The Bowl Judgments: The Seven Bowls of God's Wrath
Revelation 16:1-21
Rev.16.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ηκουσα: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
- μεγαλης: ADJ,gen,sg,f
- φωνης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- εκ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ναου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- λεγουσης: PART,pres,act,gen,sg,f
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- επτα: NUM,acc,pl,neut
- αγγελοις·Υπαγετε: NOUN,dat,pl,m+VERB,pres,act,imp,2,pl
- και: CONJ
- εκχεετε: VERB,pres,act,imp,2,pl
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- επτα: NUM,acc,pl,neut
- φιαλας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θυμου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- γην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- Revelation 15:7 (quotation): Direct verbal parallel—an angelic command to the seven angels to 'go and pour out the seven bowls of the wrath of God' (same action and wording).
- Revelation 15:1 (structural): Announces 'seven last plagues' contained in the seven bowls, providing immediate literary and thematic context for Rev 16:1's pouring of God's wrath.
- Revelation 8:6 (structural): Parallel structural pattern: seven angels are commissioned to execute a series of judgments (there, to sound trumpets; here, to pour bowls), highlighting the chiastic/sequential framework of Revelation's sevenfold judgments.
- Isaiah 51:17-23 (allusion): Uses cup/bowl imagery for divine wrath and punishment poured out on nations and cities—an Old Testament motif echoed by Revelation's bowls of wrath.
- Jeremiah 25:15-29 (allusion): God commands Jeremiah to take 'from my hand this cup of the wine of my wrath' and make nations drink—language and concept closely parallel the pouring/drinking of God's wrath in Rev 16:1.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then I heard a loud voice from the temple, from the throne, saying to the seven angels, 'Go and pour out the seven bowls of the wrath of God on the earth.'
- Then I heard a loud voice from the temple saying to the seven angels, "Go and pour out the seven bowls of the wrath of God upon the earth."
Rev.16.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- απηλθεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- πρωτος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- εξεχεεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- φιαλην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- γην·και: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εγενετο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- ελκος: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- κακον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- πονηρον: ADJ,acc,sg,n
- επι: PREP
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- ανθρωπους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- εχοντας: VERB,pres,act,ptc,acc,pl,m
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- χαραγμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θηριου: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- προσκυνουντας: VERB,pres,act,ptcp,acc,m,pl
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- εικονι: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Revelation 13:16-17 (verbal): Direct cross‑reference within Revelation: same category of people ('those who receive the mark of the beast') and the connection between the mark/worship of the beast and divine punishment.
- Revelation 14:9-11 (thematic): Pronounces God’s wrath on everyone who worships the beast and its image and describes their torment—thematically parallel to the bowl judgment poured out on those same worshipers in Rev 16:2.
- Exodus 9:8-11 (allusion): The Egyptian plague of boils (Moses/Aaron causing sores on humans and animals) provides the Old Testament precedent/background for the ʻboils/ulcersʼ affliction poured out in Rev 16:2.
- Deuteronomy 28:27-28 (thematic): Part of the covenant curse list: the Lord strikes with boils and diseases as punishment for disobedience—serves as theological background for plague as retributive judgment in Revelation.
- Job 2:7 (thematic): Job afflicted with painful sores/boils by Satan (permitted by God); thematically parallels the imagery of painful skin afflictions as divine/diabolical judgment in Rev 16:2.
Alternative generated candidates
- So the first went and poured out his bowl on the earth, and foul and painful sores broke out on the people who bore the mark of the beast and worshiped its image.
- So the first went and poured out his bowl on the earth, and a foul and painful sore came upon the people who bore the mark of the beast and who worshiped its image.
Rev.16.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- δευτερος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εξεχεεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- φιαλην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- θαλασσαν·και: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- εγενετο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- αιμα: NOUN,nom,sg,neut
- ως: ADV
- νεκρου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- πασα: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- ψυχη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- ζωης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- απεθανεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- εν: PREP
- τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- θαλασση: NOUN,dat,sg,f
Parallels
- Exodus 7:20-21 (allusion): The Egyptian plague in which the waters are turned to blood and fish die — a clear OT precedent for the sea becoming blood and all life perishing.
- Revelation 8:8-9 (verbal): An earlier imperial-judgment scene where a burning object makes a third of the sea blood and kills sea creatures; closely parallels language and motif of maritime devastation.
