, and the Death of John the Baptist 6:14-29 Feeding of the Five Thousand 6:30-44 Jesus Walks on Water and Heals at Gennesaret 6:45-56 Tradition, Inner Purity, and What Truly Defiles 7:1-23 A Gentile Woman's Faith and the Healing at Tyre 7:24-30 Jesus Heals a Deaf Man Who Could Not Speak Clearly 7:31-37 Feeding the Four Thousand and the Pharisees' Demand for a Sign 8:1-13 Beware the Yeast of the Pharisees and Herod 8:14-21 Healing of a Blind Man at Bethsaida 8:22-26 Peter Confesses Jesus as the Christ 8:27-30 Jesus Predicts His Death and Calls Disciples to Take Up the Cross 8:31-9:1 The Transfiguration and the Return of Elijah 9:2-13 Healing of a Boy with an Unclean Spirit; Jesus Predicts His Passion Again 9:14-32 Who Is the Greatest? A Child as the Model of Service 9:33-37 Tolerance for Those Who Serve in Jesus' Name 9:38-41 Warnings about Causing Sin; Exhortations on Salt and Holiness 9:42-50 Jesus' Teaching on Divorce 10:1-12 Jesus Blesses Little Children 10:13-16 The Rich Young Man and the Cost of Discipleship 10:17-31 Jesus Again Predicts His Suffering, Death, and Resurrection 10:32-34 Ambition and Servanthood: The Way of True Greatness 10:35-45 Jesus Heals Blind Bartimaeus 10:46-52 The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem 11:1-11 Withered Fig Tree and the Cleansing of the Temple 11:12-19 Faith, Prayer, and the Call to Forgiveness 11:20-26 Religious Leaders Question Jesus' Authority 11:27-33 The Parable of the Wicked Tenants 12:1-12 Render to Caesar: Taxes and Allegiance 12:13-17 Sadducees Challenge Resurrection; Jesus Teaches Eternal Life 12:18-27 The Greatest Commandment: Love God and Neighbor 12:28-34 Jesus Questions the Messiah and Warns Against Scribes 12:35-40 The Widow's Offering: True Generosity 12:41-44 The Olivet Discourse: Signs of Destruction and the End 13:1-31 No One Knows the Day: Be Watchful 13:32-37 Plot to Kill Jesus and the Anointing at Bethany 14:1-11 The Passover Meal and Institution of the Lord's Supper 14:12-26 Jesus Predicts the Disciples' Flight and Peter's Denial 14:27-31 Gethsemane: Jesus' Agony and Prayer 14:32-42 The Arrest of Jesus in Gethsemane 14:43-52 Jesus Before the Council 14:53-65 Peter's Denial and His Remorse 14:66-72 Jesus Before Pilate; Barabbas Released 15:1-15 The Soldiers Mock and Scourge Jesus 15:16-20 The Way of the Cross and the Crucifixion 15:21-32 Jesus' Death and the Centurion's Confession 15:33-41 The Burial of Jesus 15:42-47 The Resurrection: Women Find the Empty Tomb 16:1-8 Appearances of the Risen Lord and the Commission 16:9-20

Luke

Purpose and Order of the Gospel 1:1-4 Announcement of John the Baptist's Birth 1:5-25 The Annunciation to Mary 1:26-38 Mary Visits Elizabeth 1:39-45 Mary's Song (The Magnificat) 1:46-56 The Birth and Naming of John 1:57-66 Zechariah's Prophecy and John's Mission 1:67-80 The Birth of Jesus in Bethlehem 2:1-7 Angels Announce the Shepherds' Good News 2:8-20 Presentation in the Temple; Simeon and Anna 2:21-40 The Boy Jesus in the Temple 2:41-52 John the Baptist's Call to Repentance 3:1-20 The Baptism and Genealogy of Jesus 3:21-38 Jesus Tested in the Wilderness 4:1-13 Rejection at Nazareth 4:14-30 Authority over Unclean Spirits in Capernaum 4:31-37 Healings and Preaching in Galilee 4:38-44 The Call of the First Disciples 5:1-11 Healing a Man with Leprosy 5:12-16 A Paralytic Forgiven and Healed 5:17-26 The Calling of Levi and Eating with Sinners 5:27-32 Questions about Fasting; New Wine and Old Wineskins 5:33-39 Lord of the Sabbath and a Sabbath Healing 6:1-11 The Appointment of the Twelve Apostles 6:12-16 The Sermon on the Plain: Blessings and Woes 6:17-26 Love Your Enemies and Be Merciful 6:27-36 Judging Others and the Speck and Log 6:37-42 A Tree and Its Fruit: True Character Revealed 6:43-45 The Wise and Foolish Builders 6:46-49 The Faith of the Centurion 7:1-10 Raising the Widow's Son at Nain 7:11-17 John the Baptist's Inquiry and Jesus' Testimony 7:18-35 A Sinful Woman Forgiven 7:36-50 Parable of the Sower and Its Interpretation 8:1-15 Lighted Lamp and Hearing the Word 8:16-18 Jesus Redefines His Family 8:19-21 Jesus Calms the Storm 8:22-25 Healing the Gerasene Demoniac 8:26-39 Jairus' Daughter Raised and a Woman Healed 8:40-56 The Twelve Sent Out 9:1-9 Feeding the Five Thousand 9:10-17 Peter's Confession and the Way of the Cross 9:18-27 The Transfiguration 9:28-36 Healing a Demon-Possessed Boy; A Second Passion Prediction 9:37-45 Who Is Greatest and a Servant's Ministry 9:46-50 Jesus Resolves for Jerusalem; Samaritan Rejection 9:51-56 The Cost of Discipleship 9:57-62 The Seventy Sent Out and Their Return 10:1-24 The Good Samaritan 10:25-37 Mary and Martha: Choosing the Better Part 10:38-42 The Lord's Prayer and Persistent Prayer 11:1-13 Jesus, Beelzebul, and True Blessedness 11:14-28 Demand for a Sign; Jonah and the Queen of the South 11:29-32 The Light of the Body and Inner Purity 11:33-36 Woes to the Pharisees and Lawyers 11:37-54 Warnings against Hypocrisy and Confession before Men 12:1-12 The Parable of the Rich Fool 12:13-21 Do Not Worry; Seek God's Kingdom 12:22-34 Watchfulness and Faithful Stewardship 12:35-48 Division Caused by Christ 12:49-53 Interpreting the Times and Settling with Adversaries 12:54-59 Call to Repentance and the Barren Fig Tree 13:1-9 Healing on the Sabbath and Jesus' Rebuke 13:10-17 Parables of the Mustard Seed and Yeast 13:18-21 The Narrow Door and the Cost of Entry 13:22-30 Jesus Laments over Jerusalem 13:31-35 Healing at a Pharisee's House and Humility at the Table 14:1-14 Parable of the Great Banquet 14:15-24 The Cost of Following Jesus; Salt and Saltiness 14:25-35 The Parable of the Lost Sheep 15:1-7 The Parable of the Lost Coin 15:8-10 The Parable of the Prodigal Son 15:11-32 The Shrewd Manager and Teaching on Wealth 16:1-15 Law, the Kingdom, and Divorce 16:16-18 The Rich Man and Lazarus 16:19-31 Teachings on Temptation, Forgiveness, and Duty 17:1-10 Healing of the Ten Lepers 17:11-19 The Coming of the Kingdom and End-Time Sayings 17:20-37 Parable of the Persistent Widow 18:1-8 Parable of the Pharisee and the Tax Collector 18:9-14 Jesus Blesses Little Children 18:15-17 The Rich Ruler and the Cost of Discipleship 18:18-30 Jesus Predicts His Death Again 18:31-34 Healing of Blind Bartimaeus 18:35-43 Zacchaeus: Salvation Comes to His House 19:1-10 Parable of the Ten Minas 19:11-27 Triumphal Entry and Lament over Jerusalem 19:28-44 Cleansing the Temple and Teaching 19:45-48 Jesus' Authority Challenged 20:1-8 Parable of the Wicked Tenants 20:9-19 Paying Taxes to Caesar 20:20-26 Question about the Resurrection 20:27-40 Jesus Questions the Pharisees; Warnings against Hypocrisy 20:41-47 The Widow's Offering 21:1-4 The Destruction of the Temple and Signs of the End 21:5-38 The Plot to Kill Jesus and Judas' Agreement 22:1-6 The Last Supper and Predictions of Denial 22:7-38 Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane 22:39-46 Jesus Arrested 22:47-53 Peter's Denial Fulfilled 22:54-62 Jesus Mocked and Beaten 22:63-65 Jesus before the Council and Pilate; Sentencing 22:66-23:25 The Way of the Cross and the Penitent Thief 23:26-43 The Death of Jesus and the Centurion's Confession 23:44-49 The Burial of Jesus 23:50-56 The Empty Tomb and the Women's Report 24:1-12 The Road to Emmaus and Recognition of the Risen Lord 24:13-35 Jesus Appears to the Disciples and Explains Scripture 24:36-49 The Ascension and the Disciples' Worship 24:50-53

John

The Word Became Flesh 1:1-18 John the Baptist's Witness 1:19-28 Behold the Lamb of God 1:29-34 The First Disciples and Simon Peter 1:35-42 Calling of Philip and Nathanael 1:43-51 The Wedding at Cana: Water Made Wine 2:1-11 Jesus Cleanses the Temple and Speaks of His Body 2:12-25 Nicodemus and the New Birth 3:1-21 John the Baptist Exalts Jesus 3:22-36 Jesus and the Samaritan Woman at the Well 4:1-26 The Harvest Is Ready 4:27-38 Samaritans Believe in Jesus 4:39-42 Healing of the Royal Official's Son 4:43-54 Jesus Heals at Bethesda 5:1-15 Jesus Claims Authority Over Life and Judgment 5:16-30 Witnesses to Jesus and Israel's Unbelief 5:31-47 Feeding the Five Thousand 6:1-15 Jesus Walks on the Sea 6:16-24 Jesus the Bread of Life 6:25-59 Many Turn Away; Peter's Confession 6:60-71 Jesus Stays Away from Judea 7:1-13 Jesus Teaches at the Festival 7:14-24 Growing Division Over Jesus 7:25-44 Temple Officers and the Adulterous Woman 7:45-8:11 Jesus the Light and His Claim 8:12-30 True Discipleship and Freedom 8:31-41 Jesus' Divine Origin and Opposition 8:42-47 Jesus' 'I Am' and Preexistence 8:48-59 Healing of a Man Born Blind 9:1-12 Controversy with the Pharisees over the Healing 9:13-34 Spiritual Sight and Blindness 9:35-41 The Good Shepherd and His Sheep 10:1-21 Feast of Dedication and Controversy over Jesus 10:22-42 Lazarus' Sickness and Jesus' Intention 11:1-16 Jesus Weeps at Lazarus' Tomb 11:17-37 Jesus Raises Lazarus from the Dead 11:38-44 Plot to Kill Jesus and Caiaphas' Counsel 11:45-57 Mary Anoints Jesus; Plot to Kill Lazarus 12:1-11 The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem 12:12-19 Greeks Seek Jesus; He Predicts His Death 12:20-36 Unbelief and Jesus' Final Appeal 12:37-50 Jesus Washes the Disciples' Feet 13:1-17 The Prediction of Judas' Betrayal 13:18-30 The New Commandment and Peter's Denial 13:31-38 Jesus Promises a Place in the Father's House 14:1-4 Jesus the Way to the Father 14:5-14 Promise of the Holy Spirit and Peace 14:15-31 The Vine and the Command to Love 15:1-17 The World's Hatred and the Cost of Discipleship 15:18-16:4 The Holy Spirit's Work 16:5-16 Sorrow Turned to Joy; Peace in Christ 16:17-33 The Son's Prayer for Glory 17:1-5 Prayer for the Disciples' Protection and Sanctification 17:6-19 Prayer for Unity Among Believers 17:20-26 Jesus Arrested in Gethsemane 18:1-11 Jesus Brought to Annas 18:12-14 Peter's First Denial 18:15-18 Jesus Questioned and Struck Before the High Priest 18:19-24 Peter Denies Jesus Three Times 18:25-27 Jesus Before Pilate 18:28-40 Jesus Scourged, Mocked, and Sentenced to Crucifixion 19:1-16 The Crucifixion and Jesus' Care for His Mother 19:17-27 Jesus' Death and the Fulfillment of Scripture 19:28-37 Jesus' Burial 19:38-42 The Empty Tomb Discovered 20:1-9 Mary Magdalene Meets the Risen Lord 20:10-18 Jesus Appears to His Disciples and Breathes the Spirit 20:19-23 Thomas Believes; Purpose of John's Gospel 20:24-31 The Miraculous Catch and Breakfast by the Sea 21:1-14 Peter Reinstated and the Beloved Disciple 21:15-25

Acts

The Ascension of Jesus 1:1-11 Prayer in the Upper Room and the Choosing of Matthias 1:12-26 Pentecost: The Coming of the Spirit 2:1-13 Peter's Sermon and Three Thousand Converted 2:14-41 The Early Christian Community 2:42-47 Healing at the Beautiful Gate 3:1-10 Peter's Address at Solomon's Colonnade 3:11-26 The Apostles Before the Sanhedrin 4:1-22 Believers Pray for Boldness 4:23-31 The Believers Share Possessions 4:32-37 Ananias and Sapphira 5:1-11 Signs Performed by the Apostles 5:12-16 Persecution of the Apostles and Their Witness 5:17-42 The Appointment of the Seven Deacons 6:1-7 Stephen's Wisdom and Opposition 6:8-15 Stephen's Speech before the Sanhedrin 7:1-53 The Stoning of Stephen and the Persecution of the Church 7:54-8:1 Saul's Persecution Scatters the Church 8:2-3 Philip Proclaims Christ in Samaria 8:4-8 Simon Magus and Peter's Rebuke 8:9-25 Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch 8:26-40 The Conversion of Saul 9:1-19 Saul's Early Ministry and Acceptance by the Church 9:20-31 Peter Heals Aeneas and Raises Tabitha 9:32-43 Cornelius' Vision and the Call for Peter 10:1-8 Peter's Vision and the Messengers from Cornelius 10:9-23 Peter at Cornelius' House: Gentiles Receive the Spirit 10:24-48 Peter Defends the Conversion of Gentiles 11:1-18 The Church in Antioch and Famine Relief 11:19-30 Herod Executes James; Peter Miraculously Freed 12:1-19 Herod's Death and the Church's Continued Growth 12:20-25 The First Missionary Sending 13:1-3 Ministry in Cyprus and Elymas's Blinding 13:4-12 Paul's Mission in Pisidian Antioch 13:13-52 Paul and Barnabas in Iconium 14:1-7 Healing in Lystra and Paul's Stoning 14:8-20 Paul and Barnabas Strengthen the Churches 14:21-28 The Jerusalem Council on Gentile Circumcision 15:1-21 The Council's Letter and Peace with Antioch 15:22-35 Paul and Barnabas Separate 15:36-41 Timothy Joins Paul and Churches Are Strengthened 16:1-5 The Call to Macedonia 16:6-10 Lydia's Conversion at Philippi 16:11-15 Paul and Silas Imprisoned and Released in Philippi 16:16-40 Preaching in Thessalonica and Opposition 17:1-9 Berea's Noble Reception and Paul's Departure 17:10-15 Paul's Address at the Areopagus 17:16-34 Paul's Ministry in Corinth and Conflict 18:1-17 Paul Departs; Apollos Instructed by Priscilla and Aquila 18:18-28 Paul's Ministry and the Ephesian Disciples 19:1-22 The Ephesian Riot over Artemis 19:23-41 Paul's Journeys Through Macedonia and Greece 20:1-6 Eutychus Raised in Troas 20:7-12 Paul's Farewell to the Ephesian Elders 20:13-38 Paul's Voyage to Jerusalem 21:1-16 Paul's Arrival in Jerusalem and the Temple Ritual 21:17-26 Paul Seized in the Temple 21:27-36 Paul's Defense: His Conversion and Mission 21:37-22:21 Paul's Arrest and the Council's Division 22:22-23:11 The Plot to Kill Paul and the Soldier's Intervention 23:12-22 Paul Escorted to Caesarea under Guard 23:23-35 Paul's Defense before Governor Felix 24:1-27 Paul Brought before Festus and the Jewish Charges 25:1-12 King Agrippa Learns of Paul's Case 25:13-22 Paul's Defense Before Agrippa 25:23-26:32 Paul's Voyage to Rome Begins 27:1-12 The Storm at Sea and God's Promise of Safety 27:13-26 Shipwreck and Deliverance on Malta 27:27-44 Paul on Malta: Healing and Hospitality 28:1-10 Voyage to Rome and Arrival 28:11-16 Paul in Rome: Preaching under House Arrest 28:17-31

