Paul's Arrest and the Council's Division
Acts 22:22-23:11
Acts.22.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Ηκουον: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,pl
- δε: CONJ
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- αχρι: PREP
- τουτου: DEM,gen,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- λογου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- επηραν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- φωνην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- λεγοντες·Αιρε: VERB,pres,act,part,nom,pl,m
- απο: PREP
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- γης: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- τοιουτον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- ου: PART,neg
- γαρ: PART
- καθηκεν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- ζην: VERB,pres,act,inf
Parallels
- Acts 7:57-58 (structural): An enraged Jewish crowd cries out and violently executes a targeted man (Stephen is dragged out and stoned); parallels the mob’s sudden cry that Paul should not live.
- Acts 14:19 (thematic): Paul is violently attacked and stoned by a hostile crowd in Iconium—similar motif of popular outrage seeking to kill an apostle.
- Acts 21:30-36 (structural): A Jerusalem mob is incited against Paul and attempts to kill him (the crowd seizes him and would have torn him to pieces), matching the pattern of urban popular violence in 22:22.
- Mark 15:13-14 (cf. Matthew 27:23) (verbal): At Jesus’ trial the crowd shouts ‘Away with him; crucify him,’ using the same basic cry for removal and death as the mob’s ‘Away with such a one… he ought not to live.’
Alternative generated candidates
- When they heard this they raised their voices and cried, "Away with such a fellow from the earth! For he is not fit to live."
- When they heard this they listened until he said, 'It was to the Gentiles that I was sent.' Then they raised their voices and cried out, 'Away with such a fellow from the earth; it is not right that he should live.'
Acts.22.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- κραυγαζοντων: VERB,pres,act,ptc,gen,pl,m
- τε: CONJ
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- ριπτουντων: VERB,pres,act,ptc,gen,pl,m
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- ιματια: NOUN,nom,pl,n
- και: CONJ
- κονιορτον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- βαλλοντων: VERB,pres,act,part,gen,pl,m
- εις: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- αερα: NOUN,acc,sg,m
Parallels
- Acts 21:30-31 (structural): The same Jerusalem riot narrative immediately prior to Paul's defense—both passages describe a tumultuous crowd reacting violently to Paul (filled the city with confusion, uproar and attack).
- Acts 19:28-29 (thematic): The Ephesian mob scene uses similar language of citywide confusion and an incited crowd rushing together—a parallel example of public uproar and mob behavior in Acts.
- Acts 7:58 (verbal): In the stoning of Stephen the witnesses 'laid down their clothes' at a young man's feet—a closely related motif of handling/removal of garments in the context of violent crowd action.
- Matthew 26:65 (allusion): The high priest and council 'tore their clothes' in reaction to Jesus' words—a related gesture of tearing/removing garments as an expression of outrage or dramatic protest in Jewish practice.
Alternative generated candidates
- As they were shouting and flinging off their garments and throwing dust into the air,
- As they shouted and cast off their cloaks and threw dust into the air,
Acts.22.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εκελευσεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- χιλιαρχος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εισαγεσθαι: VERB,pres,mid-pass,inf
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- εις: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- παρεμβολην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ειπας: VERB,aor,act,ptcp,nom,sg,m
- μαστιξιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ανεταζεσθαι: VERB,pres,mid/pass,inf
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- ινα: CONJ
- επιγνω: VERB,aor,act,subj,3,sg
- δι᾽ην: PRON,acc,sg,f
- αιτιαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ουτως: ADV
- επεφωνουν: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,pl
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
Parallels
- Acts 21:33-36 (structural): Same arrest scene earlier in Luke–Acts narrative: the Roman tribune intervenes and takes Paul into the barracks, providing the narrative parallel to the retold order in 22:24.
- Acts 16:22-37 (thematic): Paul and Silas are beaten and imprisoned by local authorities; Paul later invokes his Roman citizenship (16:37) to protest illegal treatment—a closely related theme of scourging/illegal mistreatment and citizenship protections.
- Matthew 27:26 (thematic): The Roman scourging of Jesus under Pilate illustrates the practice of flogging by Roman authorities as a form of examination/punishment—paralleling the tribune’s order to have Paul examined by scourging.
- John 18:22 (thematic): During Jesus’ interrogation someone strikes him (18:22); like Acts 22:24, this verse reflects violent treatment during an official questioning, connecting the motif of corporal violence in judicial/administrative interrogations.
Alternative generated candidates
- the commander ordered him to be brought into the barracks and flogged, that he might learn why they were shouting against him like this.
