The Descendants of Abraham
1 Chronicles 1:28-34
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1 C.1.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- אברהם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יצחק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וישמעאל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 16:15-16 (verbal): Reports the birth of Ishmael to Hagar and Abraham, identifying Ishmael as Abraham's son—background to the brief listing of Abraham's sons in Chronicles.
- Genesis 17:19-20 (thematic): Contrasts the covenant son Isaac (promise) with God's statement about Ishmael (also to be made a great nation), reflecting the duality of Abraham's offspring noted in Chronicles.
- Genesis 21:9-13 (thematic): Narrates the conflict and eventual sending away of Hagar and Ishmael and God's assurance to Abraham about both sons—develops the narrative context for naming Isaac and Ishmael as Abraham's sons.
- Genesis 25:12-18 (structural): Gives the genealogy and list of Ishmael's descendants, paralleling Chronicles' interest in genealogical summaries tied to Abraham's progeny.
- Galatians 4:22-31 (allusion): Paul uses Isaac and Ishmael allegorically (promise vs. flesh) to make a theological point, echoing the significance of Abraham's two sons mentioned in the chronicler's roster.
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Abraham: Isaac and Ishmael.
- The sons of Abraham: Isaac and Ishmael.
1 C.1.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- תלדותם: NOUN,f,pl,abs+3mp
- בכור: NOUN,m,sg,const
- ישמעאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נביות: NOUN,prop,m,pl,abs
- וקדר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואדבאל: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומבשם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 25:13 (verbal): Direct parallel—Genesis lists the sons of Ishmael (Nebaioth/Nebajoth, Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam), matching the names in 1 Chronicles 1:29.
- Genesis 17:20 (allusion): God's promise that Ishmael will beget twelve princes and become a great nation provides the theological/background context for the genealogical listing of his sons.
- Isaiah 60:7 (thematic): Mentions Kedar and Nebaioth in a prophetic context (their flocks brought to Zion), demonstrating later biblical use and significance of Ishmael's descendants.
- Jeremiah 49:28-29 (thematic): An oracle concerning Kedar (and related groups such as Nebaioth), reflecting later prophetic attention to the tribes traced to Ishmael.
Alternative generated candidates
- These were their offspring: the firstborn Ishmael, Nebaioth, Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam,
- These are their descendants: the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebaioth; Kedar, Adbeel and Mibsam.
1 C.1.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- משמע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודומה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- משא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- חדד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותימא: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 25:13 (verbal): Introduces the genealogy of Ishmael’s twelve sons; the Chronicles list corresponds to this Genesis genealogy.
- Genesis 25:14 (verbal): Contains the same sequence of names (Mishma, Dumah, Massa, Hadad, Tema), a direct verbal parallel to 1 Chronicles 1:30.
- Genesis 17:20 (allusion): God’s promise that Ishmael would father twelve princes provides the larger theological/thematic frame for the list of names in Chronicles.
- Isaiah 21:14 (verbal): Mentions Tema (Te‘ma) as a people/place; connects the personal name Tema in the genealogy to later geographical/ethnic references in the prophetic literature.
Alternative generated candidates
- Mishma, Dumah, Massa, Hadad, and Tema;
- Mishma, Dumah, Massa, Hadad and Tema.
1 C.1.31 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- יטור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- נפיש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וקדמה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- הם: PRON,personal,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישמעאל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 25:13-16 (verbal): Direct parallel list: Genesis provides the same names of Ishmael’s sons (including Naphish and Kedemah).
- Genesis 21:8-21 (thematic): Narrative background for Ishmael’s line: account of Hagar and Ishmael, God’s care for Ishmael, and the origin of his descendants.
- Genesis 17:20 (thematic): God’s promise to make Ishmael fruitful and form a great nation, which explains the subsequent listing of his sons.
- Genesis 25:18 (structural): Summary statement about the settlement of Ishmael’s descendants (‘from Havilah to Shur’), functioning as a geographical complement to the genealogical list.
Alternative generated candidates
- Yetur, Naphish, and Kedemah—these are the sons of Ishmael.