Romans

Paul's Greeting and the Gospel's Power 1:1-17 God's Wrath Against Ungodliness 1:18-32 God's Impartial Judgment and Conscience 2:1-16 The Law, True Circumcision, and Jewish Identity 2:17-29 Israel's Advantage and God's Faithfulness 3:1-8 Universal Sinfulness and the Law's Condemnation 3:9-20 Righteousness Through Faith and Justification 3:21-31 Abraham: Justification by Faith 4:1-25 Peace with God and Reconciliation 5:1-11 Adam and Christ: Death, Grace, and Righteousness 5:12-21 Dead to Sin, Alive in Christ 6:1-14 Slavery to Sin or to Righteousness 6:15-23 Released from the Law to Serve in the Spirit 7:1-6 The Inner Conflict: Law, Sin, and the Flesh 7:7-25 Life in the Spirit: Freedom and Adoption 8:1-17 Future Glory and the Spirit's Intercession 8:18-27 Assurance of God's Love: Nothing Can Separate Us 8:28-39 Paul's Sorrow and God's Sovereign Election 9:1-29 Righteousness by Faith and Israel's Unbelief 9:30-10:21 A Remnant Preserved and Israel's Hardening 11:1-10 Gentiles Grafted In and a Warning Against Boasting 11:11-24 The Mystery of Israel's Salvation and God's Mercy 11:25-32 Doxology: Praise for God's Wisdom and Sovereignty 11:33-36 A Living Sacrifice and the Diversity of Gifts 12:1-8 Christian Conduct: Love, Humility, and Ethical Duties 12:9-21 Submission to Authorities and Civic Duty 13:1-7 Love Fulfills the Law; Walk in the Light 13:8-14 Christian Liberty, Conscience, and Mutual Acceptance 14:1-15:13 Paul's Service to the Gentiles and Missionary Ambition 15:14-22 Paul's Travel Plans and Prayer Requests 15:23-33 Personal Greetings, Final Warnings, and Doxology 16:1-27

Revelation

The Revelation Announced and the Blessing 1:1-3 Greeting and the Lord's Self‑Declaration 1:4-8 John's Vision of the Glorified Son of Man 1:9-20 Letter to Ephesus: Faithfulness and the Call to Repent 2:1-7 Letter to Smyrna: Persecution and the Crown of Life 2:8-11 Letter to Pergamum: Fidelity and False Teaching 2:12-17 Letter to Thyatira: Tolerance of Immorality and Promise to Overcomers 2:18-29 Letter to Sardis: Wakefulness and Repentance 3:1-6 Letter to Philadelphia: An Open Door and a Promise of Protection 3:7-13 Letter to Laodicea: Lukewarmness and the Call to Repent 3:14-22 The Throne in Heaven and Heavenly Worship 4:1-11 The Sealed Scroll and the Worthy Lamb 5:1-14 The Six Seals: Tribulation and Cosmic Disturbance 6:1-17 The Sealing of the 144,000 7:1-8 The Multitude Before the Throne: Salvation and Comfort 7:9-17 The Seventh Seal and the Prayers of the Saints 8:1-5 The Trumpet Judgments: Plagues and Woes 8:6-9:21 The Mighty Angel and the Little Scroll 10:1-11 The Two Witnesses: Prophecy, Death, and Resurrection 11:1-14 The Seventh Trumpet: God's Kingdom Proclaimed and the Temple Opened 11:15-19 The Cosmic Conflict: The Woman, the Dragon, and the Male Child 12:1-13:1 The Sea Beast: Blasphemy and Persecution 13:2-10 The Earth Beast and the Mark of the Beast 13:11-18 The Lamb on Mount Zion and the 144,000 14:1-5 The Three Angels' Messages and the Call to Endure 14:6-13 The Harvest of the Earth: Reaping God's Judgment 14:14-20 The Seven Last Plagues and the Victors' Song 15:1-8 The Bowl Judgments: The Seven Bowls of God's Wrath 16:1-21 The Fall of Babylon the Great and the Beast's Doom 17:1-18:24 Heavenly Praise and the Marriage of the Lamb 19:1-10 Christ's Triumphant Return and the Defeat of the Beast 19:11-21 Satan Bound and the Reign of the Saints 20:1-6 Satan's Final Rebellion and Defeat 20:7-10 The Great White Throne and the Final Judgment 20:11-15 The New Heaven and New Earth and the New Jerusalem 21:1-27 The River of Life and the Throne of God 22:1-6
1 Now the Philistines assembled their forces for war; they assembled at Shochoh, which belongs to Judah, and they camped between Shochoh and Azekah in Ephes-dammim.

1 S.17.1 - Details

Original Text

ויאספו פלשתים את־ מחניהם למלחמה ויאספו שכה אשר ליהודה ויחנו בין־ שוכה ובין־ עזקה באפס דמים׃

Morphology

  • ויאספו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
  • את: PRT,acc
  • מחניהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:3,m,pl
  • למלחמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ויאספו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • שכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • ליהודה: PREP+PN,masc,sg
  • ויחנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • בין: PREP
  • שוכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ובין: CONJ+PREP
  • עזקה: NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs
  • באפס: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • דמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Sam.17:2 (structural): Immediate continuation: Saul and all Israel are mustered opposite the Philistines at the same place, showing the two armies arrayed for battle.
  • 1 Sam.17:4-11 (verbal): Description of Goliath's defiant challenge from the Philistine camp — explains the military standoff at Socoh and Ephes‑Dammim and the reason for the encampment.
  • 1 Sam.17:52-53 (thematic): Result of the encounter: after David's victory the men of Israel and Judah rout and pursue the Philistines from the same region, linking the Philistine camp/location with the ensuing rout.
  • 1 Sam.13:19-22 (thematic): Background on Philistine military dominance in Saul’s reign (control of blacksmithing and weapons), providing wider context for the threat posed by the Philistine army gathered at Socoh/Ephes‑Dammim.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the Philistines gathered their armies for battle; and they assembled at Socoh, which belongs to Judah, and encamped between Socoh and Azekah at Ephes-dammim.
  • And the Philistines gathered their armies for war and assembled at Socoh, which belongs to Judah; and they camped between Socoh and Azekah in Ephes-dammim.
2 Saul and the men of Israel assembled and camped in the valley of Elah and drew up in battle array opposite the Philistines.

1 S.17.2 - Details

Original Text

ושאול ואיש־ ישראל נאספו ויחנו בעמק האלה ויערכו מלחמה לקראת פלשתים׃

Morphology

  • ושאול: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נאספו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,pl
  • ויחנו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • בעמק: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • האלה: DEM,pl
  • ויערכו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • לקראת: PREP
  • פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr

Parallels

  • Exodus 17:8–13 (thematic): Israel musters and fights a neighboring foe (Amalek) after encamping; parallels the motif of Israel assembling, camping, and engaging in pitched battle under national leadership.
  • 1 Samuel 4:1–2 (thematic): Earlier account of Israel going out to battle against the Philistines; parallels the specific recurring conflict between Israel and Philistia and the framing of a national military response.
  • Judges 7:1–8 (structural): Gideon and the troops assemble by water and are arrayed for battle in a confined place; structurally similar—preparation, encampment/assembly, and positioning before an engagement in a valley-like setting.
  • 2 Samuel 5:17–21 (thematic): After David’s rise, the Philistines come up and Israel fights them; parallels the cycle of Philistine-Israel confrontations, with mustering of forces and a decisive encounter.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And Saul and the men of Israel were gathered and encamped in the valley of Elah and drew up for battle against the Philistines.
  • And Saul and the men of Israel were gathered and camped in the valley of Elah and set themselves in array for battle against the Philistines.
3 The Philistines stood on one mountain and Israel stood on the other, with the valley between them.

1 S.17.3 - Details

Original Text

ופלשתים עמדים אל־ ההר מזה וישראל עמדים אל־ ההר מזה והגיא ביניהם׃

Morphology

  • ופלשתים: CONJ+NOUN_PROP,m,pl,abs
  • עמדים: VERB,qal,part,3,m,pl
  • אל: NEG
  • ההר: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • מזה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עמדים: VERB,qal,part,3,m,pl
  • אל: NEG
  • ההר: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • מזה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • והגיא: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ביניהם: PREP,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Exodus 14:9 (structural): Two hostile forces encamped with a physical barrier between them (Israel by the sea, Egyptians approaching), echoing the image of opposing camps separated by a space.
  • Judges 7:11-12 (thematic): The Midianite and allied forces are described as lying in the valley like locusts between hills, paralleling the motif of enemy forces occupying the valley between opposing heights.
  • 2 Samuel 2:12-14 (structural): Abner and Joab array their men opposite one another at the pool of Gibeon—an instance of two Israelite factions standing on opposing sides facing each other, similar to the Philistines and Israel on opposing hills.
  • Joshua 8:9-11 (thematic): Israelites conceal themselves on the hills and lie in wait while the city/forces occupy the plain—another scene of opposing positions on high ground with ground between them, comparable to 1 Sam 17:3.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the Philistines stood on one hill and Israel stood on the other hill, with the valley between them.
  • And the Philistines stood on one hill and Israel stood on the other hill, with the valley between them.
4 And a man of the Philistines came out from their ranks; his name was Goliath of Gath. He was six cubits and a span tall.

1 S.17.4 - Details

Original Text

ויצא איש־ הבנים ממחנות פלשתים גלית שמו מגת גבהו שש אמות וזרת׃

Morphology

  • ויצא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הבנים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • ממחנות: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
  • גלית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • מגת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • גבהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • שש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אמות: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • וזרת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:7 (verbal): Immediate continuation of the same scene — gives further physical details of Goliath (spear, coat of mail), reinforcing the picture of his extraordinary size and armament.
  • 2 Samuel 21:15-22 (allusion): Later account of battles with 'giants' from Gath; traditions about Goliath and other Philistine giants are recounted here, linking to the Goliath tradition.
  • 1 Chronicles 20:4-8 (verbal): Parallel/related account that lists giants from Gath and corrects the naming/confusion about who killed Goliath’s brother (Lahmi), echoing the same tradition.
  • Numbers 13:33 (thematic): The spies’ report of seeing the Nephilim and feeling like grasshoppers invokes the broader Israelite motif of giants inhabiting the land, thematically related to Goliath’s extraordinary stature.
  • Deuteronomy 3:11 (thematic): Description of King Og's enormous bed ('nine cubits') presents another biblical instance of exaggerated measurements and giant figures, paralleling the motif of extraordinary height given for Goliath.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And there came out from the camp of the Philistines a champion named Goliath, of Gath; his height was six cubits and a span.
  • And there came out from the camp of the Philistines a champion whose name was Goliath of Gath; his height was six cubits and a span.
5 He wore a bronze helmet on his head and a coat of scale armor; the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of bronze.

1 S.17.5 - Details

Original Text

וכובע נחשת על־ ראשו ושריון קשקשים הוא לבוש ומשקל השריון חמשת־ אלפים שקלים נחשת׃

Morphology

  • וכובע: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נחשת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • על: PREP
  • ראשו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ושריון: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • קשקשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
  • לבוש: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • ומשקל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • השריון: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • חמשת: NUM,card,construct
  • אלפים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • שקלים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • נחשת: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:6 (verbal): Immediate continuation of Goliath's equipment (greaves and spear), forming a single descriptive unit with 17:5 about his bronze armor and heavy accoutrements.
  • 1 Samuel 17:38-39 (structural): Saul outfits David with armor (helmet and coat of mail) but David removes it because it is too heavy—directly echoes the weight and unsuitability of the armor described in 17:5.
  • 1 Samuel 17:4 (thematic): Goliath's great height and challenge (6 cubits and a span) provides the context for his large, heavy bronze armor noted in 17:5—both emphasize his extraordinary size and menace.
  • 2 Samuel 21:19 (allusion): A later retelling of David's combat with a giant (Goliath/Gittite tradition) that echoes the depiction of Philistine giants and their massive weapons, linking to the heavy armor imagery of 1 Sam 17:5.
  • 1 Chronicles 20:4-8 (thematic): Chronicles' accounts of David's battles with Philistine giants (and their exceptional armaments) parallel the portrait of Goliath's formidable bronze armor and the motif of oversized military gear.

Alternative generated candidates

  • He had a bronze helmet on his head, and he wore a coat of scale armor; the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of bronze.
  • And he had a bronze helmet on his head and wore a coat of scale armor; the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of bronze.
6 He had bronze greaves on his legs and a bronze javelin slung between his shoulders.

1 S.17.6 - Details

Original Text

ומצחת נחשת על־ רגליו וכידון נחשת בין כתפיו׃

Morphology

  • ומצחת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,cs
  • נחשת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • על: PREP
  • רגליו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,suff:3,m
  • וכידון: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נחשת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • בין: PREP
  • כתפיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:5 (structural): Immediate context: the preceding verse describes Goliath’s bronze coat of mail and greaves — part of the same portrait of heavy bronze armor of which v.6 is a continuation.
  • 1 Samuel 17:7 (verbal): Direct continuation of the weapon imagery: compares the spear’s shaft to a weaver’s beam and gives the heavy bronze point — closely linked verbal emphasis on massive bronze armament.
  • 1 Chronicles 20:5 (verbal): Parallel account of David’s conflicts with Philistines: says Elhanan killed the brother of Goliath and explicitly describes a spear ‘like a weaver’s beam,’ echoing the same weapon imagery found in 1 Sam 17.
  • 2 Samuel 21:18–22 (thematic): A group of passages recounting battles with Philistine giants and noting extraordinarily heavy bronze weapons (spears, points) — thematically echoes 1 Sam 17’s emphasis on bronze armor and massive weaponry.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And he had bronze greaves on his legs and a bronze javelin slung between his shoulders.
  • And bronze greaves were on his legs and a bronze javelin was slung between his shoulders.
7 The shaft of his spear was like a weaver’s beam, and the iron point of his spear weighed six hundred shekels; his shield-bearer marched before him.

