Lists of Kings Defeated East and West of the Jordan
Joshua 12:1-24
Jos.12.1 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואלה: CONJ+DEM,pl,abs
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- הכו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וירשו: CONJ+VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
- את: PRT,acc
- ארצם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
- בעבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הירדן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מזרחה: ADV,dir
- השמש: NOUN,f,sg,def
- מנחל: PREP
- ארנון: NOUN,m,sg,prop
- עד: PREP
- הר: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- חרמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- וכל: CONJ+PRON,indef
- הערבה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- מזרחה: ADV,dir
Parallels
- Numbers 21:21-35 (verbal): Narrative of Israel's military campaigns east of the Jordan against Sihon and Og; uses the same geographic framework (Arnon, Bashan/Arabah) and recounts the conquest of those kings and lands.
- Deuteronomy 3:1-11 (verbal): Retells the defeat of Og king of Bashan and the seizure of his territory, mentioning regions and landmarks (including Mount Hermon) that correspond to Joshua 12:1's geographic scope.
- Deuteronomy 2:24-37 (thematic): Account of the conquest of Sihon and the taking of his territory east of the Jordan; thematically parallels Joshua 12:1's list of defeated kings and the borders 'from the Arnon.'
- Joshua 11:16-23 (structural): Concluding summary of Israel's victories in Canaan west of the Jordan with the same conquest-formula (taking possession, subduing kings); structurally parallels Joshua 12's listing of kings defeated east of the Jordan.
Alternative generated candidates
- These are the kings of the land whom the people of Israel struck down and whose land they took possession of on the far side of the Jordan, eastward—from the torrent of Arnon to Mount Hermon, and all the Arabah eastward.
- And these are the kings of the land whom the people of Israel struck and dispossessed of their land beyond the Jordan, eastward—from the Wadi Arnon to Mount Hermon, and all the Arabah eastward.
Jos.12.2 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- סיחון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- האמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- היושב: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- בחשבון: PREP
- משל: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- מערוער: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אשר: PRON,rel
- על: PREP
- שפת: NOUN,f,sg,cs
- נחל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ארנון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ותוך: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הנחל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- וחצי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הגלעד: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ועד: CONJ+PREP
- יבק: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- הנחל: NOUN,m,sg,def
- גבול: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
- עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 21:21-31 (verbal): Narrates Israel's approach to Sihon, his defeat, and the seizure of his cities and territory—language and boundary markers (Heshbon, Aroer, Arnon to Jabbok) closely parallel Joshua 12:2.
- Deuteronomy 2:24-36 (verbal): Records God's command to take Sihon's land and the subsequent conquest, mentioning Heshbon and the region taken from the Amorite king—echoes the report of Sihon's domain in Joshua 12:2.
- Joshua 13:10-11 (structural): When delimiting the remaining land to be allotted, Joshua repeats the boundaries of Sihon's kingdom (half Gilead to the Jabbok), paralleling the territorial summary in Joshua 12:2.
- Judges 11:26 (allusion): Jephthah appeals to the Ammonites by citing Israel's prior conquest 'from the Arnon to the Jabbok,' echoing the same boundary formula used for Sihon's territory in Joshua 12:2.
Alternative generated candidates
- Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt at Heshbon, ruled from Aroer, which is on the bank of the Arnon, and from the middle of the valley; he ruled half of Gilead as far as the Jabbok, the border of the sons of Ammon.
- Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt at Heshbon, who reigned from Aroer, which is on the edge of the Wadi Arnon, and in the middle of the valley, and in the plain, and in half Gilead, as far as the Jabbok, the border of the children of Ammon.
Jos.12.3 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- והערבה: CONJ+NOUN,f,sg,def
- עד: PREP
- ים: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- כנרות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
- מזרחה: ADV,dir
- ועד: CONJ+PREP
- ים: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- הערבה: NOUN,f,sg,def
- ים: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- המלח: NOUN,m,sg,def
- מזרחה: ADV,dir
- דרך: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הישמות: NOUN,f,pl,def
- ומתימן: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- תחת: PREP
- אשדות: NOUN,f,pl,const
- הפסגה: NOUN,f,sg,def
Parallels
- Numbers 21:21-35 (verbal): Narrative of Israel's wars with Sihon and Og that uses the same geographic markers (Arabah/valley, slopes/ascent of Pisgah) and describes the extent of conquest—phrases and boundary language parallel Joshua 12:3.
