The Passover Celebrated
Numbers 9:1-14
Num.9.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- במדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- סיני: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- בשנה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- השנית: ADJ,ord,f,sg,def
- לצאתם: PREP+VERB,qal,inf,3,m,pl
- מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מצרים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- בחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הראשון: ADJ,m,sg,def
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Numbers 1:1 (verbal): Nearly identical opening formula — “The LORD spoke unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai…” with a dating formula; same language and administrative setting.
- Exodus 12:2 (thematic): Establishes the first month as the beginning of the Israelite calendar; explains the temporal marker “in the first month” that frames Numbers 9’s instructions (Passover timing).
- Exodus 19:1 (structural): Another Sinai chronology reference (“in the third month…”) that helps situate Sinai events and shows the narrative’s concern with dating after the Exodus.
- Leviticus 23:5 (thematic): Gives the fixed date for Passover (14th day of the first month); directly relates to the Passover observance dealt with in Numbers 9.
- Deuteronomy 16:1–3 (thematic): Reiterates Passover timing and its link to remembering the Exodus; thematically parallels Numbers 9’s instructions about celebrating Passover.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the LORD spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the second year after they had come out of the land of Egypt, in the first month, saying:
- And the LORD spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the second year after their coming out of the land of Egypt, in the first month, saying:
Num.9.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- הפסח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- במועדו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,pss:3,m,sg
Parallels
- Exodus 12:6 (verbal): Gives the original instruction to slaughter the Passover lamb “at twilight”/“in its appointed time,” matching the procedural phrase that Israel subsequently carries out in Num 9:2.
- Leviticus 23:5 (structural): Prescribes the fixed calendar date for Passover (“on the fourteenth day of the first month”), providing the legal/ritual framework for observance “in its appointed time.”
- Joshua 5:10 (verbal): Records that the Israelites observed the Passover after entering the land, using similar language about the people keeping the festival in its season—showing continuity of practice from wilderness to conquest.
- 2 Chronicles 30:2 (thematic): Hezekiah’s call to restore and observe the Passover “in its season” echoes the theme of faithful, timely celebration found in Num 9:2 (reform-era observance of the appointed feast).
- Ezra 6:19 (allusion): Describes the post‑exilic community keeping the Passover on the prescribed day, reflecting the ongoing concern across Israel’s history to observe the festival “in its appointed time.”
Alternative generated candidates
- And the people of Israel observed the Passover at its appointed time.
- “Let the people of Israel observe the Passover at its appointed time.”
Num.9.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בארבעה: PREP+NUM,m,sg
- עשר: NUM,card,m,sg,cons
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הזה: DEM,m,sg
- בין: PREP
- הערבים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- תעשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- במועדו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- ככל: PREP
- חקתיו: NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- וככל: CONJ+PREP
- משפטיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- תעשו: VERB,qal,impv,2,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
Parallels
- Exodus 12:6 (verbal): Same instruction about the timing of the Passover lamb — to be kept/killed on the fourteenth day in the evening (between the evenings); closely parallels the wording and command about the appointed time.
- Exodus 12:18 (verbal): Specifies the fourteenth day of the first month at dusk for beginning the unleavened bread observance; reinforces the same calendrical timing for the Passover period.
- Leviticus 23:5 (verbal): Repeats the calendrical formula for Passover — 'on the fourteenth day of the first month, at twilight' — linking the festival date and time across the cultic legislation.
- Deuteronomy 16:1–6 (thematic): Gives the Deuteronomic formulation of Passover observance (month to observe, place and time of sacrifice, and obedience to statutes), echoing the themes of fixed timing, ritual compliance, and centralization implied by Numbers 9:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- On the fourteenth day of this month, between the evenings, you shall observe it at its appointed time; according to all its statutes and according to all its ordinances you shall observe it.
- On the fourteenth day of this month, at twilight, you shall observe it; according to all its statutes and according to all its ordinances you shall observe it.
Num.9.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לעשת: PREP+INF,qal
- הפסח: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 12:21 (verbal): Moses summons the elders and instructs the people about the Passover — directly parallels Moses 'speaking to the Israelites' to enact the festival.