- Psalm 105:29 (allusion): Recalls the psalmic retelling of God turning waters to blood and slaying fish — an OT liturgical memory that underlies the plague imagery.
- Revelation 14:20 (thematic): Uses vivid blood imagery to depict divine wrath (the winepress of God); thematically related to blood as the sign and effect of eschatological judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- The second poured out his bowl into the sea, and it became blood like that of a dead man, and every living thing in the sea died.
- The second poured out his bowl into the sea, and it became blood like that of a dead man, and every living thing in the sea died.
Rev.16.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- τριτος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εξεχεεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- φιαλην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- ποταμους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- πηγας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- υδατων·και: NOUN,gen,pl,neut
- εγενετο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- αιμα: NOUN,nom,sg,neut
Parallels
- Exodus 7:20-21 (verbal): Pharaoh/Egypt narrative where Moses turns the Nile and all waters into blood — the most direct OT precedent and verbal model for waters becoming blood as a divine plague.
- Psalm 78:44 (allusion): Retells Israel’s memory of God turning rivers to blood in Egypt; echoes the same imagery and frames it as a classic act of divine judgment.
- Psalm 105:29 (allusion): Another liturgical recall of the Egyptian plague that turned waters to blood; similar language and theological point about God’s punitive control of waters.
- Revelation 16:3 (structural): The immediately preceding bowl judgment — the second bowl turns the sea to blood — providing an internal parallel and pattern within the seven bowls of wrath.
- Revelation 8:8 (thematic): Earlier trumpet judgment where something cast into the sea makes a portion of the sea blood; thematically links John’s redemptive-historical use of the Egyptian-plague motif for cosmic judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- The third poured out his bowl into the rivers and the springs of water, and they became blood.
- The third poured out his bowl into the rivers and the springs of water, and they became blood.
Rev.16.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- ηκουσα: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- αγγελου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- υδατων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
- λεγοντος·Δικαιος: VERB,pres,act,ptc,gen,m,sg
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- ων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- οσιος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- οτι: CONJ
- ταυτα: PRON,acc,pl,n
- εκρινας: VERB,aor,act,ind,2,sg
Parallels
- Revelation 15:3 (thematic): A hymn of praise declaring God's ways/judgments to be true and just—parallels the angel's acclamation of God's righteousness in judging.
- Revelation 19:2 (verbal): Explicitly states that God's judgments are true and righteous, echoing the language and evaluative claim of Rev 16:5.
- Revelation 4:8 (verbal): The trisagion and the formula 'who was and who is and is to come' (or variants) closely parallel the divine titulary ('the one who is and who was') used in Rev 16:5.
- Revelation 1:8 (verbal): God's self-identification as the One 'who is and who was (and who is to come)' matches the eternal-name formula appealed to in Rev 16:5 as ground for righteous judgment.
- Psalm 119:137 (thematic): An OT declaration 'Righteous are you, O LORD' parallels the angel's opening address, linking divine righteousness and fidelity to God's law/judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I heard the angel of the waters say, 'Righteous are you, who are and who were, O Holy One, for you have judged these things;'
- And I heard the angel of the waters say, "You are righteous, O One who is and who was, Holy One, for you have judged these things."
Rev.16.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- οτι: CONJ
- αιμα: NOUN,nom,sg,neut
- αγιων: ADJ,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- προφητων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- εξεχεαν: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,pl
- και: CONJ
- αιμα: NOUN,nom,sg,neut
- αυτοις: PRO,dat,pl,3
- δεδωκας: VERB,perf,act,ind,2,sg
- πιειν·αξιοι: VERB,aor,act,inf+ADJ,nom,pl,m
- εισιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
Parallels
- Revelation 6:9-11 (thematic): Martyrs under the altar appeal for God’s justice; both passages frame the shedding of the saints' blood and the demand for recompense.
- Revelation 18:24 (verbal): Explicit repetition of 'blood of prophets and saints' as a charge against Babylon, linking divine judgment to this crime.
- Revelation 19:2 (verbal): Declares God’s righteous judgment because he has avenged the blood of his servants—parallels the idea that giving blood to drink is deserved punishment.
- Matthew 23:34-35 (allusion): Jesus indicts Jerusalem for shedding righteous blood ('from Abel to Zechariah'), thematically resonating with Revelation’s condemnation of bloodshed of God’s messengers.