- Deuteronomy 3:8-11 (thematic): Account of the defeat of Og king of Bashan (Ashtaroth, Edrei) and the capture of his territory in Bashan; thematically parallels Joshua's summary of Transjordan conquests and the same regional landmarks (Bashan/Pisgah).
- Joshua 12:1-6 (structural): The paired portion of the same chapter listing defeated kings and territorial extents; mirrors Joshua 12:3 in form and purpose as a cataloguing of conquered lands and boundary descriptions.
- Joshua 13:8-13 (structural): Later administrative summary of the lands east of the Jordan (Bashan, Gilead) and their limits given to Reuben, Gad and half‑Manasseh; repeats many of the same place‑names and boundary points (Aroer, Arnon, Pisgah/Slopes) found in Joshua 12:3.
Alternative generated candidates
- Also the Arabah to the Sea of Chinnereth eastward, and to the Salt Sea (the Sea of the Arabah) eastward, from Beth-jeshimoth and the slopes of Pisgah.
- And the Arabah to the Sea of Chinnereth eastward and to the Salt Sea eastward—from Beth‑Hashimoth and along the slopes of Pisgah.
Jos.12.4 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- וגבול: CONJ+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עוג: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- הבשן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מיתר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הרפאים: NOUN,m,pl,def
- היושב: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
- בעשתרות: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,prop
- ובאדרעי: CONJ+PREP+PN
Parallels
- Numbers 21:33-35 (verbal): Narrates Israel’s defeat of Og king of Bashan and the capture of his cities Ashtaroth and Edrei—the same event summarized in Josh 12:4.
- Deuteronomy 3:1-11 (structural): Extended account of Moses’ campaign against Og in Bashan, his defeat of the Rephaim, and the seizure of Ashtaroth and Edrei that underlies Joshua’s brief listing.
- Deuteronomy 3:12-13 (verbal): Specifies the territory of Og and twice uses the term ‘border of the Rephaim’ (מיתר הרפאים), echoing the boundary language of Josh 12:4.
- Joshua 13:12 (structural): Later summary within Joshua repeating that the kingdom of Og in Bashan (cities including Ashtaroth and Edrei) was given to the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half-Manasseh—reiterating the same geographic/territorial note as Josh 12:4.
Alternative generated candidates
- And the territory of Og king of Bashan, the remnant of the Rephaim, who lived at Ashtaroth and at Edrei;
- And the border of Og king of Bashan, the remnant of the Rephaim, who reigned at Ashtaroth and at Edrei.
Jos.12.5 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ומשל: CONJ+PREP+VERB,qal,inf
- בהר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- חרמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובסלכה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
- ובכל: CONJ+PREP
- הבשן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- עד: PREP
- גבול: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- הגשורי: ADJ,m,sg,def
- והמעכתי: CONJ+ADJ,m,sg,def
- וחצי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הגלעד: NOUN,m,sg,def
- גבול: NOUN,m,sg,cs
- סיחון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- חשבון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
Parallels
- Numbers 21:33-35 (verbal): Narrates Israel’s defeat of Og king of Bashan and the capture of his cities—language and territorial focus (Bashan/Og) correspond closely to Joshua 12:5.
- Numbers 21:21-31 (verbal): Reports the campaign against Sihon king of Heshbon and the seizure of his territory, which Joshua 12:5 also attributes to Israel’s conquests east of the Jordan.
- Deuteronomy 3:1-10 (verbal): Moses’ summary of victories over Sihon and Og and the allocation of their lands; retells the same events and boundaries cited in Joshua 12:5.
- Deuteronomy 3:12-17 (verbal): Gives the extent and cities of Og’s domain in Bashan (from Aroer to Mount Hermon), paralleling Joshua’s mention of Mount Hermon, Salcah, and all Bashan.
- Joshua 13:8-12 (structural): A later summary in Joshua listing the same eastern territories (Sihon, Og, Bashan, half Gilead) when describing land yet to be allotted—structurally parallel to Joshua 12:5’s territorial list.
Alternative generated candidates
- he reigned in Mount Hermon, in Salcah, and in all Bashan, as far as the border of the Geshurites and the Maacathites, and half of Gilead—the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.
- He reigned in Mount Hermon and in Salcah and in all Bashan to the border of the Geshurites and the Maacathites; half of Gilead was within the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.