- the commander ordered him to be brought into the barracks and that he be examined by scourging, to learn why they were crying out against him so.
Acts.22.25 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ως: ADV
- δε: CONJ
- προετειναν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- ιμασιν: NOUN,dat,pl,n
- ειπεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- προς: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- εστωτα: PART,perf,act,masc,acc,pl
- εκατονταρχον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- Παυλος·Ει: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ανθρωπον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- Ρωμαιον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- ακατακριτον: ADJ,acc,sg,m
- εξεστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- υμιν: PRON,dat,pl,2
- μαστιζειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
Parallels
- Acts 16:37-39 (verbal): After Paul and Silas were publicly beaten at Philippi, Paul invoked his status as a Roman citizen to protest the unlawful scourging and demand release and redress—same legal claim and rhetorical move as here.
- Acts 22:27-29 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: the centurion and tribune learn Paul is a Roman citizen and react with fear; the passage shows the direct legal and practical consequences of Paul’s question in 22:25.
- Acts 22:28 (verbal): Direct verbal parallel within the same scene: the tribune replies about how he acquired his citizenship, and Paul counters that he was born a Roman citizen—this exchange completes and clarifies the claim made in 22:25.
- Acts 25:11 (thematic): Paul’s later appeal to Caesar exemplifies the same strategy of invoking Roman legal rights and protections to avoid local mistreatment or unjust proceedings—continuing the theme of using citizenship for legal protection.
Alternative generated candidates
- As they stretched him out to be flogged, Paul said to the centurion standing by, "Is it lawful for you to scourge a man who is a Roman citizen and uncondemned?"
- When they had bound him with thongs, Paul said to the centurion standing by, 'Is it lawful for you to scourge a man who is a Roman and uncondemned?'
Acts.22.26 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ακουσας: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,m,sg
- δε: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- εκατονταρχης: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- προσελθων: PART,aor,act,nom,m,sg
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- χιλιαρχω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- απηγγειλεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- λεγων·Τι: VERB,pres,act,ptc,nom,sg,m
- μελλεις: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- ποιειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- γαρ: PART
- ανθρωπος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ουτος: PRON,nom,sg,m
- Ρωμαιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
Parallels
- Acts 16:37-39 (thematic): Paul and Silas invoke their Roman citizenship after being beaten and imprisoned; officials fear the legal consequences—parallel theme of Roman citizenship protecting Paul from unlawful punishment.
- Acts 22:25 (structural): Immediate context: the tribune orders Paul to be examined and scourged, prompting the exchange that leads the centurion to report Paul’s citizenship (22:26).
- Acts 22:29 (verbal): Continuation of the same scene: when the tribune learns Paul is a Roman he becomes alarmed and withdraws, showing the direct consequence of the centurion’s report in 22:26.
- Acts 25:11 (thematic): Paul appeals to Caesar, explicitly invoking his rights as a Roman citizen to be tried before the emperor—demonstrates the broader legal strategy tied to his Roman status introduced in 22:26.
Alternative generated candidates
- When the centurion heard this he went to the commander and reported, "What are you about to do? For this man is a Roman citizen."
- When the centurion heard this he went and told the commander, saying, 'What are you about to do? For this man is a Roman.'
Acts.22.27 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- προσελθων: PART,aor,act,nom,m,sg
- δε: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- χιλιαρχος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ειπεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- αυτω·Λεγε: PRON,dat,sg,3 + VERB,pres,act,imp,2,sg
- μοι: PRON,dat,sg,1
- συ: PRON,nom,sg,2
- Ρωμαιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ει: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- εφη·Ναι: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg + INTJ
Parallels
- Acts 16:37-39 (thematic): Paul's Roman citizenship is revealed earlier when he and Silas are beaten and imprisoned in Philippi, and the magistrates fear punishment for mistreating Roman citizens—parallels the legal significance of citizenship in Acts 22:27.
- Acts 21:39 (verbal): Paul asserts his civic and geographic identity ('I am a Jew from Tarsus of Cilicia, a citizen of no insignificant city'), a similar self‑identification of status as in Acts 22:27–28.
- Acts 25:11 (thematic): Paul invokes his legal rights by appealing to Caesar (‘I appeal to Caesar’), demonstrating the practical use of his Roman status like the question and recognition of citizenship in Acts 22:27.
- Acts 22:28 (structural): Immediate continuation of the scene: the tribune replies about how he obtained his citizenship, highlighting the legal and social implications introduced by the question in Acts 22:27.
Alternative generated candidates
- The commander came and asked him, "Tell me, are you a Roman citizen?" He answered, "Yes."