1 S.17.7 - Details

Original Text

ועץ חניתו כמנור ארגים ולהבת חניתו שש־ מאות שקלים ברזל ונשא הצנה הלך לפניו׃

Morphology

  • ועץ: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • חניתו: NOUN,f,sg,suff-3ms
  • כמנור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ארגים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ולהבת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • חניתו: NOUN,f,sg,suff-3ms
  • שש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מאות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • שקלים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ברזל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ונשא: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • הצנה: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • הלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לפניו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Chronicles 20:5 (verbal): Uses the same striking formula—‘the spear-staff was like a weaver’s beam’—and depicts a giant’s heavy iron spear, a near verbal parallel to 1 Sam 17:7.
  • 2 Samuel 21:20 (verbal): The account of battles with Philistine giants repeats the ‘weaver’s beam’ image and the heavy spear-head, echoing the language used about Goliath’s weapon.
  • 1 Samuel 17:4-6 (structural): Immediate narrative context within the same scene: these preceding verses describe Goliath’s enormous stature and armour, of which v.7 is the concluding detail (the spear and shield‑bearer).
  • 2 Samuel 21:18-22 (thematic): A cluster of passages recounting encounters with Philistine giants; thematically parallels 1 Sam 17:7 in emphasizing gigantic warriors, oversized weapons, and attendant shield‑bearers in Israel’s conflicts with the Philistines.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The shaft of his spear was like a weaver’s beam, and the head of his spear weighed six hundred shekels of iron; and a shield-bearer went before him.
  • And the shaft of his spear was like a weaver's beam, and the head of his spear weighed six hundred shekels of iron; and the shield-bearer walked before him.
8 And he stood and cried to the ranks of Israel, 'Why have you come out to draw up for battle? Am I not a Philistine, and are you not servants of Saul? Choose a man for yourselves and let him come down to me.'

1 S.17.8 - Details

Original Text

ויעמד ויקרא אל־ מערכת ישראל ויאמר להם למה תצאו לערך מלחמה הלוא אנכי הפלשתי ואתם עבדים לשאול ברו־ לכם איש וירד אלי׃

Morphology

  • ויעמד: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • ויקרא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • מערכת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • להם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • למה: ADV
  • תצאו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
  • לערך: PREP+INF,qal
  • מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • הלוא: PART
  • אנכי: PRON,1,sg
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואתם: CONJ+PRON,2,pl
  • עבדים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • לשאול: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
  • ברו: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,pl
  • לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
  • איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וירד: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Sam.17.10 (verbal): Direct continuation of Goliath’s challenge — repeats the call to the Israelite army to ‘choose a man’ for single combat (same language and intent).
  • 1 Sam.17.26 (thematic): David responds to the taunt he has heard, asking who this Philistine is and expressing indignation — introduces David’s willingness to meet Goliath, thematically linked to the challenge.
  • 1 Sam.17.41-44 (verbal): When David approaches, Goliath again taunts and mocks him using similar language and threatens to feed David’s flesh to the birds — a later reprise of the original challenge.
  • 2 Sam.21.15-22 (thematic): Later narratives of Israel’s battles with Philistines (including fights with giants and notable champions) echo the motif of Israelite champions confronting Philistine warriors and the tradition surrounding giant adversaries.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And he stood and cried to the ranks of Israel, 'Why have you come out to set your battle in array? Am I not a Philistine, and are you not servants of Saul? Choose a man for yourselves and let him come down to me.'
  • And he stood and cried to the ranks of Israel, 'Why do you come out to set yourselves for battle? Am I not a Philistine and you servants of Saul? Choose for yourselves a man and let him come down to me.'
9 'If he is able to fight with me and strike me down, then we will be your servants; but if I prevail against him and strike him down, then you shall be our servants and serve us.'

1 S.17.9 - Details

Original Text

אם־ יוכל להלחם אתי והכני והיינו לכם לעבדים ואם־ אני אוכל־ לו והכיתיו והייתם לנו לעבדים ועבדתם אתנו׃

Morphology

  • אם: CONJ
  • יוכל: VERB,qal,impf,3,ms
  • להלחם: VERB,hitp,inf
  • אתי: PRON,1,sg
  • והכני: VERB,qal,imf,3,m,sg
  • והיינו: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,1,pl
  • לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
  • לעבדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ואם: CONJ
  • אני: PRON,1,sg
  • אוכל: VERB,qal,part,1,m,sg
  • לו: PRON,3,m,sg
  • והכיתיו: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
  • והייתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
  • לנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
  • לעבדים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ועבדתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
  • אתנו: PRON,1,pl

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:25 (structural): Same episode — the assembly's promise that whoever kills the Philistine shall receive reward and marriage, reflecting the communal stakes announced when Goliath challenges Israel (the promised change in servitude/status).
  • 1 Samuel 17:32–33 (thematic): David volunteers to meet the Philistine and explicitly takes up the one‑on‑one combat posed in 17:9; these verses show the human response to the conditional challenge and its terms.
  • 1 Samuel 17:36 (thematic): David recounts how God delivered him from a lion and a bear, giving his reason and confidence for accepting the duel promised in 17:9 — trusting God to enable victory over this foe as well.
  • 1 Samuel 17:47 (thematic): David frames the coming fight as divine vindication so that all may know the Lord’s power; this gives theological meaning to the conditional stakes of servitude set out in 17:9 (victory manifests God's sovereignty).

Alternative generated candidates

  • If he is able to fight with me and kill me, then we will be your servants; but if I prevail against him and kill him, then you shall be our servants and serve us.
  • If he is able to fight with me and kill me, then we will be your servants; but if I prevail against him and kill him, then you shall be our servants and serve us.
10 The Philistine said, 'I defy the ranks of Israel this day; give me a man that we may fight together.'

1 S.17.10 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר הפלשתי אני חרפתי את־ מערכות ישראל היום הזה תנו־ לי איש ונלחמה יחד׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • הפלשתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
  • אני: PRON,1,sg
  • חרפתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:1,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • מערכות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • תנו: VERB,qal,imp,2,pl
  • לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ונלחמה: VERB,qal,impf,1,?,pl
  • יחד: ADV

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:8 (verbal): Immediate parallel within the same episode: Goliath issues the formal demand 'Choose a man for you, and let him come down to me,' reiterating the single-combat challenge found in v.10.
  • 1 Samuel 17:26 (thematic): David's reaction when he learns of the challenge—he asks who will face the Philistine—echoes the theme of personal combat and Israel's shame invoked by the Philistine's taunt.
  • 1 Samuel 17:45 (verbal): David's direct reply to Goliath invokes the same contest of champions motif: he confronts the Philistine one-on-one and frames the fight as between God and the idol.
  • 2 Samuel 21:19 (structural): Later narrative dealing with fights against Philistine giants; the passage repeats the motif of individual slayers confronting Philistine champions (textual complexity around Goliath traditions).
  • 1 Chronicles 20:5 (structural): Parallel chronicler account listing battles with Philistine giants and individual combatants who killed them—reflects the same tradition of single combat against Philistine champions.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the Philistine said, 'I defy the ranks of Israel this day; give me a man, that we may fight together.'
  • And the Philistine said, 'I defy the ranks of Israel this day; give me a man that we may fight together.'
11 When Saul and all Israel heard these words of the Philistine, they were dismayed and greatly afraid.

1 S.17.11 - Details

Original Text

וישמע שאול וכל־ ישראל את־ דברי הפלשתי האלה ויחתו ויראו מאד׃

Morphology

  • וישמע: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • האלה: DEM,pl
  • ויחתו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • ויראו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • מאד: ADV

Parallels

  • 1 Sam 17:24 (verbal): Closely parallels language and reaction: on seeing Goliath 'all the men of Israel... were greatly afraid' — same fear motif and similar Hebrew wording.
  • 1 Sam 17:52 (structural): Narrative reversal: after Israel's initial fear (v.11), 17:52 records the army's renewed courage and pursuit after David defeats Goliath — contrasts terror and deliverance.
  • 1 Chron 20:4–8 (thematic): Accounts of Israel facing giant warriors (Goliath-like foes) that produce battlefield shock and losses; thematically comparable scenes of national dread and later victory over giants.
  • Judges 7:2–7 (thematic): Gideon's story depicts an oppressed, fearful Israel confronted by a formidable foe and God's provision of unexpected deliverance — comparable dynamics of fear, divine intervention, and reversal.
  • Ps 118:6 (thematic): A theological contrast to Israel's fear: 'The LORD is for me; I will not fear' highlights the faithful response (trust) that counters the panic provoked by enemy boasts.

Alternative generated candidates

  • When Saul and all Israel heard those words of the Philistine, they were dismayed and greatly afraid.
  • And when Saul and all Israel heard these words of the Philistine, they were dismayed and greatly afraid.
12 Now David was the son of an Ephrathite of Bethlehem in Judah, whose name was Jesse; he had eight sons, and the man in the days of Saul was old and advanced in years.

1 S.17.12 - Details

Original Text

ודוד בן־ איש אפרתי הזה מבית לחם יהודה ושמו ישי ולו שמנה בנים והאיש בימי שאול זקן בא באנשים׃

Morphology

  • ודוד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אפרתי: ADJ,m,sg
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • מבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יהודה: NOUN,m,sg,prop
  • ושמו: CONJ,NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
  • ישי: NOUN,prop,sg,m
  • ולו: CONJ+PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • שמנה: NUM,card,f,pl,abs
  • בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • והאיש: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
  • בימי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • זקן: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • באנשים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Sam 16:1, 11–13 (verbal): Same family and location: Samuel is sent to Bethlehem to the house of Jesse to anoint one of his sons; repeats the names 'Bethlehem' and 'Jesse' and introduces David as Jesse's son (same background context).
  • 1 Sam 17:15 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel within the same chapter: describes David as the youngest son who tended his father's sheep — continues the picture of Jesse's household and David's status in Saul's days.
  • Ruth 4:17–22 (structural): Genealogical parallel linking Bethlehem to the line of Obed, Jesse, and David; underscores Bethlehem/Ephrathah as David's ancestral home and Jesse's place in that lineage.
  • 1 Chr 2:13–15 (verbal): Chronicles' genealogy repeats Jesse's name and lists his sons, corroborating the family details (number and names of sons) and David's Bethlehem origins found in Samuel.
  • Micah 5:2 (allusion): Prophetic reference to 'Bethlehem Ephrathah' as the origin of a future ruler from Israel — an allusion to Davidic origins in Bethlehem and the significance of Jesse's line.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Now David was the son of an Ephrathite of Bethlehem in Judah, named Jesse; he had eight sons, and in the days of Saul he was old and advanced in years.
  • Now David the son of that Ephrathite of Bethlehem in Judah, whose name was Jesse, had eight sons; and the man was old, advanced in years among men.
13 The three eldest of Jesse's sons went and followed Saul to the battle—now the names of his three who went to the battle were Eliab the firstborn, next Abinadab, and the third Shammah.

1 S.17.13 - Details

Original Text

וילכו שלשת בני־ ישי הגדלים הלכו אחרי־ שאול למלחמה ושם ׀ שלשת בניו אשר הלכו במלחמה אליאב הבכור ומשנהו אבינדב והשלשי שמה׃

Morphology

  • וילכו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
  • שלשת: NUM,m,pl,abs
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • ישי: NOUN,prop,sg,m
  • הגדלים: ADJ,m,pl,def
  • הלכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • אחרי: PREP
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • למלחמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ושם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • שלשת: NUM,m,pl,abs
  • בניו: NOUN,m,pl,cs
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • הלכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • במלחמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • אליאב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הבכור: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ומשנהו: CONJ+NUM,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • אבינדב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • והשלשי: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,def
  • שמה: ADV

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 16:10-11 (verbal): Same roster of Jesse's sons (Eliab, Abinadab, Shammah) appears when Samuel inspects Jesse's offspring; David is notably absent as the youngest.
  • 1 Samuel 17:12 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel: repeats that Jesse and his sons were at the army at Bethlehem and explains David's subsequent journey to them with provisions.
  • 1 Samuel 17:28 (thematic): Eliab (the eldest named here) rebukes David on the battlefield—illustrates the family dynamics and confirms the presence and role of Jesse's older sons in the campaign.
  • 1 Chronicles 2:13-15 (verbal): Genealogical listing of Jesse's sons in Chronicles (Eliab, Abinadab, Shimea/Shammah), echoing the names and family order found in Samuel.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the three eldest of Jesse’s sons went and followed Saul to the war; and the names of his three who went to the war were Eliab the firstborn, and next Abinadab, and the third Shammah.
  • And the three oldest of Jesse's sons went and followed Saul to the battle; and the names of the three who went to the battle were Eliab the firstborn, Abinadab the second, and Shammah the third.
14 David was the youngest. The three eldest followed Saul,

1 S.17.14 - Details

Original Text

ודוד הוא הקטן ושלשה הגדלים הלכו אחרי שאול׃

Morphology

  • ודוד: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
  • הקטן: ADJ,m,sg,def
  • ושלשה: CONJ+NUM,card,pl,m
  • הגדלים: ADJ,m,pl,def
  • הלכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • אחרי: PREP
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 16:11 (verbal): Same narrative motif — Jesse’s youngest son (David) is singled out; Samuel asks if all sons are present and the youngest (David) is identified.
  • 1 Samuel 17:33 (thematic): Saul describes David as a youth/untried man, echoing the theme of David’s youth and marginal status introduced in 17:14.
  • 1 Samuel 17:28 (verbal): Eliab’s rebuke to David reflects the family dynamics and assumption that David, as the younger brother, is out of place — a reaction tied to his status as the youngest.
  • Judges 6:15 (thematic): Gideon’s claim to be the least/youngest in his family parallels the theme of God choosing the humble or youngest for decisive roles (underdog motif).

Alternative generated candidates

  • But David was the youngest; the three eldest had gone with Saul.
  • And David was the youngest; and the three oldest went after Saul.
15 but David went back and forth from Saul to tend his father's sheep at Bethlehem.

1 S.17.15 - Details

Original Text

ודוד הלך ושב מעל שאול לרעות את־ צאן אביו בית־ לחם׃

Morphology

  • ודוד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • ושב: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
  • מעל: PREP
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לרעות: VERB,qal,inf
  • את: PRT,acc
  • צאן: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
  • בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 16:11 (verbal): Same context/background: David is identified as the youngest who 'keeps the sheep' of Jesse—establishes his role as a shepherd prior to his court service.
  • 1 Samuel 17:34-37 (thematic): Continuation of the shepherd motif: David recounts how he defended his sheep from a lion and a bear, explaining how his shepherding prepared him to face Goliath.
  • Psalm 23 (thematic): Prominent shepherd imagery associated with David (traditionally a Davidic psalm): the shepherd motif here resonates with David’s literal role as a shepherd in Bethlehem.
  • Psalm 78:70-72 (allusion): Portrays God’s choice of David and summarizes his pastoral leadership—'He shepherded them with integrity of heart'—linking David’s pastoral origins to his kingship.
  • Micah 5:2 (allusion): Reference to Bethlehem as the origin of a future ruler; connects the geographical detail (Bethlehem) of David’s shepherding to the motif of Bethlehem as the birthplace/source of Israel’s leaders.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And David went and returned from Saul to feed his father’s sheep at Bethlehem.
  • And David went and returned from Saul to tend his father's sheep at Bethlehem.
16 For the Philistine would come forward morning and evening and present himself forty days.

1 S.17.16 - Details

Original Text

ויגש הפלשתי השכם והערב ויתיצב ארבעים יום׃

Morphology

  • ויגש: VERB,qal,wayy,3,m,sg
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • השכם: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • והערב: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ויתיצב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • ארבעים: NUM,m,pl
  • יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Sam.17.23-25 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation — repeats the motif of Goliath presenting himself morning and evening and records the army’s response and Saul’s reward offer for his slayer.
  • 1 Sam.17.48-51 (structural): Narrative fulfillment — the same Philistine champion who came out daily is confronted and killed by David.
  • 1 Sam.17.36-37 (thematic): David’s explanation of his confidence — he cites past encounters with dangerous beasts as the grounding for confronting the Philistine who daily defied Israel.
  • 1 Sam.17.24 (thematic): Describes the effect of the Philistine’s daily challenges on Israel’s troops — they were dismayed and fled, providing context for the repeated taunting in v.16.
  • 2 Sam.21.15-22 (thematic): Later episodes of David and his men battling Philistine giants — a recurring theme of Israelite struggle against Philistine champions and giant warriors.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the Philistine would come up and defy Israel; and the man of war presented himself morning and evening for forty days.
  • And the Philistine came forward morning and evening and presented himself for forty days.
17 Jesse said to David his son, 'Take now for your brothers an ephah of this roasted grain and these ten loaves, and run to the camp to your brothers.