Jos.12.6 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עבד: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הכום: PRON,3,m,pl
- ויתנה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- משה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- עבד: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- ירשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- לראובני: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולגדי: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ולחצי: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,cons
- שבט: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- המנשה: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Numbers 32:1-5 (thematic): The initial petition by the tribes of Reuben and Gad to settle east of the Jordan and Moses' response — provides the background for the land grant mentioned in Joshua 12:6.
- Numbers 32:33 (verbal): Explicit pronouncement that Moses gave Gilead to Gad and to the half-tribe of Manasseh; closely parallels the wording and allocation in the Joshua verse.
- Deuteronomy 3:12-13 (verbal): Moses' retrospective account of giving the lands of Gilead and Bashan to Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh — a reiterated record of the same allotment.
- Joshua 13:8 (structural): Later Joshua passage listing the territories east of the Jordan assigned to Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh — echoes the administrative outcome of Moses' grant and repeats the territorial assignment.
Alternative generated candidates
- Moses the servant of the LORD and the people of Israel defeated them; and Moses the servant of the LORD gave their land as an inheritance to the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half‑tribe of Manasseh.
- Moses the servant of the LORD and the people of Israel struck them down; and Moses the servant of the LORD gave their land as an inheritance to the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half‑tribe of Manasseh.
Jos.12.7 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- ואלה: CONJ+DEM,pl,abs
- מלכי: NOUN,pl,m,cons
- הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- הכה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
- יהושע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובני: CONJ+NOUN,m,pl,cons
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- בעבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- הירדן: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ימה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מבעל: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg
- גד: NOUN,prop,m,sg
- בבקעת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,const
- הלבנון: NOUN,m,sg,def
- ועד: CONJ+PREP
- ההר: NOUN,m,sg,def
- החלק: NOUN,m,sg,def
- העלה: NOUN,f,sg,abs,def
- שעירה: NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs
- ויתנה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
- יהושע: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לשבטי: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,construct
- ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ירשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- כמחלקתם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+SUFF,3,m,pl
Parallels
- Numbers 21:21-35 (verbal): Gives the account of Israel's defeat of King Sihon and the seizure of his territory east of the Jordan—the same Transjordanian conquests summarized in Joshua 12.
- Deuteronomy 3:1-11 (thematic): Moses' recital of the victories over Og and Sihon and the taking of their lands parallels Joshua's listing of kings defeated and the transfer of territory to Israelic tribes.
- Numbers 32:1-42 (structural): Describes the granting of Transjordan lands to Reuben, Gad, and half-Manasseh—correlates with Joshua's statement that Joshua gave those conquered lands as allotments to the tribes.
- Joshua 13:5-7 (verbal): Repeats the same geographical wording (‘from Baal-gad in the Valley of Lebanon to Mount Halak toward Seir’) and treats the disposition of the conquered territories, echoing Joshua 12's phrasing and purpose.
- Joshua 11:23 (thematic): Summarizes Joshua's conquests and Israel's rest from war after the land was subdued, paralleling the concluding note in Joshua 12 about defeated kings and territorial settlement.
Alternative generated candidates
- And these are the kings of the land whom Joshua and the people of Israel struck down on this side of the Jordan, westward, from Baal‑gad in the Valley of Lebanon to Mount Halak that rises toward Seir. And Joshua gave their land as an inheritance to the tribes of Israel according to their allotments.
- And these are the kings of the land whom Joshua and the people of Israel struck on this side of the Jordan, westward—from Baal‑gad in the valley of Lebanon to Mount Halak that rises toward Seir. Joshua gave their land to the tribes of Israel as an inheritance, according to their allotments.
Jos.12.8 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- בהר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- ובשפלה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- ובערבה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
- ובאשדות: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,def
- ובמדבר: CONJ+PREP,NOUN,m,sg,abs
- ובנגב: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
- החתי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- האמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והכנעני: NOUN,m,sg,def
- הפרזי: ADJ,m,pl,def
- החוי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- והיבוסי: NOUN,m,sg,def
Parallels
- Deuteronomy 7:1 (verbal): Contains a near-identical roster of nations (Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, Jebusites, etc.) that Israel is commanded to dispossess—verbal parallel in the list of indigenous peoples.
- Numbers 13:29 (thematic): The spies' report locates many of the same peoples (Hittites, Jebusites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites) across hill country, Negev and Jordan plain—paralleling the geographic and ethnic picture in Joshua 12:8.