- So the commander came and said to him, 'Tell me, are you a Roman?' He said, 'Yes.'
Acts.22.28 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- απεκριθη: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- δε: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- χιλιαρχος·Εγω: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- πολλου: ADJ,gen,sg,m
- κεφαλαιου: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- πολιτειαν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ταυτην: PRON,acc,sg,f
- εκτησαμην: VERB,aor,mid,ind,1,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- Παυλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- εφη·Εγω: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- δε: CONJ
- και: CONJ
- γεγεννημαι: VERB,perf,mid/pass,ind,1,sg
Parallels
- Acts 22:25 (verbal): Immediate precursor in the same scene: Paul protests the intended scourging by invoking his status as a Roman (Is it lawful to scourge a Roman uncondemned?), which leads directly to the exchange about citizenship in 22:28.
- Acts 22:29 (quotation): Immediate follow-up statement: Paul insists he was a free-born Roman citizen, directly contrasting the tribune’s claim of purchased citizenship in 22:28.
- Acts 16:37-38 (thematic): Earlier episode where Paul (and Silas) assert their rights as Roman citizens after being unlawfully beaten and imprisoned in Philippi; parallels the use of citizenship as legal protection.
- Acts 25:11 (structural): Later legal maneuver in Paul’s ministry: Paul appeals to Caesar to secure his legal rights, reflecting the broader theme of invoking Roman legal status and protections introduced when his citizenship is recognized.
Alternative generated candidates
- The commander replied, "I secured this citizenship for a large sum." But Paul said, "I was born a citizen."
- The commander answered, 'I bought this citizenship with a large sum.' Paul said, 'But I was born a citizen.'
Acts.22.29 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ευθεως: ADV
- ουν: CONJ
- απεστησαν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl
- απ᾽αυτου: PREP+PRON,gen,sg,3,m
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- μελλοντες: PART,pres,act,nom,pl,m
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- ανεταζειν·και: VERB,pres,act,inf
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- χιλιαρχος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- εφοβηθη: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- επιγνους: PART,aor,act,nom,sg,m
- οτι: CONJ
- Ρωμαιος: ADJ,nom,sg,m
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- οτι: CONJ
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- ην: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- δεδεκως: PART,perf,pas,nom,sg,m
Parallels
- Acts 16:37-39 (thematic): Paul (and Silas) invoke Roman citizenship after being unlawfully beaten and imprisoned; like 22:29, knowledge of Roman status changes the authorities’ attitude and leads to protection and redress.
- Acts 22:25 (verbal): Immediate precursor in the same episode: Paul was bound and about to be scourged—22:29 reports the officials’ reaction once they learned he was a Roman.
- Acts 22:28 (structural): The preceding verse records the tribune’s admission about Roman citizenship (how it was acquired); 22:29 follows by describing the officials’ withdrawal and the tribune’s fear because Paul was a Roman and had been bound.
- Acts 25:11 (thematic): Paul’s later appeal to Caesar exemplifies the same reliance on Roman legal rights and citizenship to avoid local mistreatment and secure judicial protection, a theme reflected in 22:29.
Alternative generated candidates
- At once those who were about to examine him withdrew; and the commander himself was afraid when he realized that he had bound a Roman, and he came and apologized, saying, "Tell me, what charge are you facing?"
- Those who were about to examine him withdrew immediately; and the commander himself was afraid when he realized that he had bound a Roman, and he came and apologized to him.
Acts.22.30 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- δε: CONJ
- επαυριον: ADV
- βουλομενος: VERB,pres,mid,ptc,nom,sg,m
- γνωναι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- ασφαλες: ADJ,acc,sg,n
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- τι: PRON,int,nom,sg,n
- κατηγορειται: VERB,pres,mid/pass,ind,3,sg
- υπο: PREP
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- Ιουδαιων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- ελυσεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- εκελευσεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- συνελθειν: VERB,aor,act,inf
- τους: ART,acc,pl,m
- αρχιερεις: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- παν: ADJ,nom,sg,n
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- συνεδριον: NOUN,nom,sg,n
- και: CONJ
- καταγαγων: PART,aor,act,nom,m,sg
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- Παυλον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- εστησεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- εις: PREP
- αυτους: PRON,acc,pl,m
Parallels
- Acts 23:1-10 (structural): Immediate continuation of the scene — Paul stands before the assembled Sanhedrin and the council is divided over his statement about the resurrection.
