The Glory and Gathering of Zion
Isaiah 60:1-22
Isa.60.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- קומי: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
- אורי: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
- כי: CONJ
- בא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אורך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2ms
- וכבוד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- זרח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 9:2 (thematic): Shared light imagery announcing deliverance: 'the people who walked in darkness have seen a great light' parallels the call to 'arise, shine' as God's light comes.
- Isaiah 58:8 (verbal): Uses similar language of light breaking forth after restoration ('then shall thy light break forth as the morning'), echoing the command to 'shine' because God's light has come.
- Malachi 4:2 (thematic): The coming/rising of divine light ('the Sun of righteousness shall rise') parallels the motif of God's light and healing shining on the people.
- Matthew 4:16 (quotation): New Testament citation/apply of Isaiah's light motif to Jesus' ministry ('the people who sat in darkness have seen a great light'), paralleling 'thy light is come.'
- Matthew 5:14-16 (thematic): Imperative to believers to 'let your light shine' before others echoes Isaiah's command 'Arise, shine' grounded in the presence/glory of God upon them.
Alternative generated candidates
- Arise, shine; for your light has come, and the glory of the LORD has risen upon you.
- Arise, shine; for your light has come, and the glory of the LORD has risen upon you.
Isa.60.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- הנה: PART
- החשך: NOUN,m,sg,def
- יכסה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- וערפל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ועליך: CONJ+PREP+PRO,2,f,sg
- יזרח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- וכבודו: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+poss3ms
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- יראה: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 60:1 (structural): Immediate context and parallel command: Isaiah 60:1 ('Arise, shine; for thy light is come') pairs with 60:2's promise that the LORD's light and glory will rise upon Zion despite worldwide darkness.
- Isaiah 9:2 (verbal): Same motif of light breaking into darkness: 'The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light' parallels 60:2's contrast between darkness on the earth and the LORD arising to shine on Israel.
- Malachi 4:2 (Malachi 3:20 in Hebrew Bibles) (thematic): Speaks of the 'sun of righteousness' rising with healing for the people—a common prophetic image of God or his salvation rising as light against darkness, echoing 60:2's 'the LORD will arise upon you.'
- John 1:5 (thematic): New Testament appropriation of the light/darkness motif: 'The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it,' resonating with Isaiah 60:2's assurance that divine light breaks and overcomes pervasive darkness.
- Zechariah 14:6–7 (allusion): Describes a transformed day when the LORD is light and there is no night—an eschatological lighting of Jerusalem that parallels Isaiah 60:2's vision of the LORD's glory shining on the city amid global darkness.
Alternative generated candidates
- For behold — darkness shall cover the earth, and thick gloom the peoples; but upon you the LORD will shine, and his glory will appear over you.
- For behold, darkness shall cover the earth, and thick gloom the peoples; but the LORD will arise upon you, and his glory will be seen over you.
Isa.60.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והלכו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לאורך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,m
- ומלכים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לנגה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- זרחך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2,m
Parallels
- Isaiah 49:22-23 (thematic): Both passages envision foreign nations and kings coming to Israel, bowing and serving; Isaiah 49 anticipates nations and kings as sustaining/supporting Israel, echoing the motif of Gentile homage in 60:3.
- Psalm 72:10-11 (thematic): Royal/tribute language: kings bring gifts and all kings bow down, paralleling the image of nations and kings coming to the light and honoring Israel.
- Micah 4:2 (thematic): Prophetic depiction of many nations streaming to Zion to learn the ways of the Lord mirrors Isaiah 60’s eschatological expectation of peoples and rulers coming to the city’s light.
- Matthew 2:1-2 (allusion): The visit of the Magi—foreign dignitaries who follow a rising light to worship a king—functions as a New Testament allusion to the Isaian motif of nations/kings coming to a rising light.
- Revelation 21:24-26 (verbal): Revelation echoes Isaiah’s wording almost directly: nations will walk by its light and kings will bring their glory into the city, applying Isaiah 60’s imagery to the eschatological New Jerusalem.
Alternative generated candidates
- And nations shall walk to your light, and kings to the brightness of your rising.
- And nations shall come to your light, and kings to the brightness of your rising.