- Genesis 15:18-21 (allusion): God’s land-grant covenant enumerates many of the same peoples as inhabitants of the promised territory (Hittites, Perizzites, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, Jebusites), serving as an antecedent to the conquest lists in Joshua.
- Judges 1:4-7 (thematic): Early conquest tradition recounts defeats and territorial operations against Canaanite groups (including Jebusites/Hivites) and movement through hill country and surrounding regions, echoing Joshua’s summary of peoples and regions conquered.
Alternative generated candidates
- In the hill country and in the lowland, in the Arabah and on the slopes, in the wilderness and in the Negeb: the Hittite, the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite.
- In the hill country, in the lowland, in the Arabah, in the foothills, in the wilderness, and in the Negeb—the Hittite, the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite.
Jos.12.9 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יריחו: NOUN,m,sg,cstr
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- העי: NOUN,m,sg,def
- אשר: PRON,rel
- מצד: PREP
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 6:1-27 (structural): Narrative account of the conquest of Jericho — the fall of the city and defeat of its king provides the direct context for the listing 'king of Jericho' in Joshua 12:9.
- Joshua 8:1-29 (structural): Detailed account of the capture of Ai (עַי), the very city described in Joshua 12:9 as ‘Ai which is beside Bethel,’ giving the fuller narrative of that conquest.
- Joshua 7:1-26 (thematic): The failure at Ai due to Achan’s sin and its resolution explains why Ai appears separately in the conquest lists and is thematically linked to the Ai entry in Joshua 12:9.
- Numbers 21:21-31 (thematic): An earlier account of Israel’s military encounters and subjugation of local kings (e.g., Sihon) — parallels Joshua 12’s function as a summary list of kings and territories defeated by Israel under Moses and Joshua.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Jericho; one king of Ai beside Bethel.
- One king of Jericho; one king of Ai, which is beside Bethel.
Jos.12.10 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ירושלם: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- חברון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 10:3 (verbal): Refers to Adoni‑zedek as 'king of Jerusalem' — the same royal title and city found in Joshua 12:10, part of the wider narrative about kings opposing Israel.
- Judges 1:8 (thematic): Reports Judah's capture of Jerusalem in an early conquest tradition; thematically parallels the listing of a 'king of Jerusalem' defeated by Israel.
- Judges 1:10 (thematic): Records Judah's seizure of Hebron (Caleb's conquest); parallels Joshua 12:10's mention of a 'king of Hebron' among defeated local rulers.
- Joshua 12:9 (structural): Neighboring verse in the same chapter listing other kings defeated by Israel (e.g., Sihon and Og); structurally parallels Joshua 12:10 as part of the chapter's catalog of conquered kings and cities.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Jerusalem; one king of Hebron.
- One king of Jerusalem; one king of Hebron.
Jos.12.11 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ירמות: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- לכיש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 10:3–5 (verbal): Lists the same southern coalition of kings — Jarmuth (Jeremoth/Jarmuth) and Lachish — who opposed Israel, matching the names in Joshua 12:11.
- Joshua 10:23–27 (quotation): Narrative account of the capture and execution of the southern kings; these verses provide the fuller story behind the brief listing in Joshua 12:11.
- Joshua 10:31 (verbal): Specific report of the capture of Lachish and its king, paralleling the terse mention of 'one king of Lachish' in Joshua 12:11.
- Joshua 12:9–24 (structural): The broader context of Joshua 12 is an itemized list of kings defeated by Israel; verse 12:11 is one line within this structural catalog of conquered kings.
- Deuteronomy 3:1–11 (thematic): Another Mosaic summary of military victories over kings and territories (Og and his cities); thematically parallels Joshua’s concise listing of defeated rulers and conquered lands.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Jarmuth; one king of Lachish.
- One king of Jarmuth; one king of Lachish.
Jos.12.12 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- עגלון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- גזר: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 11:16-23 (verbal): A parallel/duplicate summary of Joshua's nationwide victories and the list of kings he defeated; many of the same city‑kings appear in both places (structural repetition of the conquest account).
- Joshua 10:29-43 (structural): Narrative account of Joshua's southern campaign in which the city‑kings named in Josh. 12 (including towns in the Shephelah and southern lowlands) are conquered—this passage supplies the fuller action behind the list in ch. 12.
- Judges 3:12-30 (verbal): Contains the story of Eglon (עגלון) king of Moab — the same name appears in Josh. 12:12; not the same individual, but a clear onomastic parallel and thematic link to a later royal figure called Eglon in Israel’s history.