- Acts 21:30-40 (thematic): Earlier episode where Jewish accusations against Paul lead to a public uproar and Roman authorities intervening to take him into custody and investigate the charges.
- Acts 25:1-12 (thematic): Later legal procedure in which Jewish leaders press charges against Paul before Roman officials, resulting in transfer/appeal to higher authority — parallels the judicial handling of accusations and jurisdictional maneuvering.
- Luke 22:66-71 (allusion): The chief priests and the council assemble to examine a prisoner (Jesus) — similar motif of the Sanhedrin convening to hear accusations and question the accused.
Alternative generated candidates
- On the next day, desiring to know exactly why he was accused by the Jews, the commander released him and ordered the chief priests and the whole council to assemble; and he brought Paul down and set him before them.
- On the next day, wishing to know the real charge against him, he released him from his bonds and commanded the chief priests and the whole council to assemble, and brought Paul down and set him before them.
Acts.23.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ατενισας: VERB,aor,act,ptcp,nom,m,sg
- δε: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- Παυλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- συνεδριω: NOUN,dat,sg,n
- ειπεν·Ανδρες: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- αδελφοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- εγω: PRON,nom,sg,1
- παση: ADJ,dat,sg,f
- συνειδησει: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- αγαθη: ADJ,dat,sg,f
- πεπολιτευμαι: VERB,perf,mid/pass,ind,1,sg
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- θεω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- αχρι: PREP
- ταυτης: DEM,gen,sg,f
- της: ART,gen,sg,f
- ημερας: NOUN,acc,pl,f
Parallels
- Acts 24:16 (verbal): Paul twice expresses the same goal—maintaining a clear/good conscience toward God (and men); the Greek wording and courtroom-defense context closely echo Acts 23:1.
- Acts 20:26 (thematic): In his farewell to the Ephesian elders Paul asserts his innocence ('I am not responsible for any of you'), a parallel defense of moral integrity before an audience similar to his address to the council.
- 1 Timothy 1:5 (verbal): Paul links Christian conduct to 'a pure heart and a good conscience and sincere faith'—the phrase and ethical emphasis on a 'good conscience' resonates with Acts 23:1.
- 1 Timothy 3:9 (verbal): Elders are to hold the faith with a 'clear conscience'—the same technical concern for a conscience unblemished that Paul invokes in Acts 23:1.
- 1 Peter 3:16 (thematic): Peter urges believers to maintain a good conscience so that slanderers may be put to shame; like Acts 23:1 this treats conscience as a moral witness in hostile, accusatory settings.
Alternative generated candidates
- Paul, fixing his gaze on the council, said, "Brothers, I have lived my life before God in good conscience to this day."
- Paul, looking intently at the council, said, 'Brothers, I have lived before God in all good conscience until this day.'
Acts.23.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- αρχιερευς: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- Ανανιας: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- επεταξεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- τοις: ART,dat,pl,n
- παρεστωσιν: VERB,pres,act,ptc,dat,pl,m
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- τυπτειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- στομα: NOUN,nom,sg,n
Parallels
- Acts 23:3 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: Paul rebukes the high priest after Ananias orders the blow ('God will strike you'), showing direct cause-and-effect within the scene.
- John 18:22 (verbal): An officer strikes Jesus on the face during arrest—verbal/physical parallel in Gospel tradition of a religiously charged assault ('struck him').
- Matthew 26:67 (thematic): Religious leaders and their attendants mock and strike Jesus (‘they spat in his face and struck him’), paralleling hostile treatment of a prophetic/apostolic figure by Jewish authorities.
- Isaiah 50:6 (allusion): Prophetic imagery of the servant having cheeks/face offered to those who strike him—an Old Testament motif behind New Testament scenes of being struck in the face.
- Acts 16:22-23 (structural): Another episode where Paul is publicly beaten and punished by authorities (Philippi), illustrating the recurring pattern of physical violence against Paul in Acts.
Alternative generated candidates
- The high priest Ananias commanded those standing near him to strike him on the mouth.
- At this the high priest Ananias ordered those standing near him to strike him on the mouth.
Acts.23.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- τοτε: ADV
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- Παυλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- προς: PREP
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- ειπεν·Τυπτειν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- σε: PRON,acc,sg,2
- μελλει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- θεος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- τοιχε: INTJ
- κεκονιαμενε·και: PART,perf,pass,nom,sg,m
- συ: PRON,nom,sg,2
- καθη: CONJ
- κρινων: PART,pres,act,nom,sg,m
- με: PRON,acc,sg,1
- κατα: PREP
- τον: ART,acc,sg,m
- νομον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- και: CONJ
- παρανομων: PART,pres,act,nom,sg,m
- κελευεις: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
- με: PRON,acc,sg,1
- τυπτεσθαι: VERB,pres,mid,inf
Parallels
- Matthew 23:27 (allusion): Jesus calls the Pharisees 'whitewashed tombs' to accuse them of hypocrisy; Paul's 'whitewashed wall' (τοιχε κεκονιαμενε) echoes that imagery to charge Ananias with hypocrisy and moral corruption.