- Luke 11:50-51 (allusion): Speaks of the blood of all the prophets being required of the present generation—parallels Revelation’s motif of corporate culpability for prophets' blood.
Alternative generated candidates
- for they poured out the blood of saints and prophets, and you have given them blood to drink. It is what they deserve.'
- For they poured out the blood of saints and prophets, and you have given them blood to drink; it is what they deserve."
Rev.16.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- ηκουσα: VERB,aor,act,ind,1,sg
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θυσιαστηριου: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- λεγοντος·Ναι: PART,pres,act,gen,sg,m+INTJ
- κυριε: NOUN,voc,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- παντοκρατωρ: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- αληθιναι: ADJ,nom,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- δικαιαι: ADJ,nom,pl,f
- αι: ART,nom,pl,f
- κρισεις: NOUN,nom,pl,f
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
Parallels
- Revelation 15:3-4 (verbal): Both passages praise God Almighty and ascribe to him ‘true’ and ‘righteous’ ways/judgments, using very similar language of vindication and divine justice.
- Revelation 19:2 (verbal): Explicitly declares that God’s judgments are ‘true and righteous,’ echoing the exact formula used by the altar in Rev 16:7.
- Revelation 16:5 (structural): The angel’s immediate declaration (‘Thou art righteous…’) frames and anticipates the altar’s cry in v.7; together they form a liturgical affirmation of God’s justice in the pourings of the bowls.
- Revelation 6:10 (thematic): The martyrs cry for God to judge (addressing him as ‘Holy and true’), thematically linked to the affirmation in 16:7 that God’s judgments are true and righteous.
- Psalm 19:9 (allusion): OT language about the Lord’s rules/judgments being ‘true and righteous’ provides the theological and lexical background for the formula used in Rev 16:7.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I heard the altar say, 'Yes, Lord God the Almighty, true and just are your judgments.'
- And I heard the altar saying, "Yes, Lord God Almighty, true and just are your judgments."
Rev.16.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- τεταρτος: ADJ,ord,nom,sg,m
- εξεχεεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- φιαλην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- επι: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- ηλιον·και: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- εδοθη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- καυματισαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- ανθρωπους: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- εν: PREP
- πυρι: NOUN,dat,sg,n
Parallels
- Rev.16:9 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same bowl judgment: verse 8 pours the vial on the sun and verse 9 records the result—men were scorched with great heat and blasphemed God.
- Rev.8:12 (verbal): Earlier trumpet judgment on the sun in Revelation: a third of the sun was struck so that a third of its light was darkened—both passages portray cosmic disturbance affecting humanity.
- Malachi 4:1 (thematic): The day of the Lord is described as a burning oven that will leave the wicked as stubble—uses heat/fire imagery for divine judgment, parallel to the sun scorching people.
- Amos 8:9 (thematic): God announces a miraculous alteration of the sun (causing the sun to go down at noon) as part of judgment—shares the motif of the sun acting as an instrument of divine punishment.
- 2 Thessalonians 1:7-8 (thematic): Paul depicts the Lord’s coming as rendering vengeance with ‘flaming fire’ on those who do not know God—the idea of punitive heat/fire as divine retribution parallels Revelation’s sun-scorching.
Alternative generated candidates
- The fourth poured out his bowl on the sun, and it was allowed to scorch people with fire.
- The fourth poured out his bowl on the sun, and it was allowed to scorch people with fire;
Rev.16.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- εκαυματισθησαν: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,pl
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- ανθρωποι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- καυμα: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- μεγα·και: ADJ,gen,sg,n
- εβλασφημησαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- ονομα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- εχοντος: PART,pres,act,gen,sg,m
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- εξουσιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- επι: PREP
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- πληγας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- ταυτας: PRON,acc,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- ου: PART,neg
- μετενοησαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- δουναι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- δοξαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- Revelation 16:11 (verbal): Same scene/theme: people blaspheme God because of the painful plagues and ‘do not repent’ (echoes the wording and idea of refusing to give God glory after these judgments).
- Revelation 9:20-21 (thematic): Inhabitants refuse to repent of their sins despite demonic judgments and plagues; shares the motif and even the phraseology about not repenting and not giving glory to God.