1 S.17.17 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר ישי לדוד בנו קח־ נא לאחיך איפת הקליא הזה ועשרה לחם הזה והרץ המחנה לאחיך׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • ישי: NOUN,prop,sg,m
  • לדוד: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • בנו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
  • קח: VERB,qal,impv,2,m,sg
  • נא: PART
  • לאחיך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,m,sg
  • איפת: PART
  • הקליא: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • ועשרה: NUM,m,pl
  • לחם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • והרץ: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,sg
  • המחנה: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • לאחיך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:20 (verbal): Continues the same action: David rises early, takes the ephah and loaves and goes to the camp to his brothers — a direct verbal and narrative parallel to v.17.
  • 1 Samuel 17:23 (structural): Describes David leaving the baggage and running to the battle-line as he approaches his brothers — a structural continuation of the journey begun in v.17.
  • 1 Samuel 17:28 (thematic): Eliab rebukes David for coming to the fight, reflecting the family tension and the theme of the youngest/least-regarded brother being disparaged despite being sent by his father (as in v.17).
  • 1 Samuel 17:34–37 (thematic): David recounts his past deeds against lion and bear to justify why he came to the camp and is fit to face Goliath — thematically connected to v.17, which explains the purpose of his mission to his brothers.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Then Jesse said to David his son, 'Take now for your brothers an ephah of this parched grain and these ten loaves, and run to the camp to your brothers.
  • And Jesse said to David his son, 'Take now for your brothers an ephah of this roasted grain and these ten loaves, and run to the camp to your brothers.'
18 And carry these ten cheeses to the captain of the thousand, and look after your brothers; bring back their pledge.'

1 S.17.18 - Details

Original Text

ואת עשרת חרצי החלב האלה תביא לשר־ האלף ואת־ אחיך תפקד לשלום ואת־ ערבתם תקח׃

Morphology

  • ואת: CONJ
  • עשרת: NUM,card,ten,cons
  • חרצי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • החלב: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • האלה: DEM,pl
  • תביא: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • לשר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg
  • האלף: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ואת: CONJ
  • אחיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
  • תפקד: VERB,qal,imperfect,2,ms
  • לשלום: PREP
  • ואת: CONJ
  • ערבתם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+3mp
  • תקח: VERB,qal,imperfect,2,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Sam 17:19 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: David receives the orders (to take the provisions to the captain and inquire about his brothers) and prepares to carry them—same episode, same instructions.
  • 1 Sam 17:20 (structural): Direct continuation of the action: David rises early, takes the food to the camp and meets the army—shows fulfillment of the command in v.18.
  • 2 Sam 17:28–29 (thematic): People bring cakes, bread and other provisions to David and his followers during Absalom's rebellion—parallels the motif of supplying food/provisions to a leader and his forces.
  • 1 Sam 30:11–12 (thematic): An Egyptian brings food and refreshment to David when exhausted and fleeing—another instance of someone providing sustenance to David/the warriors in a military context.
  • Gen 43:11 (thematic): Jacob instructs his sons to take a present and food to the ruler in Egypt (Joseph) and to bring back proof/assurance—parallel of bearing provisions to an authority and returning with confirmation.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And carry these ten cheeses to the captain of the thousand, and see how your brothers fare, and bring back their pledge to them.'
  • And carry these ten cheeses to the commander of the thousand, and look after your brothers' welfare and bring back their word.
19 Now Saul and they and all the men of Israel were in the valley of Elah, fighting with the Philistines.

1 S.17.19 - Details

Original Text

ושאול והמה וכל־ איש ישראל בעמק האלה נלחמים עם־ פלשתים׃

Morphology

  • ושאול: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • והמה: PRON,3,m,pl
  • וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
  • איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בעמק: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • האלה: DEM,pl
  • נלחמים: VERB,qal,ptcp,3,m,pl
  • עם: PREP
  • פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:1 (structural): Immediate parallel in the same narrative: the chapter opening sets the scene of the Philistines assembling for battle, framing the encounter in the Valley of Elah.
  • 1 Samuel 31:1 (verbal): Directly echoes the formula 'the Philistines fought against Israel' and depicts Saul and Israel engaged with the Philistines in battle, linking Saul’s reign to ongoing Philistine conflict.
  • 1 Samuel 14:52 (thematic): Summarizes Saul’s reign as characterized by persistent fighting with the Philistines—background context for the battle in the Valley of Elah.
  • 2 Samuel 5:17-25 (thematic): Describes later hostilities between Israel (under David) and the Philistines, showing the continuity of Israel’s conflicts with Philistia and echoing battlefield motifs and locales.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Now Saul and they and all the men of Israel were in the valley of Elah, fighting with the Philistines.
  • For Saul and they and all the men of Israel were in the valley of Elah, fighting with the Philistines.
20 David rose early in the morning, left the flock with a keeper, took the provisions, and went as Jesse had commanded him; and he came to the encampment as the army was going out to the battle and shouting.

1 S.17.20 - Details

Original Text

וישכם דוד בבקר ויטש את־ הצאן על־ שמר וישא וילך כאשר צוהו ישי ויבא המעגלה והחיל היצא אל־ המערכה והרעו במלחמה׃

Morphology

  • וישכם: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בבקר: PREP
  • ויטש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • הצאן: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • על: PREP
  • שמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • וישא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • וילך: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • כאשר: CONJ
  • צוהו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg+OBJ:3,m,sg
  • ישי: NOUN,prop,sg,m
  • ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • המעגלה: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • והחיל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
  • היצא: VERB,qal,part,ms,sg,def
  • אל: NEG
  • המערכה: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • והרעו: CONJ+VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,pl
  • במלחמה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Sam.17.15 (verbal): Same setting and language about David tending sheep and his routine of going between Bethlehem and Saul's presence; both verses foreground his shepherd role before the battle.
  • 1 Sam.17.17-19 (structural): Direct narrative precursor: Jesse sends David to bring provisions to his brothers at the camp — explains why David rises early and goes as described in 17:20.
  • 1 Sam.17.22 (verbal): Immediate narrative continuation: David arrives at the camp and is noticed by the troops — repeats the action of departing for and entering the battlefield scene.
  • 1 Sam.17.32 (thematic): Shows the purpose of David's presence at the camp — he volunteers to confront Goliath, linking his arrival (17:20) to his initiative in challenging the Philistine.
  • 1 Sam.17.48 (thematic): Depicts David running toward and engaging Goliath; thematically connected as the outcome of his coming to the camp and leaving his shepherd duties.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And David rose early in the morning, left the sheep with a keeper, took the provisions, and went as Jesse had commanded him; and he came to the encampment as the army was going out to the fight, shouting for battle.
  • And David rose early in the morning, left the flock with a keeper, took the provisions and ran as Jesse had commanded him; and he came to the camp as the army was going out to the fight.
21 And Israel and the Philistines drew up in battle array, army against army.

1 S.17.21 - Details

Original Text

ותערך ישראל ופלשתים מערכה לקראת מערכה׃

Morphology

  • ותערך: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,fs
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ופלשתים: CONJ+NOUN_PROP,m,pl,abs
  • מערכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • לקראת: PREP
  • מערכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 29:1 (verbal): Philistine forces are described as gathering their armies for battle (’assembled all their armies’), paralleling the image of Israel and the Philistines arrayed opposite one another.
  • 2 Samuel 5:17 (verbal): ’The Philistines came up and spread themselves in the valley of Rephaim’ — similar language of Philistine forces taking up position for battle against Israel.
  • Judges 7:11-12 (thematic): Gideon’s account of the Midianite camp pitched in the valley opposite Israel (’the camp of Midian was below him’) presents the same theme of two hosts arrayed face to face.
  • Joshua 10:5 (structural): The Amorite kings ’came up to fight against Gibeon,’ describing opposing armies mustering for battle and mirroring the structural scene of hosts drawn up against one another.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And Israel and the Philistines drew up for battle, army against army.
  • And Israel and the Philistines formed their ranks, army against army.
22 David left the things with the keeper of supplies, ran to the ranks, and went and greeted his brothers.

1 S.17.22 - Details

Original Text

ויטש דוד את־ הכלים מעליו על־ יד שומר הכלים וירץ המערכה ויבא וישאל לאחיו לשלום׃

Morphology

  • ויטש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • הכלים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • מעליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • על: PREP
  • יד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • שומר: PART,qal,ptcp,3,m,sg
  • הכלים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • וירץ: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • המערכה: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • וישאל: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • לאחיו: PREP
  • לשלום: PREP

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:20 (verbal): Same narrative moment earlier in the scene: David leaves his charge with a keeper and departs for the battlefield—verbal and situational overlap with v.22's 'left his things with the keeper.'
  • 1 Samuel 17:23 (structural): Immediate continuation/parallel within the chapter: both verses depict David running to the ranks and approaching his brothers—v.23 expands the same action described in v.22.
  • 1 Samuel 17:34–37 (thematic): David recounts running to confront a lion and a bear to rescue his sheep—the motif of running to meet danger and protect others provides the background for his courage in approaching the battle lines.
  • Exodus 2:11 (thematic): Moses 'went out to his brethren' and intervened on their behalf—parallel theme of leaving one's place to go toward and act for one's fellow countrymen/brethren in distress.

Alternative generated candidates

  • David left the baggage with the keeper of the baggage, ran to the ranks, and went and greeted his brothers.
  • And David left the things with the keeper of the supplies and ran to the ranks and came and greeted his brothers.
23 As he talked with them, behold, the champion—the Philistine, Goliath of Gath—came up out of the ranks of the Philistines and spoke the same words; and David heard them.

1 S.17.23 - Details

Original Text

והוא ׀ מדבר עמם והנה איש הבנים עולה גלית הפלשתי שמו מגת ממערכות פלשתים וידבר כדברים האלה וישמע דוד׃

Morphology

  • והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
  • מדבר: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
  • עמם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • והנה: ADV
  • איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הבנים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • עולה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • גלית: NOUN,prop,m,sg
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • שמו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • מגת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ממערכות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
  • וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • כדברים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • האלה: DEM,pl
  • וישמע: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:4 (verbal): Introduces the same Philistine champion, Goliath of Gath—the immediate verbal parallel that presents the challenger who speaks and whom David later hears.
  • 1 Samuel 17:8-10 (quotation): Records Goliath's repeated challenge to the Israelite army (the taunt offered daily), echoing the ‘words’ he speaks in 17:23–the substance of the provocation David overhears.
  • 1 Samuel 17:26 (thematic): Direct narrative continuation: David ‘heard’ the challenge and reacts (asks what will be done for the man who defeats the Philistine), linking hearing to David’s decision to engage.
  • 2 Samuel 21:19 (allusion): Parallel tradition about the Philistine giant(s) and their defeat (textual/chronicle variant concerning who killed Goliath or a related giant), connecting to the broader Goliath tradition referenced in 17:23.

Alternative generated candidates

  • As he was talking with them, behold, the champion, Goliath of Gath, came up out of the ranks of the Philistines and spoke the same words; and David heard them.
  • While he was speaking with them, behold, the champion, Goliath the Philistine of Gath, came up out of the ranks of the Philistines and spoke according to his former words; and David heard them.
24 When all the men of Israel saw the man, they fled from him and were much afraid.

1 S.17.24 - Details

Original Text

וכל איש ישראל בראותם את־ האיש וינסו מפניו וייראו מאד׃

Morphology

  • וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
  • איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בראותם: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • האיש: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • וינסו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl
  • מפניו: PREP+3ms
  • וייראו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • מאד: ADV

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:11 (verbal): Same scene and near-identical language: Saul and all Israel hear the Philistine and are 'dismayed and very much afraid'—directly parallels the fear of Israel on seeing Goliath.
  • Exodus 14:10 (verbal): When the Egyptians approached at the Red Sea 'the children of Israel were sore afraid'—similar wording and portrayal of national panic before an advancing enemy.
  • Numbers 14:9 (thematic): Moses and Joshua urge Israel 'Do not fear' the inhabitants of the land; thematically contrasts Israel's fear of a powerful foe with prophetic counsel not to be afraid.
  • Deuteronomy 1:28–29 (thematic): Spies' report causes Israel to be discouraged and afraid of the people and fortified cities; parallels the reaction of dread before a mighty warrior and the recurring motif of communal fear.

Alternative generated candidates

  • All the men of Israel, when they saw the man, fled from him and were much afraid.
  • And all the men of Israel, when they saw the man, fled from him and were greatly afraid.
25 And the men of Israel said, 'Have you seen this man who comes up? Surely he has come up to defy Israel. And the king will give great riches to the man who strikes him down; he will give him his daughter and will make his father's house free in Israel.'

1 S.17.25 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר ׀ איש ישראל הראיתם האיש העלה הזה כי לחרף את־ ישראל עלה והיה האיש אשר־ יכנו יעשרנו המלך ׀ עשר גדול ואת־ בתו יתן־ לו ואת בית אביו יעשה חפשי בישראל׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הראיתם: VERB,hifil,perf,2,m,pl
  • האיש: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • העלה: NOUN,f,sg,abs,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • לחרף: INFN,qal,inf
  • את: PRT,acc
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עלה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • האיש: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • יכנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יעשרנו: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
  • המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • עשר: NUM,card,m,sg,cons
  • גדול: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • ואת: CONJ
  • בתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • יתן: VERB,qal,imperf,3,m,sg
  • לו: PRON,3,m,sg
  • ואת: CONJ
  • בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אביו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
  • יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • חפשי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:26 (verbal): Immediate verbal parallel in the same episode—men of Israel challenge anyone who will fight the Philistine, denouncing him as defying Israel (same motif and language about the insolence of the challenger).
  • 1 Samuel 17:27 (verbal): Continuation of the same promise of reward: explicit statement that the man who kills the Philistine will be enriched, given the king's daughter, and his father's house freed—directly parallels and completes the clause in 17:25.
  • 1 Samuel 17:32-33 (thematic): David's response to the public offer and challenge: he volunteers to fight Goliath, engaging the theme of an unexpected champion answering the reward/taunt announced by Israel.
  • 1 Samuel 18:17-27 (structural): Narrative fulfillment and complication of the earlier promise: Saul's later treatment of David, the marriage to Michal as bride/transactional reward (with the 100 Philistine foreskins) and the transfer of gifts and honor echo the promise of riches and a king's daughter in 17:25–27.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the men of Israel said, 'Have you seen this man who comes up? Surely to defy Israel he comes up! And the man who kills him will be given great riches by the king, his daughter, and exemption for his father’s house in Israel.'
  • And the men of Israel said, 'Have you seen this man who comes up? Surely to defy Israel has he come. And it shall be, whoever kills him, the king will enrich him with great riches, will give him his daughter, and will make his father's house free in Israel.'
26 Then David spoke to the men who stood by him, saying, 'What will be done for the man who kills this Philistine and takes away the reproach from Israel? For who is this uncircumcised Philistine, that he should defy the armies of the living God?'