- Luke 11:44 (allusion): Parallel wording to Matthew 23:27—Jesus' denunciation of outwardly clean but inwardly corrupt leaders; Acts 23:3 uses similar imagery to rebuke the high priest.
- John 18:22-23 (thematic): When Jesus is struck in the high priest's courtyard he protests the illegality of the act; Paul likewise challenges the legitimacy of the order to strike him and invokes divine retribution on the striker.
- Acts 22:25-29 (thematic): Earlier in Acts Paul asserts his rights when soldiers try to flog him as a Roman citizen; both passages deal with the unlawfulness of striking Paul and his forceful protest against such treatment.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then Paul said to him, "God will strike you, you whitewashed wall! Do you sit to judge me according to the law, and yet you order me to be struck contrary to the law?"
- Then Paul said to him, 'God will strike you, you whitewashed wall! You sit to judge me according to the law, and yet you command me to be struck contrary to the law.'
Acts.23.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- οι: ART,nom,pl,m
- δε: CONJ
- παρεστωτες: PART,pres,act,nom,pl,m
- ειπαν·Τον: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,pl + ART,acc,sg,m
- αρχιερεα: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- θεου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- λοιδορεις: VERB,pres,act,ind,2,sg
Parallels
- Acts 23:3 (structural): Immediate context: Paul had just called the high priest a 'whitewashed wall' and struck him, prompting those nearby to object that he was reviling the high priest.
- Acts 23:5 (quotation): Paul's reply cites Scripture: 'I did not know... for it is written,
Alternative generated candidates
- Those standing near said, "Will you revile God's high priest?"
- Those who stood by said, 'Do you revile God's high priest?'
Acts.23.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εφη: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- τε: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- Παυλος·Ουκ: PROPN,nom,sg,m
- ηδειν: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- αδελφοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- οτι: CONJ
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- αρχιερευς·γεγραπται: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- γαρ: PART
- οτι: CONJ
- Αρχοντα: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- λαου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- σου: PRON,gen,sg,2
- ουκ: PART,neg
- ερεις: VERB,fut,act,ind,2,sg
- κακως: ADV
Parallels
- Exodus 22:28 (quotation): Acts 23:5 directly echoes/quotes the OT injunction not to speak evil of a ruler of your people; Luke attributes Paul’s citation to this law when he unwittingly insulted the high priest.
- Romans 13:1-2 (thematic): Paul’s teaching that all authorities are established by God and must be submitted to develops the same principle of respect for governing officials implied by the OT citation in Acts 23:5.
- 1 Peter 2:17 (thematic): “Honor everyone… honor the emperor” parallels the duty to show respect for rulers and not revile those in authority reflected in Acts 23:5.
- Titus 3:1 (thematic): Paul’s pastoral exhortation to be submissive to rulers and authorities echoes the moral/ethical requirement not to speak ill of leaders cited in Acts 23:5.
Alternative generated candidates
- Paul replied, "I did not realize, brothers, that he was the high priest; for it is written, 'You shall not speak evil of a ruler of your people.'"
- And Paul said, 'I did not know, brothers, that he was the high priest; for it is written,
Acts.23.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Γνους: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- Παυλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- οτι: CONJ
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- εν: PREP
- μερος: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- εστιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- Σαδδουκαιων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- δε: CONJ
- ετερον: ADJ,nom,sg,n
- Φαρισαιων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- εκραζεν: VERB,impf,act,ind,3,sg
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- συνεδριω·Ανδρες: NOUN,dat,sg,n;NOUN,voc,pl,m
- αδελφοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- εγω: PRON,nom,sg,1
- Φαρισαιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ειμι: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- υιος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- Φαρισαιων·περι: NOUN,gen,pl,m;PREP
- ελπιδος: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- αναστασεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- νεκρων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- εγω: PRON,nom,sg,1
- κρινομαι: VERB,pres,pass,ind,1,sg
Parallels
- Acts 24:14-15 (quotation): Paul's later formal defense uses the same core claim: he worships God 'in accordance with the Way' and 'has hope toward God... that there will be a resurrection of both the righteous and the wicked'—essentially the same affirmation of hope and resurrection that he invokes in Acts 23:6.