- Exodus 12:43 (structural): God's ordinance concerning the Passover given to Moses and Aaron; Numbers 9:4 carries forward that legal/ritual commissioning to the people.
- Deuteronomy 16:1,6 (thematic): Restates the command to observe Passover in the appointed month and under specified rules — same festival-observance theme as Numbers 9:4.
- Joshua 5:10 (thematic): The Israelites keep the Passover under Joshua after entering Canaan, demonstrating continuity of Moses’ command to observe the festival.
- 2 Chronicles 30:1-3 (thematic): King Hezekiah summons Israel and Judah to keep the Passover, echoing the prophetic/leadership role of calling the people to observe the festival as in Numbers 9:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses spoke to the people of Israel concerning the keeping of the Passover.
- And Moses spoke to the people of Israel concerning the observance of the Passover.
Num.9.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויעשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- הפסח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- בראשון: PREP+NUM,ord,m,sg
- בארבעה: PREP+NUM,m,sg
- עשר: NUM,card,m,sg,cons
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בין: PREP
- הערבים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- במדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- סיני: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ככל: PREP
- אשר: PRON,rel
- צוה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- את: PRT,acc
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- כן: ADV
- עשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Exodus 12:6 (verbal): Same instruction: the Passover lamb to be kept until the 14th day of the first month at evening — direct procedural parallel and origin of the command.
- Leviticus 23:5 (verbal): Places Passover on the 14th day of the first month as a fixed festival date within the cultic calendar — echoes the dating language.
- Deuteronomy 16:1-4 (thematic): Repeats the requirement to observe Passover in the month of Aviv on the 14th day and to eat unleavened bread, emphasizing continuity of the command in covenant law.
- Numbers 9:1-3 (structural): Immediate context: describes the initial giving of the Passover command and the people's compliance, of which v.5 is the concluding report that they kept it as the LORD commanded Moses.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the people of Israel did so; they kept the Passover in the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, between the evenings, in the wilderness of Sinai—just as the LORD had commanded Moses, so the people of Israel did.
- And the people of Israel observed the Passover on the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at twilight, in the wilderness of Sinai. As the LORD had commanded Moses, so the people of Israel did.
Num.9.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
- אנשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- היו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- טמאים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- לנפש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולא: CONJ
- יכלו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- לעשת: PREP+INF,qal
- הפסח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ביום: PREP
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- ויקרבו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- לפני: PREP
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ולפני: CONJ+PREP
- אהרן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ביום: PREP
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
Parallels
- Numbers 9:10-13 (structural): Immediate continuation of the narrative giving the concession for those unclean (or on a journey) to celebrate a delayed Passover in the second month — the remedy for the situation described in 9:6.
- Numbers 19:11-12 (thematic): Defines ritual impurity resulting from contact with a corpse (seven‑day uncleanness and purification rites), the category that disqualified the men in 9:6 from keeping Passover.
- Leviticus 22:4-7 (thematic): Regulates priests who become unclean by a dead body and bars them from eating holy things until cleansed — a parallel rule barring participation in sacred rites because of corpse‑impurity.
- Exodus 12:43-49 (thematic): Sets forth qualifications and regulations for observing the Passover (who may or may not partake), providing the broader legal context for why impurity would prevent participation as in 9:6.
Alternative generated candidates
- Now there were men who were unclean because of a dead body and could not keep the Passover on that day; they came near to Moses and to Aaron on that day.
- Now there were certain men who were unclean because of a dead body and could not observe the Passover on that day; and they came near before Moses and before Aaron on that day.
Num.9.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
- האנשים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- ההמה: PRON,dem,m,pl,def
- אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- אנחנו: PRON,1,pl
- טמאים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
- לנפש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אדם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- למה: ADV
- נגרע: VERB,niphal,impf,1,pl
- לבלתי: PART,neg
- הקרב: NOUN,m,sg,def
- את: PRT,acc
- קרבן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- במעדו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+SUF,3,m,sg
- בתוך: PREP
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Leviticus 22:4-7 (thematic): Addresses the effect of ritual impurity (contact with the dead) on eligibility to partake of holy/priests' offerings—parallel rationale for preventing the men from bringing the LORD’s sacrifice while defiled.