- Romans 1:21-23 (thematic): Although people knew God's power and glory, they did not honor or give him glory; parallels the theological reason for unrepentant blasphemy in the face of divine acts and judgment.
- Psalm 106:6-8 (thematic): Israel’s recurrent failure to repent and to acknowledge God despite his mighty acts; parallels the persistent unrepentance and refusal to give God glory after judgment.
Alternative generated candidates
- They were scorched by the fierce heat, and they blasphemed the name of God who has authority over these plagues. They did not repent and give him glory.
- and people were scorched by fierce heat, and they blasphemed the name of God who has authority over these plagues; they did not repent and give him glory.
Rev.16.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- πεμπτος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εξεχεεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- φιαλην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- επι: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- θρονον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θηριου·και: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- εγενετο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- βασιλεια: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- εσκοτωμενη: VERB,perf,pass,part,nom,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- εμασωντο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,pl
- τας: ART,acc,pl,f
- γλωσσας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- εκ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- πονου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Exodus 10:21-23 (allusion): The plague of thick darkness over Egypt; Revelation’s darkening of the beast’s kingdom echoes the OT plague motif as divine judgment.
- Matthew 27:45 (thematic): Three hours of darkness at the crucifixion — a cosmic/dreadful darkness signaling divine action, parallel to apocalyptic darkness over the beast’s realm.
- Joel 2:2 (thematic): Eschatological language of darkness and gloom before the day of the Lord; reflects the prophetic tradition of darkness as judgment in apocalyptic contexts.
- Revelation 16:11 (structural): Immediate literary parallel within the same scene — the next verse records people ‘gnawing their tongues’ and blaspheming, directly continuing the response to the darkness in v.10.
Alternative generated candidates
- The fifth poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast, and its kingdom was plunged into darkness. People gnawed their tongues because of the pain
- The fifth poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast, and its kingdom became darkened; and they gnawed their tongues from pain
Rev.16.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- εβλασφημησαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- θεον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ουρανου: NOUN,gen,sg,masc
- εκ: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- πονων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- εκ: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- ελκων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- ου: PART,neg
- μετενοησαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- εκ: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- εργων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
Parallels
- Revelation 16:9 (verbal): Same chapter and similar wording/theme: people curse/blaspheme God because of scorching plagues and refuse to repent of their deeds.
- Revelation 9:20-21 (thematic): Parallel theme that despite severe judgments (plagues/torments) people do not repent of idolatry and sinful works (murders, sorceries, sexual immorality).
- Romans 1:21-24, 28-32 (thematic): Paul's depiction of humanity rejecting God despite revelation—failing to honor or repent and descending into a catalogue of sins—echoes Revelation's refusal to repent under judgment.
- Psalm 78:32-37 (thematic): Retells Israel's repeated refusal to believe or return to God despite his deeds and judgment —a biblical pattern of persistent unrepentance in the face of divine acts.
Alternative generated candidates
- and blasphemed the God of heaven because of their pains and their sores; they did not repent of their deeds.
- and blasphemed the God of heaven because of their pains and their sores; they did not repent of their works.
Rev.16.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- εκτος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εξεχεεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- φιαλην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- επι: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- ποταμον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- μεγαν: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- Ευφρατην·και: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- εξηρανθη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- υδωρ: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- ινα: CONJ
- ετοιμασθη: VERB,aor,pass,subj,3,sg
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- οδος: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- βασιλεων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- απο: PREP
- ανατολης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- ηλιου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Revelation 9:14-16 (verbal): Both passages name the great river Euphrates and link its role to end-time military/action motifs (Rev 9:14 speaks of angels bound at the Euphrates; Rev 16:12 dries the river to prepare the way).
- Isaiah 11:15 (allusion): Isaiah describes God making a path by striking the river into channels so people can pass over dryshod — imagery similar to drying the Euphrates 'that the way of the kings from the east might be prepared.'
- Exodus 14:21-22 (thematic): The miraculous parting/drying of waters to permit passage (Red Sea/Jordan traditions) provides a typological background for Revelation's motif of waters being removed to open a path for invading forces.
- Jeremiah 50:38 (thematic): Jeremiah predicts the drying up of waters as part of Babylon's judgment — thematically linked to Revelation's use of Euphrates imagery in the context of end-time judgment against a Babylon-like power.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sixth poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates, and its water was dried up, to prepare the way for the kings from the east.