- Acts 26:6-8 (quotation): Before Agrippa Paul again frames the charges against him in terms of the resurrection, asking whether it is judged incredible that God would raise the dead—repeating the centrality of resurrection that he cites when identifying as a Pharisee in Acts 23:6.
- Acts 23:8 (verbal): Immediate narrative parallel within Luke's account: Luke explains that the Sadducees deny resurrection while the Pharisees affirm angels and spirits—this line directly explains why Paul's declaration about 'hope and resurrection of the dead' provoked the council.
- Matthew 22:23-33 (thematic): The Sadducees' question to Jesus about the resurrection (and Jesus' reply affirming resurrection and God's relation to the living) illustrates the sectarian dispute over resurrection that underlies Paul's tactic in Acts 23:6.
- 1 Corinthians 15:12-23 (thematic): Paul's extended theological rebuttal to those who say there is no resurrection demonstrates the doctrinal importance and consistency of his claim in Acts 23:6 that belief in the resurrection is central to his identity and defense.
Alternative generated candidates
- But knowing that some of them were Sadducees and the rest Pharisees, Paul cried out in the council, "Brothers, I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees; I am on trial concerning the hope of the resurrection of the dead."
- But when Paul perceived that one part were Sadducees and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, 'Brothers, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee; concerning the hope and resurrection of the dead I am on trial.'
Acts.23.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- τουτο: PRON,nom,sg,n
- δε: CONJ
- αυτου: PRON,gen,sg,m
- λαλουντος: VERB,pres,act,part,gen,sg,masc
- εγενετο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- στασις: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- Φαρισαιων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- Σαδδουκαιων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- και: CONJ
- εσχισθη: VERB,aor,pass,ind,3,sg
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- πληθος: NOUN,nom,sg,n
Parallels
- Acts 23:6 (structural): Immediate context: Paul declares he is a Pharisee, intentionally provoking the split between Pharisees and Sadducees that the verse describes.
- Acts 23:8 (verbal): Explains the theological basis for the division—Sadducees deny the resurrection while Pharisees affirm it—making clear why the crowd was split.
- Luke 20:27-40 (thematic): The Sadducees’ denial of the resurrection is debated with Jesus here; parallels the doctrinal dispute (resurrection) that separates Pharisees and Sadducees in Acts 23.
- Acts 4:1 (thematic): Early opposition to the apostles includes the Sadducees; demonstrates the Sadducees’ recurring antagonism to teaching about resurrection and the new movement, providing background to the split in Acts 23.
Alternative generated candidates
- When he said this, a sharp disagreement arose between the Pharisees and the Sadducees, and the assembly was divided.
- When he said this a sharp dissension arose; for the Pharisees and Sadducees were sharply divided, and the assembly was in confusion.
Acts.23.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Σαδδουκαιοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- μεν: PART
- γαρ: PART
- λεγουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- μη: PART
- ειναι: VERB,pres,act,inf
- αναστασιν: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- μητε: CONJ
- αγγελον: NOUN,acc,sg,m
- μητε: CONJ
- πνευμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- Φαρισαιοι: NOUN,nom,pl,m
- δε: CONJ
- ομολογουσιν: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,pl
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- αμφοτερα: ADJ,nom,pl,n
Parallels
- Matthew 22:23-33 (thematic): The Sadducees’ denial of the resurrection is directly engaged in Jesus’ debate with them; parallels Acts’ summary of Sadducean belief about resurrection, angels, and spirit.
- Mark 12:18-27 (thematic): Mark’s account of the Sadducees’ question about resurrection and Jesus’ response echoes the same doctrinal contrast between Sadducees and Pharisees noted in Acts.
- Luke 20:27-40 (thematic): Luke records the Sadducees’ challenge and Jesus’ argument for resurrection, reflecting the same dispute described in Acts 23:8.
- 1 Corinthians 15:12-23 (thematic): Paul confronts denial of the resurrection and its theological consequences, addressing the same issue (belief vs. denial of resurrection) central to Acts 23:8.
- Acts 4:1-2 (structural): Within Acts, the Sadducean leadership is shown opposing the apostles because they preached Jesus’ resurrection—illustrating the practical conflict arising from Sadducees’ denial noted in 23:8.
Alternative generated candidates
- For the Sadducees say there is no resurrection, nor angel, nor spirit, while the Pharisees acknowledge them all.
- The Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, nor angel, nor spirit; but the Pharisees confess them all.