- 1 Kings 9:16 (thematic): Later reference to the king (and city) of Gezer (גזר), showing the continued political importance of Gezer/its rulership after the conquest period and providing a later historical echo of the city named in Joshua’s king‑list.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Eglon; one king of Gezer.
- One king of Eglon; one king of Gezer.
Jos.12.13 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- דבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- גדר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 12:9-24 (structural): Immediate context: the verse is one item in Joshua’s catalogue of kings defeated by Israel; the surrounding verses list the other kings and form the same literary unit.
- Joshua 13:1 (structural): Direct continuation: after the catalogue of kings (including Deb and Geder) Joshua 13 records God’s charge about remaining land to be allotted, linking the defeat-list to the distribution narrative.
- Numbers 21:21-35 (verbal): Narrative parallel: recounts Israel’s battles with Canaanite/Amorite kings (e.g., Sihon) east of the Jordan and preserves the same conquest tradition underlying Joshua’s king-list.
- Deuteronomy 2:24–3:11 (thematic): Thematic summary: Moses’ retelling of Israel’s victories over regional kings (Sihon, Og and their lands) echoes the conquest motif and the cataloguing of defeated rulers found in Joshua 12.
- Judges 1:27-36 (thematic): Contrasting catalogue: another Israelite listing of towns and peoples in the land, showing the same interest in territorial control and the mixed results of conquest, which parallels Joshua’s enumeration of subjugated kings.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Debir; one king of Geder.
- One king of Debir; one king of Geder.
Jos.12.14 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- חרמה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- ערד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Numbers 21:1-3 (verbal): The account names the king of Arad and the ensuing battle; verse 3 explicitly links the defeat of Arad to the place called Hormah (Chormah), matching the same proper names found in Joshua 12:14.
- Joshua 12:7-24 (structural): Joshua 12:14 is part of this contiguous catalogue of Canaanite kings defeated west of the Jordan; the surrounding verses list the same group of local kings and provide the broader structural context for verse 14.
- Joshua 11:16-23 (thematic): This narrative summary describes Joshua’s comprehensive victories over the kings of Canaan and the subjugation of their lands—backgrounding the concise victory list found in Joshua 12, including the kings of Chormah and Arad.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Hormah; one king of Arad.
- One king of Hormah; one king of Arad.
Jos.12.15 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- לבנה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- עדלם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 12:1-6 (verbal): Immediate context — the same catalogue of kings east of the Jordan (including Sihon and Og); v.15 is one entry in this continuous list.
- Joshua 12:8-24 (structural): Parallel list of the kings defeated west of the Jordan; together with 12:1–6 it forms the complete roll of defeated Canaanite kings.
- Deuteronomy 2:24–3:11 (allusion): Recapitulation of the Israelite campaigns east of the Jordan (Sihon and Og) and the annexation of their lands — the same events behind Joshua’s catalogue.
- Judges 1:27-36 (thematic): Another list of cities and peoples in the land, but emphasizing towns not conquered by Israel — a thematic counterpoint to Joshua’s account of defeated kings and completed conquest.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Libnah; one king of Adullam.
- One king of Libnah; one king of Adullam.
Jos.12.16 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מקדה: NOUN,prop,f,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- בית: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אל: NEG
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 10:28-39 (structural): Another roster of city‑kings defeated by Joshua during the Canaanite campaigns; parallels Joshua 12's catalogue form and the listing of local city‑kings (cf. 'king of Bethel').
- Deuteronomy 3:1-11 (thematic): Moses' summary of victories over Sihon and Og east of the Jordan; echoes the same defeated kings and territorial claims recounted in Joshua 12's summary of conquest.
- Numbers 21:21-31 (verbal): Narrative of Israel's defeat of Sihon king of the Amorites at Heshbon; corresponds directly to the defeat of Sihon and related kings that Joshua 12 lists.
- Judges 1:22-26 (verbal): Account of the house of Joseph capturing Bethel (formerly Luz) and subduing its inhabitants; provides another mention of Bethel and its conquest, linking to Joshua 12's 'king of Bethel.'
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Makkedah; one king of Bethel.
- One king of Makkedah; one king of Bethel.
Jos.12.17 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- תפוח: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- חפר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 12:1-6 (structural): Earlier section of the same chapter listing the kings conquered east of the Jordan (Sihon and Og); parallels in form and purpose as a catalog of defeated Canaanite rulers.