Isa.60.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שאי: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
- סביב: ADV
- עיניך: NOUN,f,pl,abs+2ms
- וראי: CONJ+VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
- כלם: PRON,3,m,pl
- נקבצו: VERB,niphal,perf,3,m,pl
- באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- בניך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+POSS,2,m,sg
- מרחוק: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ובנתיך: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs,suff:2,ms
- על: PREP
- צד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תאמנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
Parallels
- Isaiah 49:18 (verbal): Nearly identical wording: both command to 'lift up your eyes round about' and behold people gathering and coming to Zion — a close verbal parallel.
- Isaiah 49:22-23 (thematic): God promises nations will bring Israel's children back ('bring thy sons in their arms') and honor Zion — echoes 'your sons shall come from far' and daughters being cared for.
- Jeremiah 31:8 (thematic): God declares he will gather the exiles 'from the north country' and bring them from the coasts of the earth — a theme of return from distant lands like Isaiah 60:4.
- Zechariah 8:7-8 (allusion): The LORD promises to bring people back and have them dwell in Jerusalem; parallels the promise of gathered children coming to Zion and restoration of the city.
Alternative generated candidates
- Lift up your eyes round about and see: they all gather together, they come to you. Your sons come from far away, and your daughters are borne at your side.
- Lift up your eyes all around and see: they all gather together, they come to you. Your sons shall come from far away, and your daughters shall be carried at the hip.
Isa.60.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אז: ADV
- תראי: VERB,qal,imprf,2,f,sg
- ונהרת: VERB,qal,imprf,2,f,sg
- ופחד: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ורחב: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לבבך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- יהפך: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,sg
- עליך: PREP+2ms
- המון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ים: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- חיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 60:3 (verbal): Same theme and language of nations coming to Israel's light — both verses present surrounding peoples coming to Israel because of revealed glory.
- Isaiah 60:6 (verbal): Continues the immediate context: describes camels and goods of Midian bringing riches — a parallel image of nations' wealth being brought to Zion.
- Psalm 72:10-11 (thematic): Kings and nations bring gifts and serve the righteous king — parallels the motif of foreign wealth and submission coming to God's anointed or to Zion.
- Zechariah 8:22 (thematic): Many peoples and powerful nations will come to seek the LORD in Jerusalem — echoes the prophetic idea of nations coming to Israel's center of divine blessing.
- Revelation 21:24 (allusion): The nations' kings bring their glory into the New Jerusalem — a New Testament fulfillmental image of foreign nations bringing honor and wealth to God's restored city.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then you shall behold and be radiant; your heart shall thrill and expand, for the abundance of the sea shall be turned to you — the riches of nations shall come to you.
- Then you shall see and be radiant; your heart shall tremble and expand, for the abundance of the sea shall be turned to you, the wealth of nations shall come to you.
Isa.60.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- שפעת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- גמלים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תכסך: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- בכרי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,1s
- מדין: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועיפה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כלם: PRON,3,m,pl
- משבא: PREP+NOUN,prop,sg,abs
- יבאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- זהב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולבונה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ישאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ותהלת: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- יבשרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Psalm 72:10-11 (verbal): Like Isa.60:6, Psalm 72 depicts distant rulers (including Sheba) bringing gifts and homage—tribute of gold and homage to the rightful king, affirming nations bringing wealth and submission.
- Matthew 2:1-11 (allusion): The visit of the Magi (from the East) bearing gold and frankincense (and myrrh) echoes the image of foreign caravans bringing precious gifts and paying homage to a divinely significant figure.
- Ezekiel 27:22-24 (verbal): Ezekiel's list of trading partners (including Sheba and Raamah) bringing spices and frankincense parallels Isaiah's image of Arabian trade caravans bringing frankincense, gold, and exotic goods.
- Isaiah 60:5 (structural): Immediate chapter parallel: Isa.60:5 similarly pictures hordes of camels and flocks coming to Zion and the nations' wealth and glory being drawn to Jerusalem, forming a contiguous thematic development with v.6.
Alternative generated candidates
- A multitude of camels shall cover you, the young camels of Midian and Ephah; they shall all come from Sheba. They shall bring gold and frankincense, and shall proclaim the praise of the LORD.
- A multitude of camels shall cover you, the dromedaries of Midian and Ephah; all from Sheba shall come, bearing gold and frankincense, and proclaiming the praise of the LORD.
Isa.60.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כל: DET
- צאן: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- קדר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יקבצו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- אילי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- נביות: NOUN,prop,m,pl,abs
- ישרתונך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- יעלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- על: PREP
- רצון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מזבחי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg
- ובית: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,cs
- תפארתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs,1
- אפאר: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 60:6 (verbal): Immediate parallel in the same poem: mentions camels, Kedar, and Nebaioth bringing goods to Zion—continuation of the image of foreign flocks and caravans serving Jerusalem.