Acts.23.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- εγενετο: VERB,aor,mid,ind,3,sg
- δε: CONJ
- κραυγη: NOUN,nom,sg,f
- μεγαλη: ADJ,nom,sg,f
- και: CONJ
- ανασταντες: VERB,part,aor,act,nom,pl,masc
- τινες: PRON,nom,pl,m
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- γραμματεων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- του: ART,gen,sg,n
- μερους: NOUN,gen,sg,n
- των: ART,gen,pl,m
- Φαρισαιων: NOUN,gen,pl,m
- διεμαχοντο: VERB,impf,mid,ind,3,pl
- λεγοντες·Ουδεν: PART,pres,act,nom,pl,m
- κακον: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- ευρισκομεν: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,pl
- εν: PREP
- τω: ART,dat,sg,m
- ανθρωπω: NOUN,dat,sg,m
- τουτω·ει: PRON,dat,sg,m
- δε: CONJ
- πνευμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- ελαλησεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- η: ART,nom,sg,f
- αγγελος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
Parallels
- Acts 23:8 (verbal): Immediate context: contrasts Sadducees' denial of resurrection/angels/spirits with Pharisees' belief—explains why Pharisaic scribes defend Paul if an angel or spirit spoke to him.
- Acts 23:6 (structural): Narrative trigger: Paul's declaration that he is a Pharisee causes the division between Pharisees and Sadducees that leads Pharisaic scribes to intercede on his behalf.
- Acts 5:39 (thematic): Gamaliel's counsel not to oppose something that might be from God (lest you be found fighting against God) parallels the Pharisees' reluctance to fight if a spirit/angel spoke to Paul.
- Galatians 1:8 (verbal): Uses similar language about an 'angel from heaven' speaking with authoritative force—relevant to the Pharisees' suggestion that a supernatural speaker would override human opposition.
- Acts 26:6-8 (thematic): Paul's appeal to the hope of the resurrection (a Pharisaic belief) in his defense before Agrippa echoes the doctrinal divide underlying the Pharisees' defense of him in Acts 23:9.
Alternative generated candidates
- Then a violent dispute broke out; and some of the scribes of the Pharisees stood up, contending, "We find no evil in this man. If a spirit or an angel has spoken to him, let us not fight against God."
- A loud clamor arose; some of the scribes of the Pharisees' party stood up and contended violently, declaring, 'We find nothing wrong in this man; what if a spirit or an angel spoke to him?'
Acts.23.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- πολλης: ADJ,gen,sg,f
- δε: CONJ
- γινομενης: VERB,aor,mid/pass,part,gen,f,sg
- στασεως: NOUN,gen,sg,f
- φοβηθεις: VERB,aor,pass,part,nom,m,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- χιλιαρχος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- μη: PART
- διασπασθη: VERB,aor,pass,subj,3,sg
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- Παυλος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- υπ᾽αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,3
- εκελευσεν: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- το: ART,acc,sg,n
- στρατευμα: NOUN,acc,sg,n
- καταβαν: VERB,aor,act,part,acc,m,sg
- αρπασαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
- αυτον: PRON,acc,sg,m
- εκ: PREP
- μεσου: NOUN,gen,sg,m
- αυτων: PRON,gen,pl,m
- αγειν: VERB,pres,act,inf
- τε: CONJ
- εις: PREP
- την: ART,acc,sg,f
- παρεμβολην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
Parallels
- Acts 21:30-32 (structural): Earlier account of the same uproar in Jerusalem where the Roman commander intervenes and orders soldiers to take Paul away from the mob—closely parallel in action and circumstance.
- Acts 22:23-24 (thematic): Another episode where a violent crowd rises against Paul and the Roman officer responds by ordering restraint and restraint/medical/legal measures—shared theme of mob violence prompting military/legal intervention.
- Acts 23:23-24 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation in which Claudius Lysias dispatches a large detachment to escort Paul safely to Caesarea—a later, formalized military protection following the same threat described in v.10.
- Acts 14:19 (thematic): Paul is stoned and dragged out of Lystra by a hostile crowd (supposedly dead)—a thematic parallel of violent popular fury against Paul and the danger of being torn/treated by the mob.
Alternative generated candidates
- When the uproar became great, the commander, fearing that Paul would be torn to pieces by them, ordered the troops to go down and rescue him by force and bring him into the barracks.
- When the commander perceived that part of the people were Sadducees, he feared that Paul would be torn by them; so he ordered the soldiers to go down, and to take him by force from among them, and bring him into the barracks.