- The sixth poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates, and its water was dried up, to prepare the way for the kings from the east.
Rev.16.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- ειδον: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- εκ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- στοματος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- δρακοντος: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- εκ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- στοματος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θηριου: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- εκ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- στοματος: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ψευδοπροφητου: NOUN,gen,sg,masc
- πνευματα: NOUN,nom,pl,n
- τρια: NUM,acc,pl,n
- ακαθαρτα: ADJ,nom,pl,n
- ως: ADV
- βατραχοι·: NOUN,nom,pl,m
Parallels
- Exodus 8:2-7 (allusion): The image of frogs evokes the Egyptian plague of frogs — unclean amphibians used elsewhere in Scripture as a sign/judgment; Revelation’s 'spirits like frogs' alludes to that motif of supernatural, plague‑like agents.
- Revelation 12:9 (verbal): Identifies the dragon as Satan/the ancient serpent, linking the 'mouth of the dragon' in 16:13 to Satan as the source of deception and demonic activity.
- Revelation 13:11-14 (thematic): Describes the beast from the earth (the false prophet) who performs signs and deceives people — parallels the false prophet’s role and the motif of deceptive signs coming 'from the mouth' of evil powers.
- Matthew 24:24 (thematic): Warns that false christs and false prophets will perform great signs and wonders to deceive, paralleling Revelation’s depiction of demonic spirits performing signs to gather the kings of the earth.
- 1 Kings 22:21-23 (allusion): A lying spirit sent to the prophets of Ahab to entice the king provides a biblical precedent for spirits that inspire false words and deception in rulers, paralleling the demonic spirits’ role in Revelation 16:13–14.
Alternative generated candidates
- And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth of the dragon, out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet.
- And I saw coming out of the mouth of the dragon, out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet three unclean spirits like frogs;
Rev.16.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εισιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- γαρ: PART
- πνευματα: NOUN,nom,pl,n
- δαιμονιων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
- ποιουντα: VERB,pres,act,ptc,acc,sg,m
- σημεια: NOUN,acc,pl,n
- α: PRON,nom,sg,n
- εκπορευεται: VERB,pres,mp,ind,3,sg
- επι: PREP
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- βασιλεις: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- οικουμενης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- ολης: ADJ,gen,sg,f
- συναγαγειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- αυτους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- εις: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- πολεμον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- ημερας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- μεγαλης: ADJ,gen,sg,f
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- παντοκρατορος: NOUN,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Revelation 13:13-14 (verbal): The beast performs 'great signs' and deceives the inhabitants of the earth—parallels the 'spirits of demons' doing signs to deceive and gather leaders.
- Matthew 24:24 (thematic): Jesus warns that false Christs and false prophets will show great signs and wonders to deceive even the elect—echoes the motif of deceptive, supernatural signs leading people astray.
- 2 Thessalonians 2:9 (allusion): Paul describes the coming of the lawless one with Satanic signs and wonders—similar language and idea of demonic powers producing deceptive miracles.
- Joel 3:9-12 (thematic): The prophet summons nations and kings to muster for the 'valley of decision'—a prophetic precedent for gathering rulers for the day of the LORD/Day of God.
- Revelation 19:19 (structural): Kings of the earth and their armies are assembled to make war against the rider on the white horse—directly parallels the gathering of kings for the climactic divine battle.
Alternative generated candidates
- For they are demonic spirits, performing signs, who go out to the kings of the whole world to assemble them for battle on the great day of God the Almighty.
- for they are demonic spirits, performing signs, who go out to the kings of the whole world to gather them for battle on the great day of God Almighty.
Rev.16.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ιδου: PART
- ερχομαι: VERB,pres,mid/dep,ind,1,sg
- ως: ADV
- κλεπτης: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- μακαριος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- γρηγορων: PART,pres,act,nom,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- τηρων: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,sg,m
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- ιματια: NOUN,nom,pl,n
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- ινα: CONJ
- μη: PART
- γυμνος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- περιπατη: VERB,pres,act,subj,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- βλεπωσιν: VERB,pres,act,subj,3,pl
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- ασχημοσυνην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
Parallels
- Revelation 3:3 (verbal): Same book and near-verbatim formula “I will come like a thief”; both passages warn the audience to be watchful because the Lord’s coming will be sudden.