- Isaiah 60:3 (thematic): Shared theme of nations and kings coming to the light of Zion and streaming to her—background for the depiction of foreign tribute and worship.
- Psalm 72:10-11 (thematic): Royal/eschatological picture of kings bringing gifts and bowing in worship before the righteous king—parallels the submission and offerings of foreign peoples to God's house.
- Psalm 68:29 (verbal): Explicit link between the temple at Jerusalem and kings bringing presents; echoes the motif of tribute offered to God's dwelling.
- Isaiah 66:20 (thematic): Eschatological vision of peoples and nations bringing offerings and gifts to Jerusalem—similar promise that foreigners will bring sacrifice and glorify God's house.
Alternative generated candidates
- All the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered to you; the rams of Nebaioth shall minister to you. They shall go up with acceptance on my altar, and I will beautify the house of my glory.
- All the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered to you; the rams of Nebaioth shall minister to you; they shall go up with acceptance on my altar, and I will beautify the house of my glory.
Isa.60.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מי: PRON,interr,sg
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- כעב: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תעופינה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
- וכיונים: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אל: NEG
- ארבתיהם: NOUN,f,pl,cstr+3mp
Parallels
- Isaiah 60:4 (structural): Same pericope — both verses depict peoples/nations gathering and coming to Zion; 60:8’s question echoes 60:4’s command to 'lift up your eyes' and see the multitudes coming.
- Isaiah 60:6 (thematic): Continuing theme in the chapter: foreign peoples and caravans arrive bringing wealth and tribute, complementing the image of swift arrival in 60:8.
- Isaiah 40:31 (verbal): Uses flight imagery ('they shall mount up with wings as eagles') to express rapid, divinely enabled movement — parallels 60:8’s simile of flying like a cloud/doves.
- Song of Solomon 2:14 (allusion): Employs the image of the 'dove' and intimate approach to a beloved’s retreat; resonates with 60:8’s 'doves to their windows' motif of gentle/intentional arrival.
- Matthew 24:31 (thematic): Describes gathering the elect 'from the four winds' — a New Testament parallel to the motif of peoples coming from all directions toward a central place (Zion) in 60:8.
Alternative generated candidates
- Who are these that fly like a cloud, and like doves to their nests?
- Who are these that fly as a cloud, and as doves to their nests?
Isa.60.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
- איים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יקוו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ואניות: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- תרשיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בראשנה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- להביא: VERB,hif,inf
- בניך: NOUN,m,pl,abs+POSS,2,m,sg
- מרחוק: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כספם: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3mp
- וזהבם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3mp
- אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
- לשם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
- ולקדוש: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- פארך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,suff:2,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 60:5-6 (verbal): Same context in Isaiah 60: earlier verses picture the wealth of nations (camels, dromedaries, riches of the sea) coming to Zion—continues the motif of nations and merchandise bringing silver and gold.
- Isaiah 43:5-6 (thematic): God promises to bring his people from east and west and gather them—parallel language about bringing 'children/sons' from far to the Lord.
- Isaiah 49:22 (allusion): God says nations will lift up a standard and bring your sons in their arms/from afar—closely parallels the image of peoples transporting Israel's children to Zion.
- Psalm 72:10-11 (thematic): Royal psalm where kings of Tarshish and the isles bring presents and all kings bow—echoes the motif of distant lands bringing gifts (silver and gold) and paying homage.
- Ezekiel 27:12 (verbal): Ezekiel's lament for Tyre lists Tarshish ships and their trade in silver and other goods—connects to the imagery of Tarshish vessels bearing wealth from afar.
Alternative generated candidates
- Surely the coastlands wait for me, and the ships of Tarshish first, to bring your children from far away — their silver and their gold with them — for the name of the LORD your God, and for the Holy One of Israel, because he has glorified you.
- Surely the coastlands shall wait for me; and the ships of Tarshish first, to bring your children from afar, their silver and gold with them, for the name of the LORD your God, and for the Holy One of Israel, because he has glorified you.