Acts.23.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- Τη: ART,dat,sg,f
- δε: CONJ
- επιουση: ADJ,dat,sg,f
- νυκτι: NOUN,dat,sg,f
- επιστας: VERB,aor,act,part,nom,sg,m
- αυτω: PRON,dat,sg,m
- ο: ART,nom,sg,m
- κυριος: NOUN,nom,sg,m
- ειπεν·Θαρσει: VERB,aor,act,ind,3,sg
- ως: ADV
- γαρ: PART
- διεμαρτυρω: VERB,pres,act,ind,1,sg
- τα: ART,acc,pl,n
- περι: PREP
- εμου: PRON,gen,sg,1
- εις: PREP
- Ιερουσαλημ: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- ουτω: ADV
- σε: PRON,acc,sg,2
- δει: VERB,pres,act,ind,3,sg
- και: CONJ
- εις: PREP
- Ρωμην: NOUN,acc,sg,f
- μαρτυρησαι: VERB,aor,act,inf
Parallels
- Acts 1:8 (thematic): Promises of witness from Jerusalem to the ends of the earth; Rome functions as the Gentile/imperial destination of that witness (fulfillment of the geographic scope).
- Acts 9:15 (thematic): The Lord’s declaration that Paul is a chosen instrument to carry Jesus’ name before Gentiles and kings parallels the commission to testify in Rome (witness before Gentile power).
- Acts 18:9-10 (verbal): The Lord’s nighttime encouragement to Paul in Corinth ('Do not be afraid; speak and do not be silent') parallels the encouragement 'Take courage' and divine reassurance in Acts 23:11.
- Acts 27:23-24 (verbal): An angelic message to Paul during the voyage: 'Do not be afraid, Paul; you must stand before Caesar'—a near verbal/prophetic parallel to the promise that Paul must also testify in Rome.
- Acts 22:21 (quotation): Paul’s report of the Lord’s command ('Go; I will send you far away to the Gentiles') echoes the commissioning impulse behind the promise that he must bear witness in Rome.
Alternative generated candidates
- The next night the Lord stood by Paul and said, "Take courage; for as you have borne witness to me in Jerusalem, so you must bear witness also in Rome."
- The following night the Lord stood by Paul and said, 'Take courage; for as you have borne witness to me in Jerusalem, so you must also witness in Rome.'
They listened to him only up to this point; then they raised their voices and cried, "Away with such a fellow from the earth! He is not fit to live."
As they cried out and threw off their cloaks and cast dust into the air,
the commander ordered that he be brought into the barracks and that he be examined by scourging to learn why they were crying out against him so.
As they stretched him out to be scourged, Paul said to the centurion standing by, "Is it lawful for you to scourge a man who is a Roman and uncondemned?"
When the centurion heard this, he went to the commander and said, "What are you about to do? For this man is a Roman."
The commander came and said to him, "Tell me, are you a Roman?" He said, "Yes."
The commander answered, "I bought my citizenship for a large sum." Paul replied, "But I was born a Roman."
Immediately those who were about to examine him withdrew; and the commander also was afraid, for he had bound a man who was a Roman and had done so without a trial.
On the next day, wishing to ascertain the charge more precisely, he released Paul from the soldiers and ordered the chief priests and the whole council to assemble; then he brought Paul down and set him before them.
Paul, looking intently at the council, said, "Brothers, I have lived before God with a clear conscience to this day." But the high priest Ananias commanded those standing near him to strike him on the mouth.
Then Paul said to him, "God will strike you, you whitewashed wall! You sit to judge me according to the law and you order me to be struck contrary to the law?"
Those who stood by said, "Do you reproach God's high priest?"
Paul replied, "I did not know, brothers, that he was the high priest; for it is written, 'You shall not speak evil of a ruler of your people.'" But when Paul perceived that one part were Sadducees and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, "Brothers, I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees; concerning the hope and resurrection of the dead I am on trial." And when he said this, a dissension arose between the Pharisees and the Sadducees; and the assembly was divided.
For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, nor angel, nor spirit; but the Pharisees acknowledge them all.
A loud dissension arose; and some of the scribes of the Pharisees' party rose up and argued fiercely, "We find nothing wrong in this man; what if a spirit or an angel has spoken to him?"
When the uproar grew great, the commander, fearing that Paul would be torn to pieces by them, commanded the soldiers to go down and take him away by force and bring him into the barracks.
That night the Lord stood by him and said, "Take courage; for as you have testified about me in Jerusalem, so you must bear witness also in Rome."