1 S.17.26 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר דוד אל־ האנשים העמדים עמו לאמר מה־ יעשה לאיש אשר יכה את־ הפלשתי הלז והסיר חרפה מעל ישראל כי מי הפלשתי הערל הזה כי חרף מערכות אלהים חיים׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • האנשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • העמדים: VERB,qal,ptc,0,m,pl
  • עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • לאמר: INF,qal,infc
  • מה: PRON,int
  • יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • לאיש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • יכה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הלז: PRON,dem,m,sg
  • והסיר: VERB,hifil,perf,3,m,sg
  • חרפה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • מעל: PREP
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • כי: CONJ
  • מי: PRON,interr,sg
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הערל: ADJ,m,sg,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • חרף: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • מערכות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • חיים: ADJ,m,pl,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:25 (verbal): Almost identical formulation earlier in the chapter promising reward to the man who kills the Philistine and 'removes the reproach' from Israel; direct verbal/structural parallel.
  • 1 Samuel 17:45-47 (thematic): David proclaims that the LORD will deliver Goliath into his hand so that Israel's enemies will know and the reproach against Israel will end—same theme of divine vindication and removal of shame.
  • Judges 3:16-22 (thematic): Ehud's lone slaying of the oppressive king Eglon delivers Israel from subjugation; parallels the motif of a single deliverer killing an enemy to remove Israel's humiliation.
  • Psalm 18:39-42 (thematic): The psalm celebrates God granting the warrior victory over his foes and routing enemies, a parallel in theme of divine aid that vindicates Israel and removes reproach.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And David said to the men standing by him, 'What shall be done to the man who kills this Philistine and removes this disgrace from Israel? For who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God?'
  • And David said to the men who stood by him, 'What shall be done to the man who kills this Philistine and removes the reproach from Israel? For who is this Philistine, that he should defy the armies of the living God?'
27 And the people answered him in the same way, 'So shall it be done to the man who kills him.'

1 S.17.27 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר לו העם כדבר הזה לאמר כה יעשה לאיש אשר יכנו׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לו: PRON,3,m,sg
  • העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • כדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • לאמר: INF,qal,infc
  • כה: ADV
  • יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • לאיש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • יכנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Sam 17:25 (verbal): Uses the same formulaic wording (כה יעשה) announcing what shall be done for the man who defeats the Philistine — a near-verbal parallel within the same episode.
  • 1 Sam 17:26 (thematic): Directly connected context: David asks what reward will be given to the slayer of the Philistine and the people's reply frames the promise repeated in v.27.
  • 1 Sam 17:50-54 (structural): Narrative fulfillment of the promise: David kills Goliath and the men of Israel rout and plunder the Philistines, showing the outcome and reward tied to the slayer.
  • 1 Sam 18:25-27 (thematic): Saul later sets a conditional reward (marriage / bride-price tied to killing Philistines). The passage echoes the motif of public reward/promises made for defeating Israel’s enemies.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the people answered him as he proposed, 'So shall it be done to the man who kills him.'
  • And the people answered him in this way, 'So shall it be done to the man who kills him.'
28 Now Eliab his oldest brother heard when he spoke to the men; and Eliab's anger burned against David, and he said, 'Why have you come down? And with whom have you left those few sheep in the wilderness? I know your pride and the insolence of your heart, for you have come down to see the battle.'

1 S.17.28 - Details

Original Text

וישמע אליאב אחיו הגדול בדברו אל־ האנשים ויחר־ אף אליאב בדוד ויאמר ׀ למה־ זה ירדת ועל־ מי נטשת מעט הצאן ההנה במדבר אני ידעתי את־ זדנך ואת רע לבבך כי למען ראות המלחמה ירדת׃

Morphology

  • וישמע: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • אליאב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אחיו: NOUN,3,m,sg,abs
  • הגדול: ADJ,m,sg,def
  • בדברו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
  • אל: NEG
  • האנשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • ויחר: VERB,qal,imf,3,m,sg
  • אף: ADV
  • אליאב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בדוד: PREP
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • למה: ADV
  • זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
  • ירדת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
  • ועל: CONJ+PREP
  • מי: PRON,interr,sg
  • נטשת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
  • מעט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הצאן: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ההנה: PRON,dem,m,sg,def
  • במדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אני: PRON,1,sg
  • ידעתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • זדנך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
  • ואת: CONJ
  • רע: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • לבבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • למען: PREP
  • ראות: VERB,qal,ptc,3,f,pl
  • המלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • ירדת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg

Parallels

  • Genesis 37:4 (thematic): Sibling jealousy and resentment of a younger brother—Joseph’s brothers ‘hated’ him and were angry at his presence, paralleling Eliab’s hostile reaction toward David.
  • 1 Samuel 17:26 (structural): Immediate narrative context: David’s earlier challenge to the Philistine provokes Eliab’s angry rebuke here; the verse is best read alongside v.26 which records what David said that elicited Eliab’s response.
  • 1 Samuel 16:7 (verbal): Contrasts human presumption about knowing a person’s heart with God’s insight: while Eliab claims ‘I know your pride and wickedness,’ 1 Sam 16:7 reminds readers that the LORD examines the heart, not outward appearance.
  • Matthew 27:18 (thematic): Pilate recognizes envy as the motive behind the crowd’s accusation of Jesus—paralleling the theme of hostile, envious motives behind attacks on a rising younger figure (David) in 1 Sam 17:28.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Now Eliab his eldest brother heard when he spoke to the men, and Eliab’s anger burned against David. He said, 'Why did you come down here? And with whom have you left those few sheep in the wilderness? I know your pride and the insolence of your heart, for you have come down to see the battle.'
  • Now Eliab his eldest brother heard when he spoke to the men, and Eliab's anger burned against David and he said, 'Why did you come down? And with whom have you left those few sheep in the wilderness? I know your pride and the wickedness of your heart, for you have come down to see the battle.'
29 And David said, 'What have I now done? Is there not a matter?'

1 S.17.29 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר דוד מה עשיתי עתה הלוא דבר הוא׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מה: PRON,int
  • עשיתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
  • עתה: ADV
  • הלוא: PART
  • דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הוא: PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:26 (verbal): Earlier in the same episode David had already questioned the reward/matter regarding the Philistine; both verses show David challenging the silence around the contest and asking about the issue at hand.
  • 1 Samuel 17:28 (verbal): Eliab's rebuke immediately precedes 17:29; David's line 'What have I done now?' is a direct reply to his brother's accusation, showing a defensive protest against being scolded.
  • 1 Samuel 17:30 (structural): This verse follows 17:29 in the narrative—Saul hears David's words and sends for him—so 17:29 functions as the turning point that brings David's motive into the king's attention.
  • 1 Samuel 17:32-37 (thematic): David's subsequent defense and claim of divine help (that he has fought lions and bears) develops the same theme implicit in 17:29: asserting a legitimate cause and personal qualification to confront the Philistine.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And David said, 'What have I now done? Is there not a cause?'
  • And David said, 'What have I done now? Is there not a matter?'
30 So he turned from him toward another and spoke in the same way; and the people gave him the same answer again.

1 S.17.30 - Details

Original Text

ויסב מאצלו אל־ מול אחר ויאמר כדבר הזה וישבהו העם דבר כדבר הראשון׃

Morphology

  • ויסב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • מאצלו: PREP
  • אל: NEG
  • מול: PREP
  • אחר: PREP
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • כדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • וישבהו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
  • העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • כדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הראשון: ADJ,m,sg,def

Parallels

  • 1 Sam.17.16 (verbal): Goliath presented himself 'morning and evening' for forty days, repeatedly taunting Israel — parallels the verse's emphasis on repeated speech and responses.
  • 1 Sam.17.28 (structural): Immediate context: Eliab rebukes David and the exchange continues; verse 30 reiterates the pattern of one speaking and the people answering as before.
  • 2 Sam.16.5-8 (thematic): Shimei persistently curses and taunts David during his flight from Absalom — a similar pattern of sustained verbal abuse in a public setting.
  • Matt.27.39-44 (thematic): Passersby and officials repeatedly mock and revile Jesus with the same taunts — analogous group responses and reiterated insults toward a single figure.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And he turned from him toward another and spoke in the same way; and the people reported the same words again.
  • And he turned away from him toward another and spoke in the same way, and the people answered him again as before.
31 And when the words were reported to Saul, he sent for him.

1 S.17.31 - Details

Original Text

וישמעו הדברים אשר דבר דוד ויגדו לפני־ שאול ויקחהו׃

Morphology

  • וישמעו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • הדברים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויגדו: VERB,piel,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
  • לפני: PREP
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויקחהו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Sam.17.32 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same scene: David's words are brought to Saul and Saul summons David (directly parallel within the same episode).
  • Gen.41.38-40 (thematic): Pharaoh hears of Joseph's interpretation/ability and summons him, then places him in a position of authority—parallel pattern of a ruler hearing a report about an individual's words or skill and taking decisive action.
  • 1 Sam.18.5-6 (thematic): News of David's success and the people's song reach Saul, provoking a royal response (jealousy and changing treatment of David); similar dynamic of a king reacting to reports about David's words/deeds.
  • 1 Kgs.3.16-28 (thematic): Two women bring a dispute before Solomon, who hears their words and summons them to render judgment—parallel structural pattern of a matter being reported and the king summoning the person(s) involved to decide or act.
  • 2 Sam.12.1-7 (thematic): Nathan brings a parable to King David; the king hears the story and pronounces judgment—another instance where spoken report or narrative addressed to a ruler produces an immediate royal response.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And they told Saul about the words which David had spoken. And Saul sent for him.
  • And the words that David spoke were heard and told before Saul; and he sent for him.
32 David said to Saul, 'Let no man's heart fail because of him; your servant will go and fight with this Philistine.'

1 S.17.32 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר דוד אל־ שאול אל־ יפל לב־ אדם עליו עבדך ילך ונלחם עם־ הפלשתי הזה׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • יפל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • לב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עליו: PREP,3,m,sg
  • עבדך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,ms
  • ילך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • ונלחם: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,pl
  • עם: PREP
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,prop,m,sg,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Sam. 17:45 (verbal): David's later declaration to Goliath continues the same intent and confidence — he directly confronts the Philistine and asserts he will fight in the name of the LORD.
  • 1 Sam. 17:36–37 (structural): These verses supply David's rationale for volunteering in 17:32 — recalling past deliverance from lion and bear and trusting God will deliver him from Goliath.
  • Joshua 1:9 (thematic): Both passages exhort courage in facing enemies with trust in God's presence and command to be strong and not afraid.
  • Ps. 27:1 (thematic): A parallel expression of fearless confidence in God as deliverer — 'whom shall I fear?' mirrors David's willingness to face a formidable foe.
  • Judges 6:12–16 (allusion): Gideon's divine commissioning to confront Israel's enemies (and his initial reluctance followed by assurance) parallels David's volunteering and reliance on God to fight on Israel's behalf.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And David said to Saul, 'Let no man’s heart fail because of him; your servant will go and fight with this Philistine.'
  • And David said to Saul, 'Let no man's heart fail because of him; your servant will go and fight with this Philistine.'
33 Saul said to David, 'You are not able to go against this Philistine to fight with him; for you are but a youth, and he has been a man of war from his youth.'

1 S.17.33 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר שאול אל־ דוד לא תוכל ללכת אל־ הפלשתי הזה להלחם עמו כי־ נער אתה והוא איש מלחמה מנעריו׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • תוכל: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • ללכת: VERB,qal,inf
  • אל: NEG
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,prop,m,sg,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • להלחם: VERB,hitp,inf
  • עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • נער: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
  • והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
  • איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • מנעריו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,construct+PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:32 (structural): David volunteers to fight Goliath, prompting Saul's response in v.33; the two verses form the immediate narrative exchange (youthly offer vs. royal objection).
  • 1 Samuel 17:37 (verbal): David asserts his past deliverances by God from lion and bear as grounds for confronting Goliath—this directly counters Saul's claim that David is merely a youth and unfit for battle.
  • 1 Samuel 17:38 (structural): Saul attempts to equip David with his own armor after declaring David unfit; this highlights the contrast between Saul's military expectations and David's unconventional approach.
  • Judges 6:15 (thematic): Gideon protests his inadequacy ('my clan is the weakest... I am the least in my father's house'), reflecting the common biblical motif of a humble or young figure being seen as unqualified for heroic divine service.
  • 2 Samuel 21:19 (allusion): A later text that refers to a conflict with a Philistine warrior (traditionally Goliath) and the involvement of David's men; it echoes the Goliath tradition and the theme of confronting mighty foes despite apparent disadvantage.

Alternative generated candidates

  • But Saul said to David, 'You are not able to go against this Philistine to fight with him; you are but a youth, and he has been a man of war from his youth.'
  • And Saul said to David, 'You are not able to go against this Philistine to fight with him; for you are but a youth, and he has been a man of war from his youth.'
34 But David said to Saul, 'Your servant used to keep his father's sheep. When a lion or a bear came and took a lamb from the flock,

1 S.17.34 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר דוד אל־ שאול רעה היה עבדך לאביו בצאן ובא הארי ואת־ הדוב ונשא שה מהעדר׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • רעה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • עבדך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,ms
  • לאביו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3,m,sg
  • בצאן: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ובא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • הארי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ואת: CONJ
  • הדוב: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ונשא: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • שה: PRON,rel
  • מהעדר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def

Parallels

  • 1 Sam. 17:36 (verbal): Immediate continuation of David’s speech recounting how he struck down the lion and the bear—same story and language (rescue of a lamb, hand-to-hand struggle).
  • 1 Sam. 17:37 (thematic): David appeals to Yahweh’s past deliverance from the lion and bear as the basis for confidence that God will deliver him from Goliath—same theme of divine rescue tied to the shepherd episode.
  • Ps. 78:70–72 (thematic): Describes God’s choice of David and his role as shepherd who cared for and led the people—echoes the image of David’s legitimacy grounded in his shepherding and protection of the flock.
  • Ps. 23:1–4 (thematic): Classic shepherd imagery emphasizing protection and deliverance from danger; parallels the motif of the shepherd defending sheep against threats (lion/bear) and trusting God’s care.
  • Ezek. 34:11–16 (structural): God as shepherd who seeks, rescues and defends the scattered sheep from predators—structurally parallels the protective shepherd motif and divine concern for the flock that underlies David’s actions.

Alternative generated candidates

  • David said to Saul, 'Your servant used to keep sheep for his father; and when a lion or a bear came and took a lamb from the flock,
  • And David said to Saul, 'Your servant used to keep his father's sheep; and when a lion or a bear came and took a lamb from the flock,
35 I went after it and struck it and delivered the lamb from its mouth; and when it rose against me, I seized it by its beard and struck and killed it.

1 S.17.35 - Details

Original Text

ויצאתי אחריו והכתיו והצלתי מפיו ויקם עלי והחזקתי בזקנו והכתיו והמיתיו׃

Morphology

  • ויצאתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
  • אחריו: PREP,3,m,sg
  • והכתיו: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg+OBJ,3,m,sg
  • והצלתי: VERB,hif,perf,1,m,sg
  • מפיו: PREP+NOUN+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ויקם: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • עלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • והחזקתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
  • בזקנו: PREP+NOUN+PRON,3,m,sg
  • והכתיו: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg+OBJ,3,m,sg
  • והמיתיו: VERB,hif,perf,1,m,sg+OBJ,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:34 (verbal): Immediate context: the same speech in which David recounts following a lion and a bear, delivering the lambs by striking and seizing the animal.
  • 1 Samuel 17:36 (verbal): Repetition of the same claim later in the narrative — David explicitly states he struck and killed both the lion and the bear that attacked his flock.
  • Judges 14:5-6 (thematic): Samson's encounter with and defeat of a lion (tearing it apart) is a parallel motif of a hero defeating a deadly animal threat to protect or advance his cause.
  • Psalm 18:34-39 (thematic): Davidic thanksgiving/war poems that celebrate God enabling David to prevail over deadly threats and enemies — echoes the theme of divine enablement in combat found in 1 Sam 17:35.
  • 2 Samuel 22:35-37 (structural): A parallel stanza to Psalm 18 in David's song of deliverance; speaks of God equipping the poet for battle and causing adversaries to fall, echoing the deliverance motif of the Goliath episode.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I went after it and struck it and delivered the lamb from its mouth; and when it rose against me, I seized it by its beard, struck it, and killed it.
  • I went after it and struck it and delivered it out of its mouth; and when it arose against me I caught it by its beard and struck and killed it.
36 Your servant has struck both the lion and the bear; and this uncircumcised Philistine shall be like one of them, for he has defied the armies of the living God.'