- Numbers 9:10-11 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation in the same chapter: Moses' ruling permitting those who were unclean or traveling to observe the Passover in the second month, directly resolving the complaint in 9:7.
- Numbers 19:11-13 (verbal): Prescribes that anyone who touches a dead body becomes ritually unclean until evening and details purification procedures—explains the type of impurity the men claimed in 9:7.
- Exodus 12:43-48 (thematic): Gives regulations on who may participate in the Passover meal (restrictions on the unqualified), showing the broader legal background for excluding the ritually unclean from the appointed sacrifice.
- Deuteronomy 16:1-8 (thematic): Summarizes timing and proper observance of Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread—connects to the concern in 9:7 about missing the offering at its appointed time and the later allowance to observe it at another time.
Alternative generated candidates
- They said to him, "We are unclean because of a dead body; why should we be kept from offering the LORD's sacrifice at its appointed time among the people of Israel?"
- And those men said to him, “We are unclean because of a dead body; why should we be kept back, that we may not present the offering of the LORD at its appointed time among the people of Israel?”
Num.9.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- אלהם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עמדו: VERB,qal,imp,2,pl
- ואשמעה: VERB,qal,impf,1,sg
- מה: PRON,int
- יצוה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
Parallels
- Exodus 14:13 (verbal): Moses commands the people 'Stand still' (עִמְדוּ) and tells them to await the LORD’s saving action — a close verbal and situational parallel in the use of the imperative to pause and await divine response.
- Numbers 27:21 (structural): Joshua is to 'stand before Eleazar the priest' so the priest may inquire of the LORD by the Urim — both passages frame a human standing before/with an intermediary in order to receive the LORD’s command.
- 1 Samuel 3:9–10 (thematic): Samuel listens for the word of the LORD ('Speak, LORD; for thy servant hears') — thematically similar: a human pausing to hear what the LORD will command.
- Deuteronomy 18:15 (allusion): Moses promises a prophet whom the people must 'hear' — parallels the idea of receiving and obeying the LORD’s command when conveyed through a mediator.
Alternative generated candidates
- And Moses said to them, "Stand by, and let me hear what the LORD will command concerning you."
- And Moses said to them, “Stand by; I will hear what the LORD will command concerning you.”
Num.9.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
Parallels
- Exod.12.1 (verbal): Same opening formula (וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה) introducing divine instructions for the festival (the first Passover); a direct verbal parallel in function and phrasing.
- Lev.1.1 (verbal): Identical phrase (וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵאמֹר) used to introduce priestly laws in Leviticus; both mark God’s direct speech to Moses as the locus of legal/ritual command.
- Exod.6.2 (verbal): Very similar formula (וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֶל־מֹשֶׁה) with a different divine name (אֱלֹהִים rather than יְהוָה); parallels the function of divine communication to Moses.
- Num.1.1 (structural): Same structural device (וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה) used to open a new section of narrative/instruction (the census and organization); parallels Numbers 9:9’s role as a formal introduction to a legal directive.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
- And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
Num.9.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לאמר: INF,qal,infc
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- כי: CONJ
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- טמא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לנפש: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- או: CONJ
- בדרך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- רחקה: ADJ,f,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- או: CONJ
- לדרתיכם: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,2,m,pl
- ועשה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- פסח: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Numbers 9:6-14 (structural): Immediate context that repeats and expands the rule: Israelites who were unclean or on a journey are permitted to observe the Passover in the second month; gives the fuller narrative and legal resolution.
- Exodus 12:48-49 (verbal): Earliest Passover legislation specifying who may partake (requirements for strangers and native-born, exclusion of the uncircumcised); relates directly to questions about eligibility and ritual purity for the feast.
- Deuteronomy 16:1-8 (thematic): Later summary of Passover observance and timing; addresses the annual observance and procedures for keeping the festival, providing the broader legal-theological framework for the regulations in Numbers 9.
- 2 Chronicles 30:2-12 (thematic): Hezekiah's Passover revival and the treatment of those who were ritually unclean or distant—shows a historical application and pastoral response to similar problems of participation in the feast.
- John 18:28 (allusion): New Testament scene where Jewish leaders avoid entering the governor's headquarters 'lest they be defiled' and unable to eat the Passover—reflects continuing concern over ritual purity tied to participation in the Passover.