Isa.60.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובנו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- נכר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חמתיך: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ומלכיהם: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs,3mp
- ישרתונך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl,2ms(obj)
- כי: CONJ
- בקצפי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,1cs
- הכיתיך: VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg,2ms(obj)
- וברצוני: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,1cs
- רחמתיך: VERB,qal,perf,1,-,sg+obj2,f,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 60:14 (structural): Same chapter and closely related promise: former enemies and those who afflicted Zion will bow and serve her (parallel language of foreigners/kings coming to honor and serve Jerusalem).
- Isaiah 49:23 (verbal): Explicitly declares that kings will be nursing fathers and will bow down—directly parallels the motif of foreign rulers serving and ministering to Israel.
- Isaiah 54:7-8 (thematic): Speaks of a brief period of divine wrath followed by enduring mercy and compassion—echoes the contrast 'in my wrath I smote thee, but in my favour have I had mercy on thee.'"
- Zechariah 8:22-23 (thematic): Predicts many peoples and strong nations turning to seek the Lord and take hold of Israel’s garment—parallels the image of nations/kings coming to Israel to serve and seek blessing.
Alternative generated candidates
- Foreigners shall rebuild your walls, and their kings shall minister to you; for in my wrath I struck you, but in my favor I have had mercy on you.
- Foreigners shall build up your walls, and their kings shall minister to you; for in my wrath I struck you, but in my favor I have had mercy on you.
Isa.60.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ופתחו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- שעריך: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תמיד: ADV
- יומם: ADV
- ולילה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- יסגרו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- להביא: VERB,hif,inf
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- חיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ומלכיהם: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs,3,pl
- נהוגים: VERB,niphal,ptcp,pass,m,pl
Parallels
- Revelation 21:25 (verbal): Echoes the language that the city's gates will never be shut by day, applying the image of continually open gates to the eschatological New Jerusalem.
- Isaiah 60:3 (thematic): Both verses promise that nations will come to Israel's light/brightness—explaining the open gates as reception of peoples and their wealth.
- Isaiah 49:22-23 (thematic): God speaks of lifting up a signal to the nations so that kings and peoples will bring and serve Zion, paralleling the image of nations and their kings being brought in.
- Zechariah 8:22-23 (thematic): Foretells many peoples and powerful nations seeking the LORD and attaching themselves to Jerusalem—mirroring the motif of nations and kings coming to Zion.
Alternative generated candidates
- Your gates shall be open continually — day and night they shall not be shut — to bring to you the wealth of the nations, and their kings led in procession.
- Your gates shall be open continually; they shall not be shut day or night, to bring to you the wealth of the nations and their kings led in procession.
Isa.60.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כי: CONJ
- הגוי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והממלכה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- לא: PART_NEG
- יעבדוך: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- יאבדו: VERB,qal,impf,3,mp
- והגוים: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,def
- חרב: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יחרבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,mp
Parallels
- Isaiah 60:3 (thematic): Both passages depict nations and kings coming to Zion or its light, emphasizing Gentile submission and pilgrimage to Israel's exaltation.
- Isaiah 60:10 (verbal): Closely related language — kings and foreigners ministering or building for Zion — reinforcing the theme that nations will serve Israel.
- Psalm 72:11 (verbal): Explicitly states that all kings will bow and all nations will serve the king, echoing the claim that nations who do not serve will be excluded or judged.
- Zechariah 14:16-17 (thematic): Describes nations required to go up to Jerusalem to worship; those that refuse are punished (no rain), paralleling the idea that nations not serving Israel suffer calamity.
- Psalm 2:8-9 (thematic): God grants the nations to his anointed and will break resistant peoples — a parallel motif of divine reordering of nations and judgment on those who refuse submission.
Alternative generated candidates
- For the nation and kingdom that will not serve you shall perish; those nations shall be utterly laid waste.
- For the nation or kingdom that will not serve you shall perish; those nations shall be utterly laid waste.
Isa.60.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- כבוד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הלבנון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- יבוא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- ברוש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תדהר: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- ותאשור: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- יחדו: ADV
- לפאר: PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- מקום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מקדשי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ומקום: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- רגלי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- אכבד: VERB,piel,imprf,1,com,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 41:19 (thematic): God promises to plant cedars, acacias and other trees to beautify and transform a desolate land—parallel theme of Lebanon's trees coming to adorn and honor God's place.
- Psalm 104:16 (verbal): Speaks of the cedars of Lebanon which the LORD planted—echoes the image of the ‘glory of Lebanon’ (its majestic trees) associated with divine provision and beauty.
- 2 Chronicles 2:8 (structural): Solomon requests cedar, fir and algum from Lebanon for the temple—directly parallels use of Lebanon timber to beautify and furnish God's sanctuary.
