Sabbath Years and Weeks
Exodus 23:10-13
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Exo.23.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ושש: CONJ+NUM,card,m,sg
- שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- תזרע: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- ארצך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+poss:2ms
- ואספת: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- תבואתה: NOUN,f,sg,abs+poss:3fs
Parallels
- Leviticus 25:3-4 (verbal): Direct parallel law prescribing six years of sowing and a seventh year as a sabbath (the land shall have a year of rest).
- Exodus 34:21 (verbal): Restatement in the covenant context: six years you shall sow, and in the seventh year the land shall rest—parallel legal formulation.
- Leviticus 26:34-35 (thematic): Links observance of the land's sabbath to national fate—if sabbatical years are not kept, the land will 'enjoy its sabbaths' during desolation (consequence theme).
- 2 Chronicles 36:20-21 (allusion): Historical-theological explanation that Judah's exile served to fulfill the land's sabbath rests because the people had not observed them—echoes the sabbatical-lawtheme.
Alternative generated candidates
- Six years you shall sow your land and gather its produce.
- Six years you shall sow your land and gather its produce.
Exo.23.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והשביעת: CONJ+PREP,NUMORD,f,sg,abs
- תשמטנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
- ונטשתה: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- ואכלו: VERB,qal,imp,2,mp
- אביני: NOUN,f,pl,const
- עמך: NOUN,m,sg,suff-2m
- ויתרם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- תאכל: VERB,qal,impf,2,ms
- חית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- השדה: NOUN,m,sg,def
- כן: ADV
- תעשה: VERB,qal,imf,2,m,sg
- לכרמך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
- לזיתך: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,sg
Parallels
- Leviticus 25:4-7 (verbal): Direct sabbath-year legislation: the land must lie fallow every seventh year and the poor and wild animals may eat the produce—language and institution correspond closely.
- Deuteronomy 24:19-22 (verbal): Commands leaving gleanings of harvest, olives, and grapes for the poor, the sojourner, the fatherless, and the widow—similar social provision for the needy tied to agricultural practice.
- Leviticus 19:9-10 (thematic): Requires leaving edges of the field and gleanings for the poor and stranger; reflects the same ethic of permitting the needy access to agricultural surplus.
- Jeremiah 34:13-22 (allusion): Jeremiah condemns Judah for failing to observe sabbath-year and related laws, announcing judgment for the breach—applies the sabbatical principle and its consequences.
- 2 Chronicles 36:21 (structural): Explains the exile as fulfillment of the land's need to 'enjoy its sabbaths,' linking the sabbatical regulation to later historical judgment and land-rest observance.
Alternative generated candidates
- But in the seventh you shall let it lie fallow and leave it, and the poor of your people shall eat; and what they leave, the beasts of the field shall eat. Thus you shall do with your vineyard and with your olive grove.
- But in the seventh year you shall let it lie fallow and leave it, and the poor of your people shall eat; and what they leave, the beast of the field shall eat. So you shall do for your vineyard and for your olive grove.
Exo.23.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ששת: NUM,m,sg,cons
- ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- תעשה: VERB,qal,imf,2,m,sg
- מעשיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
- וביום: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השביעי: NUM,ord,m,sg,def
- תשבת: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
- למען: PREP
- ינוח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- שורך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
- וחמרך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
- וינפש: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אמתך: NOUN,f,sg,abs+2,m,sg
- והגר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 20:8-11 (verbal): The Decalogue's Sabbath command repeats the six days' work / seventh day rest pattern; both prescribe resting on the seventh day grounded in creation-rest motif.
- Exodus 34:21 (verbal): A near-verbatim recapitulation of the six-days work and seventh-day rest injunction (with additional agricultural timing in some witnesses).
- Deuteronomy 5:12-15 (thematic): Reiterates the Sabbath command but gives a different rationale (remembrance of Israel's deliverance from Egypt) and likewise aims to provide rest for servants and aliens.
- Leviticus 25:4-6 (structural): Parallels the social and ecological concern of Sabbath rhythms—here the sabbatical year grants rest to the land and provision for servants and animals.
- Mark 2:27-28 (allusion): Jesus' teaching that 'the Sabbath was made for man' alludes to the Sabbath's purpose to benefit humans (and by extension dependents), reframing the command's humanitarian intent.
Alternative generated candidates
- Six days you shall do your work, and on the seventh day you shall cease, so that your ox and your donkey may rest, and the son of your maidservant and the sojourner may be refreshed.
- Six days you shall do your work, and on the seventh day you shall rest, so that your ox and your donkey may rest, and the son of your maidservant and the sojourner may be refreshed.
Exo.23.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- אמרתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,com,sg
- אליכם: PREP+PRON,2,pl
- תשמרו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- ושם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אחרים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- תזכירו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
- לא: PART_NEG
- ישמע: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- על: PREP
- פיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
Parallels
- Exodus 20:3 (thematic): Direct prohibition against other gods—same basic command to reject/avoid other deities as in Exod 23:13.
- Deuteronomy 6:13 (thematic): Calls for exclusive fear and service of YHWH and forbids following other gods, reinforcing the restriction on invoking or honoring other deities.
- Deuteronomy 5:11 (quotation): Reiterates the command about proper use of divine names (the Decalogue parallel to Exod 20:7); thematically linked to controlling speech about gods.
- Leviticus 19:12 (verbal): Prohibits swearing falsely by God's name—connects to the concern in Exod 23:13 about what may be spoken regarding divine names and the proper use of speech about deities.
Alternative generated candidates
- In all that I have said to you, you shall keep; and you shall not mention the names of other gods; they shall not be heard on your lips.
- And in all that I have said to you, you shall keep; and the name of other gods you shall not mention; it shall not be heard upon your lips.
Six years you shall sow your land and gather its produce. But in the seventh year you shall let it lie fallow and leave it, and the needy of your people shall eat; and what they leave, the wild animals of the field shall eat. So you shall do for your vineyard and for your olive grove.
Six days you shall do your work, and on the seventh day you shall rest, so that your ox and your donkey may rest, and the son of your maidservant and the sojourner may be refreshed.
Be careful to do all that I have said to you; and the name of other gods you shall not mention; it shall not be heard on your lips.