- Revelation 3:18 (allusion): Uses the imagery of garments and nakedness—calling for white garments to avoid shame—which echoes Rev 16:15’s injunction to keep one’s garments so one will not be exposed.
- Matthew 24:42-44 (esp. v.43) (verbal): Jesus warns to be ready because the Son of Man will come at an hour you do not expect, using the same ‘as a thief’ motif to stress unexpected eschatological arrival.
- 1 Thessalonians 5:2 (verbal): The apostolic description of the day of the Lord ‘coming like a thief in the night’ parallels Rev 16:15’s emphasis on sudden, unannounced divine arrival.
- 2 Peter 3:10 (verbal): ‘The day of the Lord will come like a thief’ language and the theme of sudden end-time revelation correspond closely with the warning and imagery of Rev 16:15.
Alternative generated candidates
- 'Behold, I come like a thief. Blessed is the one who stays awake and keeps his garments, so that he may not go about naked and be seen exposed.'
- Behold, I come like a thief. Blessed is the one who stays awake and keeps his garments, so that he may not walk about naked and men see his shame.
Rev.16.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- συνηγαγεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- αυτους: PRON,acc,pl,m
- εις: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- τοπον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- καλουμενον: PART,pres,pass,acc,sg,m
- Εβραιστι: ADV
- Αρμαγεδων: NOUN,acc,sg,m
Parallels
- Revelation 16:14 (verbal): Immediately precedes v.16 and speaks of demonic spirits 'gathering' the kings for the battle, providing the direct verbal and narrative link to the assembly at Armageddon.
- Revelation 19:19 (thematic): Depicts the same eschatological military opposition—'the kings of the earth and their armies' gathered to make war against the Lamb, echoing the final battle imagery of 16:16.
- Revelation 17:14 (thematic): Speaks of the kings who 'make war' with the Lamb and are allied with the beast—another portrayal of united earthly rulers arrayed against God in the end-time conflict.
- Joel 3:9-12 (allusion): Calls nations to 'prepare for war' and to be gathered to the Valley of Jehoshaphat/decision for judgment—an Old Testament template for gathering nations for eschatological judgment that informs the Armageddon motif.
- Ezekiel 38:8,16 (allusion): Describes nations (Gog and allies) being brought together 'in the latter days' against Israel—a prophetic picture of an eschatological coalition gathered for war that parallels the gathering at Armageddon.
Alternative generated candidates
- And they assembled them at the place that in Hebrew is called Armageddon.
- And they assembled them at the place that in Hebrew is called Armageddon.
Rev.16.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Και: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- εβδομος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εξεχεεν: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- φιαλην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- επι: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- αερα: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- εξηλθεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- φωνη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- μεγαλη: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- εκ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ναου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- απο: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θρονου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- λεγουσα·Γεγονεν: PART,pres,act,nom,sg,f+VERB,perf,act,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- John 19:30 (verbal): Jesus' cry τετέλεσται ('It is finished')—a final, consummating declaration—parallels the bowl's climactic proclamation 'Γεγένεκεν/Γεγονέν' ('It is done') in Rev 16:17.
- Revelation 21:6 (verbal): The New Jerusalem scene uses the same consummatory language ('It is done' / γεγόναν/γεγονέν) to announce the completion of God's purposes, echoing the finality of Rev 16:17.
- Revelation 11:15 (structural): Both are 'seventh' scenes (seventh trumpet vs. seventh bowl) that announce the consummation of God's reign; the loud proclamation of divine victory parallels the throne/temple voice in Rev 16:17.
- Revelation 15:8 (thematic): The temple imagery (smoke from God's glory filling the temple) links with the voice coming from the temple/throne in 16:17—both associate divine presence with final judgment.
- Revelation 6:14-17 (thematic): The cosmic disturbances and the world's terrified cry ('Who can stand?') in the sixth seal anticipate the final judgment motif that is decisively declared 'It is done' in Rev 16:17.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then the seventh poured out his bowl into the air, and a loud voice came out of the temple, from the throne, saying, 'It is done.'
- Then the seventh poured out his bowl into the air, and a loud voice came out of the temple, from the throne, saying, "It is done!"