1 S.17.36 - Details

Original Text

גם את־ הארי גם־ הדוב הכה עבדך והיה הפלשתי הערל הזה כאחד מהם כי חרף מערכת אלהים חיים׃

Morphology

  • גם: ADV
  • את: PRT,acc
  • הארי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • גם: ADV
  • הדוב: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הכה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • עבדך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,ms
  • והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • הפלשתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,sg
  • הערל: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • כאחד: PREP
  • מהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • כי: CONJ
  • חרף: VERB,qal,perf,2,ms
  • מערכת: NOUN,f,sg,cstr
  • אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • חיים: ADJ,m,pl,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Sam.17.34-37 (structural): Immediate context: David explains how he killed both a lion and a bear while tending sheep and insists the LORD delivered him—this is the fuller narrative of the same claim in v.36.
  • 1 Sam.17.26 (quotation): Earlier in the chapter David asks rhetorically about 'this uncircumcised Philistine' who 'defies the armies of the living God'—the same charge repeated in v.36 (verbal parallel).
  • Judges 14:5-6 (thematic): Samson tears a lion apart with his hands—parallel motif of a divinely empowered hero overcoming a lion, used to demonstrate God‑given strength for a perilous fight.
  • Psalm 18:34-36 (cf. 2 Sam.22:34-36) (allusion): A Davidic thanksgiving in which God arms and enables the psalmist for battle and grants victory over enemies—echoes David's claim that God delivered him from deadly beasts and will deliver Goliath into his hand.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Your servant has struck both the lion and the bear; and this uncircumcised Philistine shall be like one of them, for he has defied the armies of the living God.'
  • Your servant has killed both lion and bear; and this uncircumcised Philistine shall be like one of them, for he has defied the armies of the living God.'
37 And David said, 'The LORD who delivered me from the paw of the lion and from the paw of the bear will deliver me from the hand of this Philistine.' And Saul said to David, 'Go, and the LORD be with you.'

1 S.17.37 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר דוד יהוה אשר הצלני מיד הארי ומיד הדב הוא יצילני מיד הפלשתי הזה ויאמר שאול אל־ דוד לך ויהוה יהיה עמך׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • הצלני: VERB,hif,perf,3,m,sg
  • מיד: PREP
  • הארי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ומיד: CONJ+PREP
  • הדב: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
  • יצילני: VERB,hif,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • מיד: PREP
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לך: PRON,2,m,sg
  • ויהוה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • עמך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2m

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:36 (verbal): Same claim in David's own words — the LORD rescued him from a lion and a bear; essentially a repetition/verbal parallel of the testimony in v.37.
  • 1 Samuel 17:49-50 (structural): Narrative fulfillment of David's confidence: God delivers David from the Philistine (Goliath) and brings victory to Israel, showing the promise in v.37 realized.
  • Psalm 144:1 (thematic): Both texts link divine empowerment for combat — God equips or trains the speaker for battle, underpinning confidence in God's deliverance.
  • Psalm 20:7 (thematic): Contrasts human military reliance with trust in the LORD's saving power, echoing David's reliance on God rather than conventional weapons or strength.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And David said, 'The LORD who delivered me from the paw of the lion and from the paw of the bear, he will deliver me from the hand of this Philistine.' And Saul said to David, 'Go, and the LORD be with you.'
  • And David said, 'The LORD who delivered me from the paw of the lion and from the paw of the bear will deliver me from the hand of this Philistine.' And Saul said to David, 'Go, and the LORD be with you.'
38 Then Saul clothed David with his armor; he put a bronze helmet on his head and clothed him with a coat of scale armor.

1 S.17.38 - Details

Original Text

וילבש שאול את־ דוד מדיו ונתן קובע נחשת על־ ראשו וילבש אתו שריון׃

Morphology

  • וילבש: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מדיו: NOUN,m,sg,suff_3ms
  • ונתן: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • קובע: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
  • נחשת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • על: PREP
  • ראשו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • וילבש: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
  • שריון: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Sam.17.39 (structural): Immediate literary continuation: David tries on Saul’s helmet and armor but then removes them and chooses his own sling and staff (same scene, contrasting Saul’s equipment with David’s approach).
  • 1 Sam.16.21-23 (thematic): Earlier relationship between Saul and David where David attends Saul and serves as his armor-bearer—connects the motif of Saul’s armor and David’s role in Saul’s court/army.
  • 1 Sam.18.4 (thematic): Jonathan gives David his robe and armor as symbols of royal favor and transfer of status—parallels the episode of royal garments/armour being offered and the symbolism of clothing as royal adoption or patronage.
  • 1 Sam.31.10 (thematic): After Saul’s death the Philistines strip him of his armor and fasten his body to the wall—the motif of armor as an external sign of kingship and of defeat/respectful disposal parallels how Saul’s armour features in narratives about his kingship and fall.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Saul clothed David with his armor and placed a bronze helmet on his head and clothed him with the coat of mail.
  • Then Saul clothed David with his own garments and put a bronze helmet on his head and clothed him with a coat of mail.
39 David strapped his sword over the armor and tried to walk, for he had not tested them. And David said to Saul, 'I cannot go with these, for I have not tested them.' So David removed them.

1 S.17.39 - Details

Original Text

ויחגר דוד את־ חרבו מעל למדיו ויאל ללכת כי לא־ נסה ויאמר דוד אל־ שאול לא אוכל ללכת באלה כי לא נסיתי ויסרם דוד מעליו׃

Morphology

  • ויחגר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • חרבו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m
  • מעל: PREP
  • למדיו: NOUN,m,pl,suff
  • ויאל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • ללכת: VERB,qal,inf
  • כי: CONJ
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • נסה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • אוכל: VERB,qal,part,1,m,sg
  • ללכת: VERB,qal,inf
  • באלה: PREP+DEM,pl
  • כי: CONJ
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • נסיתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
  • ויסרם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מעליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:40 (structural): Immediate continuation of the scene: after removing Saul's armor David selects five smooth stones and relies on his sling — the narrative contrast to Saul's gear.
  • 1 Samuel 17:45 (thematic): David explains why he rejects Saul's weapons: he will fight in the name of the LORD rather than by human sword or spear, emphasizing trust in God over armor.
  • Psalm 20:7 (thematic): Contrasts trust in military equipment with trust in God ('Some trust in chariots and some in horses... but we will trust in the name of the LORD'), echoing David's rejection of Saul's armor.
  • Isaiah 31:1 (thematic): A prophetic warning against relying on horses and chariots instead of the LORD — parallels the motif of not placing confidence in human military power.
  • Judges 15:15 (thematic): Samson's use of an improvised/unconventional weapon (the jawbone of a donkey) to defeat foes parallels David's choice to use his familiar sling rather than unfamiliar royal armor.

Alternative generated candidates

  • David fastened his sword over the armor and attempted to walk, for he had not tested them; and David said to Saul, 'I cannot go with these, for I have not proved them.' So David removed them.
  • And David girded his sword over his garments and tried to walk, for he had not tested them. And David said to Saul, 'I cannot walk with these, for I have not tried them.' So David put them off.
40 Then he took his staff in his hand, and chose five smooth stones from the brook, and put them in his shepherd's pouch, in the bag; his sling was in his hand, and he drew near to the Philistine.

1 S.17.40 - Details

Original Text

ויקח מקלו בידו ויבחר־ לו חמשה חלקי־ אבנים ׀ מן־ הנחל וישם אתם בכלי הרעים אשר־ לו ובילקוט וקלעו בידו ויגש אל־ הפלשתי׃

Morphology

  • ויקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • מקלו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
  • בידו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
  • ויבחר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • לו: PRON,3,m,sg
  • חמשה: NUM,m,pl
  • חלקי: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • אבנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • מן: PREP
  • הנחל: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • וישם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
  • בכלי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הרעים: ADJ,m,pl,def
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • לו: PRON,3,m,sg
  • ובילקוט: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וקלעו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
  • בידו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg
  • ויגש: VERB,qal,wayy,3,m,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def

Parallels

  • 1 Sam.17.49 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: the stone from David’s sling strikes the Philistine’s forehead and fells him—direct outcome of David taking stones and his sling.
  • 1 Sam.17.38-39 (structural): Contrasting episode: Saul offers his armor to David, who rejects it and instead takes staff, sling, and stones—this passage provides the immediate context for 17:40.
  • Ps.18:34 (thematic): Davidic psalm describing God’s training of the hands for war ('He teaches my hands to make war')—the verse echoes the theme of God‑enabled skill in combat manifested in David’s sling use.
  • Ps.144:1 (thematic): Prayer of a warrior-king ('Blessed be the LORD my rock... who trains my hands for war and my fingers for battle')—parallels the notion that David’s effectiveness with simple weapons is divinely enabled.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And he took his staff in his hand, chose five smooth stones from the brook, put them in his shepherd’s pouch, in his bag, and his sling was in his hand; and he drew near to the Philistine.
  • And he took his staff in his hand and chose him five smooth stones from the brook and put them in his shepherd's bag, in a pouch; and his sling was in his hand, and he drew near to the Philistine.
41 And the Philistine came on and drew near to David, while the man who bore the shield went before him.

1 S.17.41 - Details

Original Text

וילך הפלשתי הלך וקרב אל־ דוד והאיש נשא הצנה לפניו׃

Morphology

  • וילך: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • וקרב: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • והאיש: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
  • נשא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • הצנה: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • לפניו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:48 (verbal): Same scene—Goliath 'moved and came closer' to meet David; continues the image of the Philistine advancing toward David with his attendant.
  • 1 Samuel 17:20 (structural): Earlier summary statement that the Philistine came out 'morning and evening' to present himself—sets up the repeated advance of the champion described in v.41.
  • 1 Samuel 17:50 (structural): Immediate outcome of the encounter: after the Philistine advances, David runs toward him and defeats him—connects v.41's approach with the combat’s resolution.
  • 2 Samuel 21:19 (allusion): A later verse in a different tradition that mentions the slaying of a Philistine giant (Goliath/’Goliath the Gittite’ or a similar figure); thematically linked to the David–Goliath confrontation and its characters (champion, attendants).

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the Philistine moved and came near to David, with the shield-bearer before him.
  • And the Philistine came on and drew near to David, and the man who bore the shield went before him.
42 When the Philistine looked and saw David, he disdained him; for he was only a youth, ruddy and handsome in appearance.

1 S.17.42 - Details

Original Text

ויבט הפלשתי ויראה את־ דוד ויבזהו כי־ היה נער ואדמני עם־ יפה מראה׃

Morphology

  • ויבט: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • הפלשתי: VERB,hiphil,perf,1,m,sg
  • ויראה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויבזהו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • כי: CONJ
  • היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • נער: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואדמני: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • עם: PREP
  • יפה: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • מראה: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 16:7 (thematic): Contrasts human judgment by outward appearance with God's perspective — here Goliath despises David for his youth and looks, while 16:7 teaches that God values the heart rather than external appearance.
  • 1 Samuel 17:33 (verbal): Saul's response to David uses the same idea of David's youth and presumed inability to fight Goliath (‘you are not able… you are only a youth’), showing recurring contempt for David's age/status in the narrative.
  • Genesis 25:25 (verbal): Describes Esau as 'reddish'/'ruddy' (Hebrew אדמוני), echoing the physical descriptor applied to David here and linking the motif of a ruddy appearance in Israelite portraiture.
  • Judges 6:15 (thematic): Gideon protests his low status ('my family is the weakest… I am least'), paralleling the theme of an underestimated, unlikely hero whom God calls despite others' scorn.
  • Isaiah 53:2 (thematic): Speaks of the servant's lack of outward attractiveness ('no form or comeliness'), relating to the theme of appearance versus true worth — here, Goliath's scorn focuses on looks while the true value lies elsewhere.

Alternative generated candidates

  • When the Philistine looked and saw David, he scorned him, for he was only a youth, ruddy and handsome in appearance.
  • And when the Philistine saw David he disdained him; for he was a youth, ruddy and handsome in appearance.
43 The Philistine said to David, 'Am I a dog, that you come to me with sticks?' And the Philistine cursed David by his gods.

1 S.17.43 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר הפלשתי אל־ דוד הכלב אנכי כי־ אתה בא־ אלי במקלות ויקלל הפלשתי את־ דוד באלהיו׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אל: NEG
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הכלב: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אנכי: PRON,1,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
  • בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • במקלות: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,def
  • ויקלל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • את: PRT,acc
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • באלהיו: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Sam 17:45-47 (structural): Immediate literary response: David answers Goliath’s insult by invoking the LORD and declaring the confrontation is about God’s honor, continuing the same episode and contrasting Goliath’s mockery with David’s faith.
  • 2 Sam 16:9 (verbal): Shimei hurls a similar insult, calling David a 'dead dog' and cursing him—paralleling the use of 'dog' as a derogatory term and the motif of cursing the righteous.
  • Ps 22:16-18 (thematic): The psalmist describes surrounding enemies, reproach and contempt (including imagery of dogs); thematically parallels the experience of derision and threat faced by a righteous sufferer.
  • Matt 27:39-44 (thematic): Bypassers and leaders mock Jesus on the cross, taunting him and challenging God to save him—a New Testament instance of hostile ridicule directed at a divinely-commissioned or innocent sufferer, echoing Goliath’s scorn.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the Philistine said to David, 'Am I a dog, that you come at me with sticks?' And the Philistine cursed David by his gods.
  • And the Philistine said to David, 'Am I a dog, that you come to me with sticks?' And the Philistine cursed David by his gods.
44 And the Philistine said to David, 'Come to me, and I will give your flesh to the birds of the heavens and to the beasts of the field.'

1 S.17.44 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר הפלשתי אל־ דוד לכה אלי ואתנה את־ בשרך לעוף השמים ולבהמת השדה׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • הפלשתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לכה: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
  • אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • ואתנה: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • בשרך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,m
  • לעוף: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
  • השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • ולבהמת: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
  • השדה: NOUN,m,sg,def

Parallels

  • Psalm 79:2 (verbal): Uses the same motif/phrase of enemies exposing the dead to the birds of heaven and beasts of the earth—parallel verbal imagery of corpses given to scavengers.
  • Ezekiel 39:17-20 (thematic): God summons the birds and beasts to feed on the flesh of the fallen; shares the theme of fallen foes' bodies being food for scavengers as a sign of defeat.
  • Revelation 19:17-18 (thematic): Apocalyptic summons of the birds to a great feast to eat the flesh of kings and armies—echoes the taunt/imagery of feeding flesh to birds in a victory/defeat context.
  • 1 Kings 14:11 (allusion): Prophetic curse that dogs and birds will consume the dead of a condemned house—similar use of scavengers as a motif for disgrace and defeat.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the Philistine said to David, 'Come to me, and I will give your flesh to the birds of the air and to the beasts of the field.'
  • And the Philistine said to David, 'Come to me, and I will give your flesh to the birds of the air and to the beasts of the field.'
45 But David said to the Philistine, 'You come to me with sword and spear and javelin, but I come to you in the name of the LORD of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied.