- Haggai 2:7-9 (thematic): God promises to bring wealth and that the glory of the latter house will exceed the former—resonates with Isaiah's promise to honor and make the place of his feet glorious.
- Psalm 92:12 (allusion): The righteous are likened to cedars of Lebanon, a common biblical emblem of flourishing and honor that underlies Isaiah’s image of Lebanon’s glory coming to Zion.
Alternative generated candidates
- The glory of Lebanon shall come to you — the fir, the cypress and the pine together — to adorn the place of my sanctuary. I will glorify the place of my feet.
- The glory of Lebanon shall come to you—the cedars, the cypress, and the pine together—to beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious.
Isa.60.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והלכו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
- שחוח: ADJ,m,sg
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- מעניך: NOUN,m,pl,abs,2ms
- והשתחוו: VERB,hitp,perf,3,m,pl
- על: PREP
- כפות: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- רגליך: NOUN,f,pl,abs,poss,2,f
- כל: DET
- מנאציך: NOUN,m,pl,abs,2ms
- וקראו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ציון: NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs
- קדוש: ADJ,m,sg
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 49:23 (verbal): Uses closely parallel language about kings and nations bowing down to Zion and serving her, including imagery of submission at the feet.
- Isaiah 45:14 (thematic): Predicts that nations (Egypt, Cush, Seba) will come over to Israel and become subject, echoing the reversal where former oppressors honor Zion.
- Zechariah 8:23 (allusion): Foresees foreigners seeking out and clinging to Israelites because God is with them—similar reversal in which Gentiles acknowledge and come to Zion.
- Psalm 72:10-11 (thematic): Describes kings bringing tribute and falling down before the righteous king; parallels the motif of rulers and peoples bending in homage to God’s city.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of those who afflicted you shall come bowing to you; all who despised you shall bow down at your feet; they shall call you the city of the LORD, Zion of the Holy One of Israel.
- The sons of those who afflicted you shall come bowing to you; and all who despised you shall bow down at the soles of your feet; and they shall call you the City of the LORD, Zion, the Holy One of Israel.
Isa.60.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- תחת: PREP
- היותך: NOUN,f,sg,abs,2,f,sg
- עזובה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ושנואה: CONJ+ADJ,f,sg,abs
- ואין: CONJ+PART,exist
- עובר: VERB,qal,ptc,act,m,sg
- ושמתיך: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg,obj:2,f,sg
- לגאון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משוש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- דור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודור: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 62:4-5 (allusion): Both passages overturn Zion’s former status as ‘forsaken’ and promise a transformed identity and joy; Isaiah 62 explicitly states she shall no longer be called Forsaken and will be cause for gladness, echoing 60:15’s promise of everlasting honor and delight.
- Isaiah 49:14-16 (thematic): Zion’s complaint ‘The LORD has forsaken me’ and the divine reply of remembrance and restoration parallel 60:15’s movement from abandonment (‘forsaken and hated’) to permanent exaltation and joy.
- Isaiah 54:7-8 (verbal): Both verses contrast a momentary hiding or forsaking with enduring favor—‘for a little moment I hid my face’ and then ‘everlasting kindness’ parallels 60:15’s shift from abandonment to ‘everlasting pride/joy’ (ga'on olam).
- Jeremiah 31:3-4 (thematic): Jeremiah’s promise of everlasting love and rebuilding—‘I have loved you with an everlasting love… I will build you’—echoes the theme of permanent restoration and generational joy found in 60:15.
Alternative generated candidates
- Instead of your being forsaken and hated, with no passerby, I will make you an everlasting pride, a joy from generation to generation.
- Instead of being forsaken and hated, with none passing through, I will make you an everlasting pride, a joy from generation to generation.
Isa.60.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וינקת: VERB,qal,impf,2,f,sg
- חלב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- ושד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תינקי: VERB,qal,impf,2,f,sg
- וידעת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- מושיעך: NOUN,m,sg,abs,2,sg
- וגאלך: VERB,qal,imperfect,1,?,sg
- אביר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יעקב: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 49:23 (verbal): Close verbal parallel: kings are depicted as nursing or serving Israel—'kings shall be your nursing fathers' echoes the imagery of nursing at the breasts of kings.
- Psalm 72:10-11 (thematic): Kings and nations bring tribute and submit to the righteous ruler—parallels the theme of nations supplying Israel and recognizing God's saving rule.