- Joshua 12:9-24 (structural): Immediate literary parallel—the larger list of kings defeated west of the Jordan to which v.17 belongs; same cataloguing formula naming individual city-kings (e.g., Tappuah, Hepher).
- Numbers 21:21-35 (thematic): Narrative account of Israel’s military encounters with Canaanite rulers (especially Sihon and the Amorites); thematically parallels Joshua’s summary lists of defeated kings and conquered territory.
- Deuteronomy 3:1-11 (quotation): Moses’ retrospective summary of victories over kings (notably Og and Sihon) that echoes Joshua’s cataloguing of conquered monarchs and lands—both texts function as formal recapitulations of Israel’s conquests.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Tappuah; one king of Hepher.
- One king of Tappuah; one king of Hepher.
Jos.12.18 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אפק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- לשרון: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Josh.12.7-24 (structural): Same catalogue of Canaanite kings defeated by Israel; Joshua 12:18 is one line in this summary list—parallel wording and function within the chapter.
- Josh.11:1-11 (thematic): Narrative account of Joshua's northern campaign against the kings of Madon, Shimron, Achshaph, etc., which the summary list in chapter 12 (including the king of Aphek) compresses.
- Judg.1:27-36 (thematic): Postconquest summary of Canaanite cities and local rulers—another tradition about which towns were subdued or left, parallel to Joshua's catalogue of defeated kings.
- 1 Sam.4:1-2 (verbal): Mentions an Aphek where the Philistines camped against Israel; not the same event but a recurring place-name 'Aphek' appearing in biblical battle accounts (verbal/place-name parallel).
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Aphek; one king of Lasharon.
- One king of Aphek; one king of Lasharon.
Jos.12.19 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מדון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- חצור: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 11:1-11 (verbal): Narrative of Joshua's northern campaign in which the king of Hazor is explicitly defeated and his city burned—this passage provides the fuller account behind the terse listing in Josh 12:19.
- Joshua 10:28-43 (structural): Detailed list of kings and cities taken in the southern campaign; Joshua 12 functions as a summary catalogue of these same conquests, of which Madon and Hazor are part.
- Judges 4:2-24 (thematic): Hazor (and its king Jabin) reappears as a principal Canaanite power in the period of the Judges; the passage shows Hazor's recurring role as an enemy-king motif echoed by Josh 12:19.
- Exodus 23:27-31 (thematic): God's promise to give the land and to displace Canaanite kings provides the theological framework for the conquest lists in Joshua, including the capture of kings like those of Madon and Hazor.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Madon; one king of Hazor.
- One king of Madon; one king of Hazor.
Jos.12.20 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- שמרון: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- מראון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- אכשף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 11:1-15 (structural): Narrative account of the northern campaign in which Israel defeats a coalition of Canaanite kings; structurally parallels Joshua 12’s catalogue of kings and territories taken in the conquest.
- Numbers 21:21-35 (verbal): Records Israel’s wars with Sihon and Og east of the Jordan—specific battles and outcomes that are summarized in Joshua 12’s list of defeated kings and lands.
- Deuteronomy 3:1-11 (thematic): Moses’ retrospective summary of the victories over Sihon and Og; thematically mirrors Joshua 12’s recital of the kings and territories Israel overcame under Moses and Joshua.
- Judges 1:1-36 (thematic): A later catalogue of Canaanite cities and kings taken (or left unconquered) by the Israelite tribes; thematically related as another list-format treatment of conquests and the fates of regional kings.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Shimron‑meron; one king of Achshaph.
- One king of Shimron Meron; one king of Achshaph.
Jos.12.21 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- תענך: VERB,qal,imf,3,f,sg
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- מגדו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 12:1-24 (structural): Verse is part of this chapter-long enumerative summary of the kings defeated by Moses and Joshua; the same list of Canaanite kings/cities (including Taanach and Megiddo) appears throughout the chapter.
- Joshua 11:1-15 (thematic): Narrative account of Joshua's campaign in northern Canaan (the defeat of the northern kings and capture of their cities) that corresponds to and underlies the summary list in Joshua 12.
- Deuteronomy 3:1-11 (allusion): Moses' retrospective account of victories east of the Jordan (e.g., Og and his cities) is part of the same conquest tradition that Joshua 12 summarizes, reflecting the same formulaic recounting of kings defeated by Israel.