1 S.17.45 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר דוד אל־ הפלשתי אתה בא אלי בחרב ובחנית ובכידון ואנכי בא־ אליך בשם יהוה צבאות אלהי מערכות ישראל אשר חרפת׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,prop,m,sg,def
  • אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
  • בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • בחרב: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ובחנית: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ובכידון: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואנכי: PRON,1,sg
  • בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
  • בשם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • צבאות: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • מערכות: NOUN,f,pl,cnst
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • חרפת: NOUN,f,sg,const

Parallels

  • Psalm 20:7 (verbal): Contrasts reliance on weapons with reliance on the LORD’s name—'some trust in chariots and some in horses... we trust in the name of the LORD our God,' echoing David’s claim to come in God's name rather than by sword.
  • Deuteronomy 20:4 (verbal): Promises that the LORD goes with Israel to fight their battles—parallels David’s appeal to the LORD of hosts as the true source of victory against a stronger foe.
  • Judges 7:2-7 (thematic): Gideon’s reduction of forces so that Israel’s victory would be attributed to God rather than human strength; both narratives emphasize divine, not military, agency in triumph.
  • Zechariah 4:6 (allusion): 'Not by might nor by power, but by my Spirit'—a theological principle resonant with David’s assertion that victory depends on God, not on human weapons or strength.
  • Romans 8:31 (thematic): 'If God is for us, who can be against us?'—New Testament echo of confidence that God’s presence secures victory against adversaries, reflecting David’s trust in the LORD over human arms.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Then David said to the Philistine, 'You come to me with a sword and with a spear and with a javelin, but I come to you in the name of the LORD of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied.
  • Then David said to the Philistine, 'You come to me with sword and spear and javelin, but I come to you in the name of the LORD of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied.
46 This day the LORD will deliver you into my hand, and I will strike you down and cut off your head; and I will give the dead bodies of the camp of the Philistines this day to the birds of the air and to the wild beasts of the earth, that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel.

1 S.17.46 - Details

Original Text

היום הזה יסגרך יהוה בידי והכיתך והסרתי את־ ראשך מעליך ונתתי פגר מחנה פלשתים היום הזה לעוף השמים ולחית הארץ וידעו כל־ הארץ כי יש אלהים לישראל׃

Morphology

  • היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • יסגרך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • בידי: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,suff1s
  • והכיתך: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
  • והסרתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • ראשך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,m
  • מעליך: PREP,2,m
  • ונתתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
  • פגר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מחנה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
  • היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • לעוף: INF,qal
  • השמים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • ולחית: PREP+NOUN,f,sg
  • הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • וידעו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
  • כל: DET
  • הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • כי: CONJ
  • יש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • לישראל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Ezekiel 39:17-20 (verbal): Explicit depiction of birds and beasts feeding on the corpses of Israel's enemies as a divinely-wrought spectacle—parallels David's promise to give the Philistine carcasses to birds and beasts.
  • Exodus 9:16 (thematic): God declares he has raised up Pharaoh to display his power and make his name known throughout the earth—echoes David's claim that defeating Goliath will make the nations know there is a God of Israel.
  • Judges 7:22 (thematic): Gideon's miraculous rout of the Midianites—God granting victory to an unlikely Israelite to demonstrate divine deliverance and vindicate God's power on behalf of Israel.
  • Deuteronomy 4:7-8 (thematic): Speaks of Israel's unique relationship with God and how his deeds among them reveal his existence and wisdom to the nations—parallels the stated purpose of David's proclamation.
  • 1 Samuel 17:50-51 (structural): Immediate narrative fulfillment: David kills Goliath and cuts off his head, providing the concrete action that realizes the threat to the Philistine corpses and the demonstration of God's power.

Alternative generated candidates

  • This day the LORD will deliver you into my hand, and I will strike you down and cut off your head; and I will give the dead bodies of the host of the Philistines this day to the birds of the air and to the beasts of the earth, that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel.'
  • This day the LORD will deliver you into my hand, and I will strike you and take your head from you; and I will give the dead bodies of the host of the Philistines this day to the birds of the air and the beasts of the earth, that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel.
47 And that all this assembly may know that the LORD saves not with sword and spear; for the battle is the LORD's, and he will give you into our hand.'

1 S.17.47 - Details

Original Text

וידעו כל־ הקהל הזה כי־ לא בחרב ובחנית יהושיע יהוה כי ליהוה המלחמה ונתן אתכם בידנו׃

Morphology

  • וידעו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
  • כל: DET
  • הקהל: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • בחרב: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ובחנית: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • יהושיע: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • כי: CONJ
  • ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
  • המלחמה: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • ונתן: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
  • בידנו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,1,_,pl

Parallels

  • Exod.14.14 (verbal): Both declare that the LORD fights on behalf of his people (“The LORD will fight for you…”), emphasizing divine, not human, agency in battle.
  • Deut.20.4 (verbal): Explicit statement that the LORD goes with Israel to fight for them against their enemies, echoing the claim that victory belongs to the LORD rather than to sword or spear.
  • 2 Chron.20.15 (verbal): Near-identical sentiment: ‘the battle is not yours but God’s’ (or ‘the battle is the LORD’s’), used to reassure Israel that God will deliver them.
  • Judg.7.2,22 (thematic): Gideon’s victory is presented as the LORD’s doing (the LORD routed the enemy), paralleling David’s claim that God, not weapons, secures victory.
  • Ps.33.16-17 (thematic): Affirms that human arms and armies do not save; trust in the LORD, not military strength, is decisive—theme shared with 1 Sam 17:47.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And that all this assembly may know that the LORD saves not by sword or spear; for the battle is the LORD’s, and he will give you into our hand.'
  • And that all this assembly may know that the LORD saves not by sword and spear; for the battle is the LORD's, and he will give you into our hands.'
48 When the Philistine arose and came and drew near to meet David, David ran quickly toward the battle line to meet the Philistine.

1 S.17.48 - Details

Original Text

והיה כי־ קם הפלשתי וילך ויקרב לקראת דוד וימהר דוד וירץ המערכה לקראת הפלשתי׃

Morphology

  • והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • קם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • וילך: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • ויקרב: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • לקראת: PREP
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וימהר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וירץ: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • המערכה: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • לקראת: PREP
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def

Parallels

  • 1 Sam 17:49 (verbal): Immediate continuation: David runs toward Goliath and then hurls a stone, striking and incapacitating him—directly follows and completes the action of v.48.
  • 1 Sam 17:50 (structural): Summary of outcome: David's running attack results in the Philistine's death and Israel's rout—parallels v.48 as the concluding report of the encounter.
  • 1 Sam 14:14 (thematic): Jonathan (with one companion) attacks Philistine outposts with swift, bold action—similar motif of a small Israelite force rushing to meet a Philistine foe.
  • Judges 7:20 (thematic): Gideon and his men run down the slope to rout the Midianites after surprising them—parallels the sudden, running assault by a smaller force against larger enemies.
  • 1 Chron 20:5 (thematic): Account of an Israelite slaying a Philistine giant (Lahmi, brother of Gath's giant); echoes the larger theme of Israelite single combat against Philistine giants exemplified in David's charge.

Alternative generated candidates

  • When the Philistine arose and came and drew near to meet David, David ran quickly toward the battle line to meet him.
  • When the Philistine arose and came and drew near to meet David, David hurried and ran toward the army to meet the Philistine.
49 And David put his hand in his bag and took out a stone and slung it and struck the Philistine on his forehead; the stone sank into his forehead, and he fell on his face to the earth.

1 S.17.49 - Details

Original Text

וישלח דוד את־ ידו אל־ הכלי ויקח משם אבן ויקלע ויך את־ הפלשתי אל־ מצחו ותטבע האבן במצחו ויפל על־ פניו ארצה׃

Morphology

  • וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • ידו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • הכלי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ויקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • משם: PREP
  • אבן: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ויקלע: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • ויך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אל: NEG
  • מצחו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,3ms
  • ותטבע: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,f,sg
  • האבן: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • במצחו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,3ms
  • ויפל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • על: PREP
  • פניו: NOUN,m,pl,cons+3,m,sg
  • ארצה: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:40 (verbal): Describes David taking five smooth stones and preparing his sling—directly sets up the stone-throwing recounted in v.49.
  • 1 Samuel 17:50 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: after the stone strikes Goliath, David finishes him and the Philistines flee—shows outcome of the blow in v.49.
  • 2 Samuel 21:19 (allusion): Reports a tradition in which Elhanan kills a Philistine giant (textual variation related to the Goliath tradition), relevant for comparing ancient accounts of the giant's death.
  • 1 Chronicles 20:5 (allusion): Parallel account of a giant's slaying (names differ—Lahmi, brother of Goliath) that reflects variant traditions about Davidic-era giant-killings tied to the Goliath narrative.
  • 1 Corinthians 1:27 (thematic): Paul's theme that God chooses the weak to shame the strong parallels David's victory: a young shepherd with a sling defeats a mighty warrior, illustrating God's use of the lowly.

Alternative generated candidates

  • David put his hand in his bag and took out a stone and slung it and struck the Philistine on his forehead; and the stone sank into his forehead, and he fell on his face to the earth.
  • And David put his hand in his bag and took out a stone and slung it and struck the Philistine on his forehead; the stone sank into his forehead, and he fell on his face to the ground.
50 So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and a stone, and struck him and killed him, though he had no sword in his hand.

1 S.17.50 - Details

Original Text

ויחזק דוד מן־ הפלשתי בקלע ובאבן ויך את־ הפלשתי וימיתהו וחרב אין ביד־ דוד׃

Morphology

  • ויחזק: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מן: PREP
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • בקלע: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ובאבן: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ויך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • וימיתהו: VERB,hif,impf,3,m,sg,clit:3,m,sg
  • וחרב: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • אין: PART,neg
  • ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:49 (verbal): Immediate narrative parallel describing David's sling and stone that struck Goliath—same action and result as v.50.
  • 1 Samuel 17:45-47 (thematic): David's proclamation that the Lord will deliver Goliath into his hand provides the theological motive for the victory recorded in v.50.
  • 2 Samuel 21:19 (structural): A parallel account of a giant's death that presents a textual variant (Elhanan credited with killing Goliath in some traditions), relevant for comparing traditions about who killed the Philistine champion.
  • 1 Chronicles 20:5 (structural): Chronicles preserves a related tradition that Elhanan killed Lahmi, brother of Goliath, resolving the apparent discrepancy with 2 Samuel and illuminating the transmission of the Goliath tradition.
  • 1 Corinthians 1:27 (thematic): New Testament theological parallel: God often uses the weak and unexpected means (the 'foolish' and 'weak') to defeat the strong—echoing David's victory with a sling rather than sword.

Alternative generated candidates

  • So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a stone; and he struck the Philistine and killed him, though David had no sword in his hand.
  • So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and a stone and struck the Philistine and killed him; there was no sword in David's hand.
51 Then David ran and stood over the Philistine and took his sword and drew it from its sheath and killed him and cut off his head; when the Philistines saw that their champion was dead, they fled.

1 S.17.51 - Details

Original Text

וירץ דוד ויעמד אל־ הפלשתי ויקח את־ חרבו וישלפה מתערה וימתתהו ויכרת־ בה את־ ראשו ויראו הפלשתים כי־ מת גבורם וינסו׃

Morphology

  • וירץ: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויעמד: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,prop,m,sg,def
  • ויקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • חרבו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m
  • וישלפה: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg,obj:3,f,sg
  • מתערה: NOUN,f,sg,abs+prep:m
  • וימתתהו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg,obj:3,m,sg
  • ויכרת: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • בה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • ראשו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ויראו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • הפלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • כי: CONJ
  • מת: ADJ,m,sg
  • גבורם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,pl
  • וינסו: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:50 (structural): Immediate parallel within the same episode: v.50 narrates David's killing of Goliath with the stone; v.51 continues with David taking the Philistine's sword, beheading him, and prompting the Philistine rout.
  • Judges 4:21–22 (thematic): Jael's killing of the Canaanite commander Sisera and the subsequent rout of his forces parallels the motif of a leader's death precipitating the enemy's flight.
  • 2 Samuel 1:6–10 (thematic): The Amalekite's report of Saul's death (claiming to have killed him and taken/removed his head) echoes the beheading motif and the significance attached to a defeated leader's corpse.
  • 1 Chronicles 20:5 (allusion): The chronicler's account of Elhanan striking down the brother of Goliath (cf. the Goliath tradition) echoes the theme of Israelite warriors killing Philistine champions and the verbal tradition surrounding giant-slaying.
  • 1 Samuel 31:8–10 (thematic): The Philistines' treatment of Saul's corpse (mutilation and public display) provides a thematic counterpoint: enemy leaders' deaths determine the victor's response and the dishonouring or display of defeated foes.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Then David ran and stood over the Philistine and took his sword and drew it out of its sheath and killed him; and he cut off his head with it. When the Philistines saw that their champion was dead, they fled.
  • Then David ran and stood over the Philistine and took his sword and drew it out of its sheath and killed him and cut off his head with it; and when the Philistines saw that their champion was dead they fled.
52 And the men of Israel and Judah arose with a shout and pursued the Philistines as far as the gates of Ekron; the slain of the Philistines fell along the road to Shaaraim, even to Gath and to Ekron.

1 S.17.52 - Details

Original Text

ויקמו אנשי ישראל ויהודה וירעו וירדפו את־ הפלשתים עד־ בואך גיא ועד שערי עקרון ויפלו חללי פלשתים בדרך שערים ועד־ גת ועד־ עקרון׃

Morphology

  • ויקמו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
  • אנשי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויהודה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וירעו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • וירדפו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • הפלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • עד: PREP
  • בואך: PREP,when+NOUN,m,sg+PRON,2,m,sg
  • גיא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ועד: CONJ+PREP
  • שערי: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
  • עקרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויפלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • חללי: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
  • פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
  • בדרך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • שערים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ועד: CONJ+PREP
  • גת: NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs
  • ועד: CONJ+PREP
  • עקרון: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Joshua 10:10-11 (structural): Narrative pattern of a decisive victory followed by a chaotic rout and a pursuit of the fleeing enemy along roads to named towns (pursuit to Beth-horon/Azekah echoes pursuit to Ekron/Gath).
  • Judges 7:22, 25 (thematic): After divine intervention the enemy panics and is pursued/captured; similar motif of God-caused rout followed by Israelite pursuit and taking of enemy leaders/places.
  • 2 Samuel 5:20-21 (verbal): David inquires of the LORD, wins a battle against the Philistines and pursues them, striking them and removing them from territory — parallels Davidic combat with Philistines and aftermath of pursuit.
  • 1 Samuel 7:10-11 (allusion): Earlier Israelite victory over the Philistines at Samuel's time that ends in a pursuit and subjugation of Philistine forces; recalls same theme of deliverance and pursuit to Philistine locations (Ekron region).

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the men of Israel and Judah arose and shouted and pursued the Philistines as far as Gai and as far as the gates of Ekron; and the slain of the Philistines fell along the road to Shaaraim as far as Gath and Ekron.
  • And the men of Israel and Judah arose and shouted and pursued the Philistines as far as the valley and to the gates of Ekron; and the slain fell along the road to the gate of Gath and to Ekron.
53 And the Israelites returned from chasing the Philistines and plundered their camp.