Alternative generated candidates
- Speak to the people of Israel, saying: If any person of you is unclean because of a dead body, or is on a journey far away, he shall still keep the LORD's Passover.
- “Speak to the people of Israel, saying: If any person shall be unclean because of a dead body, or be on a distant journey, he shall keep the Passover to the LORD.
Num.9.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בחדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- השני: ADJ,m,sg,def
- בארבעה: PREP+NUM,m,sg
- עשר: NUM,card,m,sg,cons
- יום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בין: PREP
- הערבים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- יעשו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
- על: PREP
- מצות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
- ומררים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- יאכלהו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl+3msobj
Parallels
- Exod.12:18-20 (verbal): Same Passover/Unleavened Bread prescription—14th day in the evening and eating unleavened bread; closely mirrors wording and ritual timing.
- Lev.23:5-7 (thematic): Establishes Passover and the seven‑day Feast of Unleavened Bread, connecting the liturgical context (unleavened bread, first‑month observance) behind Num 9:11.
- Deut.16:1-8 (structural): Reiterates the law for observing Passover on the 14th and related rules for travel and preparation—parallel legal framework and calendrical timing.
- Num.9:10 (structural): Immediate contextual parallel: gives the provision for those ceremonially unclean or distant to observe the Passover in the second month—directly governs the situation described in 9:11.
- 2 Chron.30:2-3 (allusion): Hezekiah’s provision to delay/extend Passover observance (second month) because many were unclean or absent echoes the emergency accommodation in Num 9:10–11.
Alternative generated candidates
- In the second month, on the fourteenth day, between the evenings, they shall keep it; they shall eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs.
- On the fourteenth day of the second month, at twilight, they shall keep it; they shall eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs.
Num.9.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- לא: PART_NEG
- ישאירו: VERB,hiph,impf,3,pl
- ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- עד: PREP
- בקר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועצם: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- ישברו: VERB,nif,impf,3,pl
- בו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
- ככל: PREP
- חקת: NOUN,f,sg,cons
- הפסח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- יעשו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
- אתו: PRON,3,m,sg,acc
Parallels
- Exodus 12:10 (verbal): Commands that none of the meat remain until morning after eating the Passover — same verbal injunction about consuming the lamb by morning.
- Exodus 12:46 (verbal): Explicit prohibition against breaking any bone of the Passover lamb; closely parallels 'nor shall any bone of it be broken.'
- Psalm 34:20 (quotation): States that not one of his bones shall be broken — language later used as scriptural basis for the 'no bone broken' motif associated with the Passover lamb and messianic interpretation.
- John 19:36 (quotation): New Testament fulfillment citation: 'Not one of his bones will be broken' applied to Jesus' crucifixion, drawing on the Exodus/Psalm tradition about the Passover lamb.
- 1 Corinthians 5:7 (thematic): Paul calls Christ 'our Passover lamb,' thematically linking the Passover regulations (and the lamb's typology) to Jesus' sacrificial role.
Alternative generated candidates
- They shall leave none of it until morning, and no bone shall be broken in it; according to all the statute of the Passover they shall keep it.
- They shall leave none of it until the morning, and none of its bones shall be broken; according to all the statute of the Passover they shall keep it.
Num.9.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והאיש: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- הוא: PRON,3,m,sg
- טהור: ADJ,m,sg
- ובדרך: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- וחדל: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- לעשות: VERB,qal,inf
- הפסח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ונכרתה: CONJ+VERB,niphal,perf,3,f,sg
- הנפש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
- מעמיה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,f,sg
- כי: CONJ
- קרבן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- לא: PART_NEG
- הקריב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- במעדו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
- חטאו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- ישא: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- האיש: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ההוא: DEM,ms,sg
Parallels
- Numbers 9:10-11 (structural): Immediate contextual parallel: vv.10–11 grant exemptions and a make‑up day for those unclean or travelling; v.13 states the sanction for a clean traveler who nevertheless fails to observe the Passover.
- Exodus 12:43-49 (thematic): Regulations governing who may keep the Passover and community obligations (insider/outsider status); both texts regulate communal obligation and exclusion from the rite.