Rev.16.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- εγενοντο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,pl
- αστραπαι: NOUN,nom,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- φωναι: NOUN,nom,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- βρονται: NOUN,nom,pl,f
- και: CONJ
- σεισμος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εγενετο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- μεγας: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- οιος: PRON,nom,sg,m
- ουκ: PART,neg
- εγενετο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- αφ᾽ου: PREP
- ανθρωποι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- εγενοντο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,pl
- επι: PREP
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- γης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- τηλικουτος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- σεισμος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ουτω: ADV
- μεγας: ADJ,nom,sg,m
Parallels
- Revelation 8:5 (verbal): Same cluster of phenomena—peals of thunder/rumblings, flashes of lightning, and an earthquake—used earlier in the trumpet sequence (verbal echo of divine judgment signs).
- Revelation 11:19 (verbal): When God's temple is opened there are flashes of lightning, noises, peals of thunder and an earthquake—closely parallels the same theophanic motifs and wording in Rev 16:18.
- Revelation 6:12 (structural): The opening of the sixth seal brings a great earthquake and cosmic disturbances (darkened sun, moon like blood), echoing the motif of a uniquely catastrophic earthquake accompanying end‑time judgment.
- Psalm 18:7–8 (2 Samuel 22:8–9) (thematic): A classic theophanic passage—thunder/voice, lightning and the earth trembling—serves as an Old Testament template for Revelation's portrayal of God's fearful, earth‑shaking presence.
- Joel 2:10 (thematic): Prophetic imagery of the earth shaking and the heavens trembling before the LORD's coming parallels Revelation's depiction of earthquake and cosmic commotions as signs of divine intervention.
Alternative generated candidates
- And there were flashes of lightning, rumblings, peals of thunder, and a great earthquake such as had never been since man was on the earth, so great was that earthquake.
- There were flashes of lightning, rumblings, peals of thunder, and a great earthquake such as had not been since man was on the earth, so great an earthquake was it.
Rev.16.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- εγενετο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- πολις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- μεγαλη: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- εις: PREP
- τρια: NUM,acc,pl,n
- μερη: NOUN,acc,pl,n
- και: CONJ
- αι: ART,nom,pl,f
- πολεις: NOUN,acc,pl,f
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- εθνων: NOUN,gen,pl,n
- επεσαν·και: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- Βαβυλων: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- μεγαλη: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- εμνησθη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- ενωπιον: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- δουναι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- αυτη: PRON,dat,sg,f
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- ποτηριον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- οινου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θυμου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- οργης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- αυτου·: PRON,gen,sg,3
Parallels
- Revelation 14:8 (thematic): Proclaims the fall of Babylon—same theme of Babylon’s judged and fallen status that is recalled in Rev 16:19.
- Revelation 18:2-3 (thematic): Extended depiction of Babylon’s judgment and moral/political corruption (demons, merchants), developing the same identification and sentence announced in 16:19.
- Revelation 14:10 (verbal): Speaks of drinking the 'wine of the wrath of God'—same striking cup/wine imagery used in 16:19 to describe divine punishment.
- Jeremiah 25:15 (verbal): God commands Jeremiah to take 'the cup of the wine' of his wrath and make nations drink—direct Old Testament background for Revelation’s cup-of-wrath motif against Babylon.
- Isaiah 51:17 (allusion): Isaiah accuses Jerusalem of drinking the cup of the Lord’s fury; Revelation alludes to this prophetic cup-of-judgment language when bringing Babylon before God to receive the cup.
Alternative generated candidates
- The great city was split into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell. God remembered Babylon the great to give her the cup of the wine of the fury of his wrath.
- The great city was split into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell. God remembered Babylon the great, to give her the cup of the wine of the fury of his wrath.
Rev.16.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- πασα: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- νησος: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- εφυγεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- ορη: NOUN,acc,pl,n
- ουχ: PART,neg
- ευρεθησαν: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,pl
Parallels
- Rev.6.14 (verbal): Direct verbal parallel in Revelation: both describe cosmic upheaval in which the heavens are shaken and mountains and islands are moved or cannot be found.
- Psalm 46:2-3 (thematic): Similar theme of cosmic disturbance: though the earth be removed and mountains be carried into the sea—poetic imagery of mountains and land no longer standing.
- Isaiah 24:19-20 (thematic): Depicts universal judgment with the earth dissolved and mountains shaken—parallels Revelation’s motif of worldwide convulsion.
- Jeremiah 4:24-26 (allusion): Jeremiah’s vision of a desolate earth where mountains tremble and hills move echoes the Revelation language of mountains and islands being removed.