- Jetur, Naphish and Kedemah—these are the sons of Ishmael.
1 C.1.32 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- קטורה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- פילגש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אברהם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ילדה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
- את: PRT,acc
- זמרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ויקשן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- ומדן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ומדין: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וישבק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ושוח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- יקשן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- שבא: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ודדן: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 25:1-4 (quotation): Lists the sons of Keturah (Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, Shuah) and the sons of Jokshan (Sheba, Dedan) — essentially the same genealogy as 1 Chr 1:32.
- Genesis 25:5 (thematic): States that Abraham gave all he had to Isaac while making gifts to the sons of his concubines (including Keturah's children), providing context for the status of these descendants.
- 1 Chronicles 1:31-33 (structural): Nearby verses in the same chapter repeat and summarize the genealogical material about Abraham's offspring, showing the Chronicler's parallel retelling of the Genesis list.
- Numbers 31:1-2 (thematic): Refers to Israel's later conflict with Midian; links the son Midian (a child of Keturah in 1 Chr 1:32) to the Midianite people encountered in later narratives.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the sons of Keturah, Abraham’s concubine: she bore Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah; and the sons of Jokshan: Sheba and Dedan.
- And the sons of Keturah, Abraham’s concubine: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak and Shuah. The sons of Jokshan were Sheba and Dedan.
1 C.1.33 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- מדין: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עיפה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועפר: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וחנוך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואבידע: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ואלדעה: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כל: DET
- אלה: DEM,pl,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- קטורה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 25:4 (quotation): Gives the same list of Midian’s sons (Ephah/Epha, Epher, Hanoch, Abida, Eldaah) — Chronicles here closely follows Genesis’ genealogy.
- Genesis 25:6 (structural): Contextual parallel: Genesis explains these names as Abraham’s sons by Keturah and describes their settlement and gifts, framing the genealogical list.
- 1 Chronicles 1:29-33 (verbal): Immediate chronicler’s parallel: the surrounding verses in 1 Chronicles repeat and arrange the Abrahamic genealogies, of which v.33 is part.
- Isaiah 60:6 (allusion): Mentions Midian and Ephah together (caravans/camels), reflecting later literary references to peoples/regions associated with Midian’s descendants (Ephah/Epha).
Alternative generated candidates
- The sons of Midian: Ephah, Epher, Hanoch, Abida, and Eldaah—all these were the sons of Keturah.
- The sons of Midian: Ephah, Epher, Hanoch, Abida and Eldaah; all these were the sons of Keturah.
1 C.1.34 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויולד: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
- אברהם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- יצחק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- יצחק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- וישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Genesis 21:3 (verbal): Same patriarchal birth formula—explicit statement that Abraham fathered Isaac (the direct antecedent of the Chronicles summary).
- Genesis 25:24-26 (structural): Narrative account of Isaac’s twins, naming the sons as Esau and Jacob (the latter later called Israel), corresponding to the genealogical listing in Chronicles.
- Matthew 1:2 (structural): New Testament genealogy that repeats the Abraham→Isaac formula, showing the same genealogical ordering and lineal emphasis as 1 Chronicles.
- Malachi 1:2-3 (thematic): Uses the Jacob/Esau pair to make a theological point ('I loved Jacob, I hated Esau'), reflecting the enduring significance of the two brothers named in the Chronicles entry.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Abraham fathered Isaac. The sons of Isaac: Esau and Israel.
- And Abraham fathered Isaac. The sons of Isaac were Esau and Israel (that is, Jacob).
The sons of Abraham: Isaac and Ishmael.
These are their descendants: the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebajoth, Kedar, Adbeel and Mibsam.
Mishma, Dumah, Massa, Hadad and Tema.
Jetur, Naphish and Kedemah—these are the sons of Ishmael. And the sons of Keturah, Abraham’s concubine: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak and Shuah; and the sons of Jokshan were Sheba and Dedan. And the sons of Midian: Ephah, Epher, Hanoch, Abida and Eldaah. All these were the sons of Keturah. And Abraham fathered Isaac. The sons of Isaac: Esau and Israel.