- Psalm 68:29 (68:30 MT) (verbal): Speaks of kings bringing presents because of Zion/Israel, echoing the motif of nations providing wealth and support to God's people.
- Zechariah 8:22-23 (thematic): Foresees many peoples and strong nations coming to seek the LORD and take hold of Israel's people—similar theme of nations turning to and honoring Israel.
- Deuteronomy 32:13-14 (thematic): Imagery of God providing abundant nourishment (honey, oil, grain) parallels the motif of sustenance and blessing—here portrayed as nations' offerings and bounty directed to Israel.
Alternative generated candidates
- You shall suck the milk of nations and nurse at the breasts of kings; you shall know that I, the LORD, am your Savior and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob.
- You shall suck the milk of nations, and be nursed at the breasts of kings; you shall know that I, the LORD, am your Savior and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob.
Isa.60.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- תחת: PREP
- הנחשת: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אביא: VERB,hiphil,impf,1,_,sg
- זהב: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותחת: CONJ+PREP
- הברזל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אביא: VERB,hiphil,impf,1,_,sg
- כסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותחת: CONJ+PREP
- העצים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- נחשת: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ותחת: CONJ+PREP
- האבנים: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ברזל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושמתי: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,1,_,sg
- פקדתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+2ms
- שלום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ונגשיך: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,abs+2ms
- צדקה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 61:3 (thematic): Uses the motif of divine substitution—giving beauty for ashes, joy for mourning—parallel to Isa 60:17’s exchange of lesser materials for more glorious ones (bronze→gold, iron→silver) as restoration imagery.
- Isaiah 2:4 (thematic): Vision of transformation from war to peace (swords into plowshares) resonates with Isa 60:17’s promise 'I will make peace your overseer and righteousness your ruler,' both portraying a reordered, peaceful future.
- Psalm 72:10–11 (thematic): Royal/eschatological imagery of kings/nations bringing gold and presenting gifts parallels Isa 60’s theme of nations’ wealth (gold, silver) flowing to Zion in the time of restoration.
- Hosea 2:8 (verbal): Hosea’s reference to silver and gold given to or taken for Israel echoes Isa 60:17’s concrete metal imagery and the idea of God’s redistribution/provision of wealth in the restoration of his people.
Alternative generated candidates
- Instead of bronze I will bring gold, and instead of iron I will bring silver; instead of wood, bronze; and instead of stones, iron. I will make your overseers peace and your rulers righteousness.
- Instead of bronze I will bring gold, and instead of iron I will bring silver; instead of wood bronze, and instead of stones iron. I will make your overseers peace and your rulers righteousness.
Isa.60.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- ישמע: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עוד: ADV
- חמס: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בארצך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,2,m
- שד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושבר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בגבוליך: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+2fs
- וקראת: VERB,qal,perf,2,ms
- ישועה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- חומתיך: NOUN,f,sg,poss2ms
- ושעריך: CONJ+NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,2,fs
- תהלה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Isaiah 2:4 (thematic): Eschatological vision of the end of violence and war among nations—both passages depict a future when swords/splendor of war are ended and peace prevails.
- Micah 4:3 (allusion): Close parallel to Isaiah 2:4 (often paired with it); likewise envisions cessation of war and judgment replaced by peace, resonating with Isaiah 60’s promise that violence will no longer be heard.
- Psalm 46:9 (verbal): Speaks of God making wars cease and breaking instruments of war—language of the end of violence parallels Isaiah 60:18’s declaration that violence will no longer be heard in the land.
- Psalm 122:7 (structural): Prayer for peace within Jerusalem’s walls and security within its palaces; echoes Isaiah 60:18’s focus on walls and gates as loci of safety and blessing (walls called 'salvation', gates 'praise').
- Zechariah 9:10 (thematic): Announces the removal of chariots and the cutting off of war-bow and the proclamation of peace to the nations—parallels Isaiah 60:18’s motif of the end of violence and the establishment of peace and honor for the city.
Alternative generated candidates
- Violence shall no more be heard in your land, devastation or destruction within your borders; you shall call your walls Salvation and your gates Praise.
- Violence shall no more be heard in your land, devastation nor destruction within your borders; you will call your walls Salvation, and your gates Praise.