1 S.17.53 - Details

Original Text

וישבו בני ישראל מדלק אחרי פלשתים וישסו את־ מחניהם׃

Morphology

  • וישבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מדלק: PREP
  • אחרי: PREP
  • פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
  • וישסו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • מחניהם: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:3,m,pl

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:52 (verbal): Immediate context: v.52 reports Israel and Judah rising and pursuing the Philistines; v.53 completes the action—entering and plundering the Philistine camp. Very close verbal/structural continuation.
  • Judges 7:22-25 (thematic): Gideon's victory: Israel pursues the routed enemy and seizes the spoil (messengers sent to take the plunder). Parallels the motif of pursuit after divine deliverance and taking the enemy's camp/goods.
  • 1 Samuel 14:20-23 (structural): Earlier episode in the same book where Jonathan/Saul's forces rout the Philistines and the Israelites press the pursuit. Similar narrative pattern of rout, pursuit, and exploitation of enemy defeat.
  • 1 Samuel 30:16-20 (thematic): David pursues the Amalekite raiders, recovers the goods they carried off, and distributes the spoil. Echoes the themes of pursuit, recovery/plunder, and distribution following a victorious encounter.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the Israelites returned from pursuing the Philistines and plundered their camp.
  • And the Israelites returned from chasing the Philistines and plundered their camp.
54 David took the head of the Philistine and brought it to Jerusalem, but he put the Philistine's armor in his tent.

1 S.17.54 - Details

Original Text

ויקח דוד את־ ראש הפלשתי ויבאהו ירושלם ואת־ כליו שם באהלו׃

Morphology

  • ויקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • ראש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ויבאהו: CONJ+VERB,hiph,perf,3,mp
  • ירושלם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ואת: CONJ
  • כליו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3ms
  • שם: ADV
  • באהלו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:50 (verbal): Immediate context of the same episode: David strikes and kills the Philistine (Goliath), leading directly to taking the head—verbal and narrative overlap.
  • 1 Samuel 17:51 (verbal): Parallel verse in the same episode describing David's use of the enemy's sword and the taking of the Philistine's head—same actions and wording in different verse divisions.
  • 1 Samuel 31:10 (thematic): The Philistines treat Saul's corpse as a trophy—stripping armor and displaying the head—provides a thematic contrast/parallel in the handling of a defeated foe's body and armor.
  • 2 Samuel 4:8–12 (structural): Rechab and Baanah behead Ish‑bosheth and bring his head to David—structurally similar motif of presenting an enemy's head to a city/leader as proof and trophy.
  • 2 Samuel 21:19 (allusion): Textual/allusive problem concerning who killed Goliath (Elhanan vs. David). This passage is often cited in discussions of the Goliath tradition and intertextual variants about the slayer and the head.

Alternative generated candidates

  • David took the head of the Philistine and brought it to Jerusalem; but he put his armor in his tent.
  • And David took the head of the Philistine and brought it to Jerusalem, and put his armor in his tent.
55 When Saul saw David going out against the Philistine, he said to Abner, the commander of the army, 'Whose son is this youth, Abner?' Abner said, 'As your soul lives, O king, I cannot tell.'

1 S.17.55 - Details

Original Text

וכראות שאול את־ דוד יצא לקראת הפלשתי אמר אל־ אבנר שר הצבא בן־ מי־ זה הנער אבנר ויאמר אבנר חי־ נפשך המלך אם־ ידעתי׃

Morphology

  • וכראות: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יצא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לקראת: PREP
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • אבנר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • שר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הצבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מי: PRON,interr,sg
  • זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
  • הנער: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אבנר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אבנר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • חי: ADJ,m,sg
  • נפשך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,2,m
  • המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אם: CONJ
  • ידעתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 17:58 (verbal): Direct parallel question: after the victory Saul repeats the same question to David — 'Whose son are you, young man?' — providing the immediate answer to Abner's claimed ignorance.
  • 1 Samuel 16:13 (allusion): Earlier in the narrative Samuel anoints David as future king; this allusion highlights dramatic irony that Abner (and Saul) do not recognize David's significance.
  • 1 Samuel 16:21–23 (thematic): David is already serving Saul as a musician/servant in the royal court; this passage thematically contrasts prior contact with Saul against Abner's professed lack of knowledge about David's identity.
  • 1 Samuel 17:50 (structural): The immediate narrative cause: David's defeat of Goliath precipitates the question about his origin — verse 50 (the victory) and 55 (the inquiry) form a structural cause-and-effect pair in the episode.

Alternative generated candidates

  • When Saul saw David go out against the Philistine, he said to Abner, the commander of the army, 'Whose son is this youth, Abner?' And Abner said, 'As your soul lives, O king, I cannot tell.'
  • And when Saul saw David go out against the Philistine he said to Abner the commander of the army, 'Whose son is this youth, Abner?' And Abner said, 'As your soul lives, O king, I cannot tell.'
56 The king said, 'Inquire whose son the stripling is.'

1 S.17.56 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר המלך שאל אתה בן־ מי־ זה העלם׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • המלך: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • שאל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
  • בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מי: PRON,interr,sg
  • זה: PRON,dem,m,sg
  • העלם: NOUN,m,sg,def

Parallels

  • 1 Sam.17.57-58 (structural): Immediate continuation of the episode: the king asks whose son the youth is, and David is identified as Jesse’s son—direct narrative parallel and resolution of the question.
  • 1 Sam.16.11 (thematic): When Samuel arrives at Jesse’s house he asks about the sons present (‘Are these all your sons?’) — similar concern with a young man’s identity and lineage in the Davidic context.
  • Gen.37.31-33 (thematic): After Joseph’s coat is presented, Jacob is asked to identify whether it is his son’s coat (‘Know now whether it be thy son's coat or no’)—a question of parentage prompted by a dramatic event.
  • John 9.20-21 (thematic): Neighbors and onlookers ask the healed man’s parents, ‘Is this your son?’ — parallels the communal astonishment and immediate questioning of a young man’s identity following an extraordinary act.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the king said, 'Inquire whose son the young man is.'
  • And the king said, 'Inquire whose son the young man is.'
57 When David returned from killing the Philistine, Abner took him and brought him before Saul, with the Philistine's head in his hand.

1 S.17.57 - Details

Original Text

וכשוב דוד מהכות את־ הפלשתי ויקח אתו אבנר ויבאהו לפני שאול וראש הפלשתי בידו׃

Morphology

  • וכשוב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מהכות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ויקח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
  • אבנר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויבאהו: CONJ+VERB,hiph,perf,3,mp
  • לפני: PREP
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וראש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הפלשתי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • בידו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Sam.17.54 (verbal): Same episode described from another angle: David (or the text) takes the Philistine's head — the wording about the head and the armor closely parallels v.57's mention of the Philistine's head.
  • 1 Sam.17.58 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: David is brought before Saul. v.58 and v.57 are alternate / overlapping reports of the same movement of David to Saul's presence.
  • 2 Sam.4:8-12 (thematic): Rechab and Baanah cut off Ish-bosheth's head and bring it to David as proof of the deed. Parallel motif of severed head brought to a ruler and presented as trophy or evidence.
  • Matt.14:8-11 (allusion): John the Baptist is beheaded and his head is presented (on a platter) — a later literary and cultural echo of the motif of severed heads displayed or delivered as proof/reward.

Alternative generated candidates

  • When David returned from the slaughter of the Philistine, Abner took him and brought him before Saul, with the head of the Philistine in his hand.
  • When David had returned from striking the Philistine Abner took him and brought him before Saul, and the head of the Philistine was in David's hand.
58 And Saul said to him, 'Whose son are you, young man?' And David said, 'I am the son of your servant Jesse of Bethlehem.'

1 S.17.58 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר אליו שאול בן־ מי אתה הנער ויאמר דוד בן־ עבדך ישי בית הלחמי׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • שאול: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מי: PRON,interr,sg
  • אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
  • הנער: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • דוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עבדך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,ms
  • ישי: NOUN,prop,sg,m
  • בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הלחמי: ADJ,ms,sg,def

Parallels

  • 1 Sam.16:11-13 (verbal): David is previously introduced as the son of Jesse of Bethlehem and is anointed by Samuel—same identification and background as in 17:58.
  • 1 Sam.17:12 (structural): Earlier in the same chapter the narrator identifies David explicitly as the youngest son of Jesse of Bethlehem, reinforcing the information David gives Saul in v.58.
  • 1 Sam.17:57 (structural): The lines immediately preceding v.58 record Saul asking who the young man was and David being brought before Saul—v.58 supplies David’s reply, forming a direct pair with v.57.
  • Micah 5:2 (allusion): Bethlehem is named as the place from which a future ruler of Israel will come—connects David’s identification as ‘of Bethlehem’ to the motif of Bethlehem as the origin of Israel’s leader.
  • Ps.78:70-72 (thematic): Psalm recounts God choosing David, the son of Jesse, as shepherd of Israel—echoes the portrayal of David’s origins and his role introduced by his identification as Jesse’s son from Bethlehem.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And Saul said to him, 'Whose son are you, young man?' And David said, 'I am the son of your servant Jesse of Bethlehem.'
  • And Saul said to him, 'Whose son are you, young man?' And David said, 'I am the son of your servant Jesse of Bethlehem.'

Now the Philistines assembled their forces for war; they assembled at Shochoh, which belongs to Judah, and they camped between Shochoh and Azekah in Ephes-dammim.

Saul and the men of Israel assembled and camped in the valley of Elah and drew up in battle array opposite the Philistines.

The Philistines stood on one mountain and Israel stood on the other, with the valley between them. And a man of the Philistines came out from their ranks; his name was Goliath of Gath. He was six cubits and a span tall.

He wore a bronze helmet on his head and a coat of scale armor; the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of bronze.

He had bronze greaves on his legs and a bronze javelin slung between his shoulders.

The shaft of his spear was like a weaver’s beam, and the iron point of his spear weighed six hundred shekels; his shield-bearer marched before him. And he stood and cried to the ranks of Israel, 'Why have you come out to draw up for battle? Am I not a Philistine, and are you not servants of Saul? Choose a man for yourselves and let him come down to me.'

'If he is able to fight with me and strike me down, then we will be your servants; but if I prevail against him and strike him down, then you shall be our servants and serve us.'

The Philistine said, 'I defy the ranks of Israel this day; give me a man that we may fight together.'

When Saul and all Israel heard these words of the Philistine, they were dismayed and greatly afraid. Now David was the son of an Ephrathite of Bethlehem in Judah, whose name was Jesse; he had eight sons, and the man in the days of Saul was old and advanced in years.

The three eldest of Jesse's sons went and followed Saul to the battle—now the names of his three who went to the battle were Eliab the firstborn, next Abinadab, and the third Shammah.

David was the youngest. The three eldest followed Saul,

but David went back and forth from Saul to tend his father's sheep at Bethlehem.

For the Philistine would come forward morning and evening and present himself forty days.

Jesse said to David his son, 'Take now for your brothers an ephah of this roasted grain and these ten loaves, and run to the camp to your brothers. And carry these ten cheeses to the captain of the thousand, and look after your brothers; bring back their pledge.' Now Saul and they and all the men of Israel were in the valley of Elah, fighting with the Philistines.

David rose early in the morning, left the flock with a keeper, took the provisions, and went as Jesse had commanded him; and he came to the encampment as the army was going out to the battle and shouting. And Israel and the Philistines drew up in battle array, army against army.

David left the things with the keeper of supplies, ran to the ranks, and went and greeted his brothers.

As he talked with them, behold, the champion—the Philistine, Goliath of Gath—came up out of the ranks of the Philistines and spoke the same words; and David heard them.

When all the men of Israel saw the man, they fled from him and were much afraid. And the men of Israel said, 'Have you seen this man who comes up? Surely he has come up to defy Israel. And the king will give great riches to the man who strikes him down; he will give him his daughter and will make his father's house free in Israel.'

Then David spoke to the men who stood by him, saying, 'What will be done for the man who kills this Philistine and takes away the reproach from Israel? For who is this uncircumcised Philistine, that he should defy the armies of the living God?' And the people answered him in the same way, 'So shall it be done to the man who kills him.' Now Eliab his oldest brother heard when he spoke to the men; and Eliab's anger burned against David, and he said, 'Why have you come down? And with whom have you left those few sheep in the wilderness? I know your pride and the insolence of your heart, for you have come down to see the battle.' And David said, 'What have I now done? Is there not a matter?' So he turned from him toward another and spoke in the same way; and the people gave him the same answer again. And when the words were reported to Saul, he sent for him.

David said to Saul, 'Let no man's heart fail because of him; your servant will go and fight with this Philistine.'

Saul said to David, 'You are not able to go against this Philistine to fight with him; for you are but a youth, and he has been a man of war from his youth.' But David said to Saul, 'Your servant used to keep his father's sheep. When a lion or a bear came and took a lamb from the flock,

I went after it and struck it and delivered the lamb from its mouth; and when it rose against me, I seized it by its beard and struck and killed it.

Your servant has struck both the lion and the bear; and this uncircumcised Philistine shall be like one of them, for he has defied the armies of the living God.' And David said, 'The LORD who delivered me from the paw of the lion and from the paw of the bear will deliver me from the hand of this Philistine.' And Saul said to David, 'Go, and the LORD be with you.'

Then Saul clothed David with his armor; he put a bronze helmet on his head and clothed him with a coat of scale armor.

David strapped his sword over the armor and tried to walk, for he had not tested them. And David said to Saul, 'I cannot go with these, for I have not tested them.' So David removed them.

Then he took his staff in his hand, and chose five smooth stones from the brook, and put them in his shepherd's pouch, in the bag; his sling was in his hand, and he drew near to the Philistine. And the Philistine came on and drew near to David, while the man who bore the shield went before him.

When the Philistine looked and saw David, he disdained him; for he was only a youth, ruddy and handsome in appearance.

The Philistine said to David, 'Am I a dog, that you come to me with sticks?' And the Philistine cursed David by his gods. And the Philistine said to David, 'Come to me, and I will give your flesh to the birds of the heavens and to the beasts of the field.' But David said to the Philistine, 'You come to me with sword and spear and javelin, but I come to you in the name of the LORD of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied.

This day the LORD will deliver you into my hand, and I will strike you down and cut off your head; and I will give the dead bodies of the camp of the Philistines this day to the birds of the air and to the wild beasts of the earth, that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel. And that all this assembly may know that the LORD saves not with sword and spear; for the battle is the LORD's, and he will give you into our hand.'

When the Philistine arose and came and drew near to meet David, David ran quickly toward the battle line to meet the Philistine. And David put his hand in his bag and took out a stone and slung it and struck the Philistine on his forehead; the stone sank into his forehead, and he fell on his face to the earth. So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and a stone, and struck him and killed him, though he had no sword in his hand.

Then David ran and stood over the Philistine and took his sword and drew it from its sheath and killed him and cut off his head; when the Philistines saw that their champion was dead, they fled. And the men of Israel and Judah arose with a shout and pursued the Philistines as far as the gates of Ekron; the slain of the Philistines fell along the road to Shaaraim, even to Gath and to Ekron. And the Israelites returned from chasing the Philistines and plundered their camp.

David took the head of the Philistine and brought it to Jerusalem, but he put the Philistine's armor in his tent.

When Saul saw David going out against the Philistine, he said to Abner, the commander of the army, 'Whose son is this youth, Abner?' Abner said, 'As your soul lives, O king, I cannot tell.'

The king said, 'Inquire whose son the stripling is.'

When David returned from killing the Philistine, Abner took him and brought him before Saul, with the Philistine's head in his hand. And Saul said to him, 'Whose son are you, young man?' And David said, 'I am the son of your servant Jesse of Bethlehem.'