- Numbers 15:30-31 (verbal): Uses the same sanctional language and concept (being ‘cut off’) for a willful/presumptuous sin—parallels the punitive framework applied to failure to perform commanded cultic duties.
- Leviticus 7:20-21 (verbal): Describes that a person who partakes of sacred food while unclean shall be ‘cut off’—similar legal phrasing and outcome for ritual failure/contamination.
- Deuteronomy 16:1-8 (thematic): Deuteronomy’s instructions for observing Passover at the appointed time emphasize obligatory timing and communal compliance, paralleling Num 9:13’s concern with failing to keep the festival properly.
Alternative generated candidates
- But the person who is clean and not on a journey, and yet refrains from keeping the Passover, that person shall be cut off from among his people, because he did not bring the LORD's offering at its appointed time; he shall bear his sin.
- But the person who is clean and is not on a journey, yet neglects to keep the Passover—he shall be cut off from his people, for he did not offer the LORD’s offering at its appointed time; that person shall bear his sin.
Num.9.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וכי: CONJ
- יגור: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
- גר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ועשה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- פסח: ADJ,m,sg,abs
- ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- כחקת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
- הפסח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וכמשפטו: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:3,m,sg
- כן: ADV
- יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- חקה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחת: NUM,f,sg
- יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
- לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
- ולגר: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולאזרח: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Exodus 12:43-49 (verbal): The original Passover regulations, including vv.48–49 which state the condition for a stranger to keep the Passover and the formula 'one law shall be to him that is homeborn, and to the stranger'—language echoed in Num. 9:14.
- Numbers 15:14-16 (verbal): General legal principle that 'one ordinance' applies equally to the native and the stranger who sojourns among you; a near-verbal parallel about equal treatment of foreigners in cultic/communal law.
- Deuteronomy 16:11 (thematic): Deuteronomic festival legislation that explicitly includes the Levite and 'the stranger that is within thy gates' in the celebration and rejoicing of the feast—thematic reinforcement of outsider inclusion.
- 2 Chronicles 30:6-11 (thematic): Hezekiah's invitation to keep the Passover brings in Israelites from beyond their territory (Ephraim, Manasseh, etc.) and emphasizes inclusion of those who were 'not of Judah'—an historical example of inclusive Passover observance.
Alternative generated candidates
- And when a stranger sojourns among you and would keep the Passover to the LORD, he shall do it according to the statute of the Passover and according to its ordinance; there shall be one statute for the native and for the stranger who sojourns among you.
- And when a sojourner lives among you and keeps the Passover to the LORD, he shall observe it according to the statute of the Passover and according to its rule; one statute shall be for you, for the sojourner and for the native.”
And the LORD spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the second year after their going out from the land of Egypt, in the first month, saying:
The people of Israel observed the Passover at its appointed time.
On the fourteenth day of this month, at twilight, you shall keep it; according to all its statutes and according to all its ordinances you shall keep it. And Moses spoke to the people of Israel concerning the observance of the Passover. And the people of Israel kept the Passover in the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, at twilight, in the wilderness of Sinai; as the LORD commanded Moses, so the people of Israel did. But there were men who were ceremonially unclean by contact with a corpse and could not keep the Passover on that day; they came near before Moses and before Aaron on that day. And they said to him, "We are unclean by contact with a dead body; why should we be kept from presenting the LORD's offering at its appointed time among the people of Israel?" And Moses said to them, "Remain here, and I will hear what the LORD will command concerning you." And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying:
Speak to the people of Israel, saying: If any man among you is ceremonially unclean because of contact with a dead body, or is on a distant journey, he shall keep the LORD's Passover.
In the second month, on the fourteenth day, at twilight they shall keep it; they shall eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs.
They shall leave none of it until morning, nor shall they break any bone of it; according to all the statutes of the Passover they shall observe it. But the man who is clean and is not on a journey, yet refrains from keeping the Passover, that person shall be cut off from among his people, because he did not present the LORD's offering at its appointed time; that man shall bear his sin.
When a foreign resident lives among you and keeps the LORD's Passover, according to the statute of the Passover and according to its ordinance, one statute shall be for the native and for the sojourner who dwells among you.