Isa.60.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- עוד: ADV
- השמש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- לאור: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יומם: ADV
- ולנגה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- הירח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- לא: PART_NEG
- יאיר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לאור: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואלהיך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,pronominal_2ms
- לתפארתך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:2,m,sg
Parallels
- Isaiah 60:20 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same oracle repeating and expanding the idea: the sun and moon cease to be rulers of light because the LORD becomes an everlasting light for Zion.
- Revelation 21:23 (verbal): The New Jerusalem 'has no need of the sun or the moon' because 'the glory of God' and 'the Lamb' are its light—an explicit echo of Isaiah's claim that the LORD will be their light.
- Revelation 22:5 (verbal): 'They will need no lamp nor light of the sun, for the Lord God will be their light' — closely parallels Isaiah's image of divine light replacing solar and lunar sources.
- Zechariah 14:6-7 (allusion): Describes a unique eschatological 'day' known to the LORD when normal patterns of sunlight fail and divine light governs the time—shares the apocalyptic motif of God supplanting sun and moon.
- Psalm 36:9 (thematic): 'In your light we see light' portrays God as the ultimate source of illumination and life, resonating with Isaiah's declaration that the LORD will be everlasting light for his people.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sun shall no longer be your light by day, nor for brightness shall the moon give light to you; but the LORD will be your everlasting light, and your God your glory.
- The sun shall no longer be your light by day, nor shall the brightness of the moon give you light; but the LORD will be your everlasting light, and your God your glory.
Isa.60.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- יבוא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- עוד: ADV
- שמשך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+2ms
- וירחך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
- לא: PART_NEG
- יאסף: VERB,qal,imprf,3,m,sg
- כי: CONJ
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לך: PRON,2,m,sg
- לאור: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עולם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושלמו: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- ימי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
- אבלך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
Parallels
- Revelation 22:5 (verbal): Explicit verbal parallel: 'night will be no more... they will need no light of lamp or sun, for the Lord God will be their light' echoes Isaiah's claim that the Lord will be their everlasting light and there will be no more sun or moon needed.
- Revelation 21:23 (verbal): Shared imagery: the new Jerusalem 'had no need of the sun or the moon, for the glory of God gave it light,' paralleling Isaiah's promise that God Himself will be the people's perpetual light.
- Isaiah 60:19 (structural): Immediate context and near-verbatim parallel: the preceding verse says the sun will no longer be your light nor the moon give light, leading directly to the declaration that the LORD will be an everlasting light.
- Zechariah 14:7 (thematic): Related eschatological motif: 'it shall be one day... neither day nor night; but at evening time there shall be light,' reflecting the reversal of normal day/night and the presence of divine light in the eschaton.
- Malachi 4:2 (allusion): Messianic/light motif: 'the Sun of righteousness shall rise... healing in its wings' uses solar imagery of divine restoration and the end of suffering, resonating with Isaiah's promise that days of mourning will be ended under God's everlasting light.
Alternative generated candidates
- Your sun shall no more go down, nor shall your moon withdraw; for the LORD will be your everlasting light, and the days of your mourning shall be ended.
- Your sun shall no more go down, nor shall your moon withdraw; for the LORD will be your everlasting light, and the days of your mourning shall be ended.
Isa.60.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ועמך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2ms
- כלם: PRON,3,m,pl
- צדיקים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לעולם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יירשו: VERB,qal,impf,3,mp
- ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- נצר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מטעי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+1s
- מעשה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ידי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
- להתפאר: VERB,hitpael,inf
Parallels
- Psalm 37:29 (verbal): Direct verbal parallel: “The righteous shall inherit the land, and dwell in it forever,” echoing Isa.60:21’s claim that God’s people are righteous and will inherit the land forever.
- Ezekiel 36:24-28 (thematic): Thematic parallel of restoration and divine ownership: God gathers Israel, cleanses and renews them so they will be his people and live in the land he gave their fathers—resonant with Isa.60:21’s promise of a righteous people inheriting the land.
- Isaiah 61:4,7 (structural): Close Isaian parallel within the same salvation-oracle tradition: rebuilding, vindication, and an enduring inheritance for God’s people (including language of receiving a portion/inheritance), reinforcing Isa.60:21’s themes.
- Jeremiah 31:33-34 (allusion): Allusion to covenantal renewal: God writes his law on hearts and says “I will be their God, and they shall be my people,” paralleling Isa.60:21’s focus on a transformed, righteous people belonging to the LORD.
- Zechariah 8:8 (thematic): Thematic parallel of return and dwelling: God promises to bring his people back so they may dwell in their own place—reflecting Isa.60:21’s assurance that God’s renewed, righteous people will inherit and live in the land.