- Habakkuk 3:6 (thematic): Theophanic imagery of God causing mountains to be scattered and hills to bow, resonating with Revelation’s portrayal of cosmic dislocation.
Alternative generated candidates
- Every island fled, and no mountains were to be found.
- Every island fled away, and no mountains were to be found.
Rev.16.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- και: CONJ
- χαλαζα: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- μεγαλη: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- ως: ADV
- ταλαντιαια: NOUN,nom,pl,n
- καταβαινει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- εκ: PREP
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- ουρανου: NOUN,gen,sg,masc
- επι: PREP
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- ανθρωπους·και: NOUN,acc,pl,m
- εβλασφημησαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- ανθρωποι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- θεον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- εκ: PREP
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- πληγης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- χαλαζης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- οτι: CONJ
- μεγαλη: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- πληγη: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- αυτης: PRO,gen,sg,f
- σφοδρα: ADV
Parallels
- Revelation 8:7 (verbal): First trumpet plague: 'hail and fire mixed with blood' falls from heaven — similar imagery of hail as a heavenly, destructive judgment.
- Revelation 11:19 (structural): When the temple is opened there are 'lightnings, voices, thunder, an earthquake and great hail' — another explicit instance of great hail as eschatological sign within Revelation.
- Revelation 16:9,11 (structural): Other bowls in the same chapter state that the plagues provoke people to blaspheme God — parallels the reaction in 16:21 linking devastating divine judgments with human blasphemy.
- Exodus 9:18-25 (thematic): The Egyptian plague of hail — heavy hailstones from heaven that destroy crops and livestock — provides the OT background for hail as a divine, punitive sign.
- Psalm 78:47-48 (thematic): The psalm recounts God sending hail to destroy vineyards and fields — an Old Testament motif of hail as an instrument of divine wrath and disaster.
Alternative generated candidates
- And great hailstones, about a talent in weight, fell from heaven on people. They blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail, since the plague was very severe.
- Great hailstones, about a talent in weight each, fell from heaven on people; and they blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail, for the plague was exceedingly great.
Then I heard a loud voice from the temple say to the seven angels, 'Go and pour out the seven bowls of the wrath of God upon the earth.' So the first went and poured out his bowl upon the earth, and foul and painful sores came upon the people who bore the mark of the beast and worshiped its image.
The second poured out his bowl into the sea, and it became like the blood of a dead man; and every living thing in the sea died.
The third poured out his bowl into the rivers and springs of water, and they became blood. And I heard the angel of the waters say, 'Righteous are you, who are and who were, O Holy One, for you have judged these things.'
For they have shed the blood of saints and prophets, and you have given them blood to drink; it is what they deserve. And I heard the altar say, 'Yes, Lord God the Almighty, true and just are your judgments.'
The fourth poured out his bowl upon the sun, and it was permitted to scorch people with fire.
Men were scorched by fierce heat and they blasphemed the name of God, who has power over these plagues; they did not repent and give him glory.
The fifth poured out his bowl upon the throne of the beast, and its kingdom was plunged into darkness; people gnawed their tongues in pain
and blasphemed the God of heaven because of their pains and their sores; they did not repent of their deeds.
The sixth poured out his bowl upon the great river Euphrates, and its water was dried up, to prepare the way for the kings from the east. And I saw coming out of the mouth of the dragon and out of the mouth of the beast and out of the mouth of the false prophet three unclean spirits like frogs.
For they are demonic spirits, performing signs, who go out to the kings of the whole world to assemble them for battle on the great day of God the Almighty.
(Behold, I am coming like a thief.) Blessed is the one who stays awake and keeps his garments, so that he may not go about naked and men see his shame. And they assembled them at the place that in Hebrew is called Armageddon.
The seventh poured out his bowl into the air, and a loud voice came out of the throne in the temple, saying, 'It is done.' And there were flashes of lightning, rumblings, peals of thunder, and a great earthquake such as had not occurred since man was on the earth, so great was that earthquake.
The great city was split into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell. God remembered Babylon the great and gave her the cup of the wine of the fury of his wrath.
Every island fled, and no mountains were to be found. And great hailstones, each weighing about a talent, fell from heaven upon men; and they cursed God because of the plague of the hail, for the plague was exceedingly great.