Alternative generated candidates
- Your people shall all be righteous; they shall inherit the land forever — the branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I may be glorified.
- Your people shall all be righteous; they shall possess the land forever—the shoot of my planting, the work of my hands, that I might be glorified.
Isa.60.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- הקטן: ADJ,m,sg,def
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לאלף: NUM,m,sg
- והצעיר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- לגוי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עצום: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- אני: PRON,1,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- בעתה: PREP,NOUN,f,sg,prsuf=3,f,sg
- אחישנה: VERB,qal,imperf,1,sg,prsuf=3,f,sg
Parallels
- Genesis 17:4-6 (thematic): God's promise to Abraham that the small/childless man will become a great and numerous nation — same theme of the least becoming many.
- Ezekiel 17:22-24 (structural): God lifts up the low and brings down the high—an explicit prophetic pattern of small things being exalted by the LORD, paralleling Isaiah's image of the small becoming a mighty nation.
- Daniel 2:35 (thematic): The stone that struck the statue becomes a great mountain and fills the earth—image of a small beginning transformed into a universal, mighty reality like Isaiah's small becoming a nation.
- Habakkuk 2:3 (verbal): The vision awaits its appointed time and ‘hastens’ to fulfillment — closely echoes Isaiah's ‘I the LORD will hasten it in its time’ (language of timing and divine hastening).
- Matthew 13:31-32 (thematic): The parable of the mustard seed — a tiny seed grows into a large tree; New Testament illustration of the prophetic motif that small beginnings become great.
Alternative generated candidates
- The least shall become a thousand, and the smallest a mighty nation; I the LORD will hasten it in its time.
- The little one shall become a thousand, and the small one a mighty nation; I, the LORD, will hasten it in its time.
Arise, shine; for your light has come, and the glory of the LORD has risen upon you.
For behold, darkness will cover the earth and deep gloom the nations; but the LORD will rise upon you, and his glory will be seen over you.
Nations shall walk to your light, and kings to the brightness of your dawn.
Lift up your eyes round about and see: they all gather, they come to you—your sons come from far, and your daughters are borne at your side.
Then you will see and be radiant; your heart will tremble and be enlarged, for the abundance of the sea will turn to you, and the wealth of nations will come to you.
A multitude of camels shall cover you—the young camels of Midian and Ephah; all from Sheba shall come, bringing gold and frankincense, and announcing the praise of the LORD.
All the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered to you, the rams of Nebaioth will minister to you; they shall come up with acceptance on my altar, and I will adorn the house of my glory.
Who are these that fly like a cloud, and like doves to their windows?
Surely the coastlands wait for me, and the ships of Tarshish first, to bring your sons from afar— their silver and gold with them— for the name of the LORD your God, and for the Holy One of Israel, because he has glorified you.
Foreigners shall build your walls, and their kings shall minister to you; for in my wrath I struck you, but in my favor I have had compassion on you.
Your gates shall be open continually—by day and by night they shall not be shut— to bring to you the wealth of nations and their kings led in procession.
For the nation and the kingdom that will not serve you shall perish; those nations shall be utterly laid waste.
The glory of Lebanon shall come to you—the cedars, the cypress and the myrtle together— to beautify the place of my sanctuary; I will make the place of my feet glorious.
The sons of your oppressors shall come bowing to you, and all who despised you shall bow down at the soles of your feet; they will call you the city of the LORD, Zion, the Holy One of Israel.
Instead of your being abandoned and loathed, with no passer-by, you shall be an everlasting pride, a joy from generation to generation.
You shall nurse on the wealth of nations and be nursed at the breast of kings; then you will know that I, the LORD, am your Savior, your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob.
I will give you gold instead of bronze and silver instead of iron; I will make your officers peace and your rulers righteousness.
Violence shall no longer be heard in your land, nor devastation or destruction within your borders; you will call your walls Salvation and your gates Praise.
No longer will you have the sun for light by day, nor the moon give light to you by night; the LORD will be your everlasting light, and your God your glory.
Your sun shall no more go down, nor shall your moon withdraw; for the LORD will be your everlasting light, and the days of your mourning shall be ended.
Your people shall all be righteous; they shall inherit the land forever—the branch of my planting, the work of my hands— to display my glory.
The little one shall become a thousand, and the small one a strong nation; I the LORD will hasten it in its time.