- Judges 1:27-28 (thematic): A later tradition noting that Israel did not fully drive out the inhabitants of places such as Beth-shean and Taanach; offers a contrasting perspective to Joshua's claim of having defeated those city-kings.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Taanach; one king of Megiddo.
- One king of Taanach; one king of Megiddo.
Jos.12.22 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- קדש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- יקנעם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לכרמל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 11:1-15 (structural): Part of the same conquest narrative—Joshua’s northland campaign against a coalition of Canaanite kings whose defeat is summarized and continued in the catalog of kings in ch.12.
- Joshua 10:28-43 (structural): Parallel catalogue of cities and kings defeated in the southern campaign; Joshua 12 functions as an overall summary of these regional conquest lists (south and north).
- Judges 1:27-36 (thematic): A later tradition about the Israelites’ incomplete dispossession of Canaanite towns; thematically contrasts Joshua’s list of defeated kings with Judges’ reports that some peoples and cities remained in the land.
- Numbers 33:50-56 (thematic): Divine command concerning entering and dispossessing the land and destroying its altars and inhabitants—provides the legal/theological backdrop for the military victories and lists of defeated kings in Joshua 12.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Kadesh; one king of Jokneam in Carmel.
- One king of Kadesh; one king of Jokneam of Carmel.
Jos.12.23 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- דור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- לנפת: PREP
- דור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- גוים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- לגלגל: PREP
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 11:1-23 (structural): Parallel summary of military victories and list of Canaanite kings defeated; Joshua 12:23 is part of the same conquest-list tradition recapitulated in ch. 11.
- Joshua 13:1-6 (thematic): Discussion of territories along the sea-coast (including Dor) and lands yet to be allotted—connects to the geographical/administrative note about the king of Dor in Joshua 12.
- Deuteronomy 3:1-11 (verbal): Earlier Mosaic account of defeated kings and lands east of the Jordan; shares language and theme of enumerating defeated kings that Joshua 12 echoes.
- Judges 1:27-36 (thematic): Accounts of incomplete conquest and ethnic groups remaining in coastal and northern towns; thematically related to the lists of kings and the complex outcomes of Israelite conquest reflected in Joshua 12.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Dor in Naphath‑dor; one king of Goyim in Gilgal.
- One king of Dor in Naphath‑Dor; one king of Goyim in Gilgal.
Jos.12.24 - Details
Original Text
Morphology
- מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
- תרצה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
- אחד: NUM,card,m,sg
- כל: DET
- מלכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
- שלשים: NUM,m,pl,abs
- ואחד: CONJ+NUM,m,sg
Parallels
- Joshua 12:1-8 (structural): Immediate context: the opening section of Joshua 12 lists the kings east of the Jordan defeated by Moses and Israel, of which the king of Tappuah is part—this verse concludes the full enumeration of thirty-one kings.
- Joshua 11:16-23 (verbal): A summary account of Joshua's victories over the kings of Canaan, including a catalogue-like statement about kings defeated and land taken, functioning as a parallel summary structure to the detailed list in Joshua 12.
- Numbers 21:21-35 (allusion): Narrative of Israel’s military campaigns against Sihon and Og east of the Jordan—events referenced elsewhere in Joshua 12’s list of conquered kings and territories.
- Deuteronomy 2:24–3:11 (thematic): Moses’ recounting of the defeats of Sihon and Og and the taking of their lands; parallels the themes of conquest and lists of subjugated kings found in Joshua 12.
- Judges 1:4-7 (thematic): Account of Israel’s battles with various Canaanite kings (e.g., Adoni-bezek) and the capture of kings, echoing the motif of enumerating defeated local rulers evident in Joshua 12.
Alternative generated candidates
- One king of Tirzah; thirty‑one kings in all.
- One king of Tirzah—thirty‑one kings in all.
These are the kings of the land whom the people of Israel struck and whose land they took possession of east of the Jordan, eastward—from the Arnon stream to Mount Hermon, and all the Arabah eastward.
Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived at Heshbon, who reigned from Aroer on the edge of the Arnon, from the middle of the valley and in half of Gilead, as far as the Jabbok, the border of the people of Ammon. And the Arabah to the Sea of Chinnereth eastward, and to the Sea of the Arabah, the Salt Sea, eastward—along the road of Beth-jeshimoth and from the slopes of Pisgah. And the border of Og king of Bashan, the remnant of the Rephaim, who lived at Ashtaroth and at Edrei.
He reigned in Mount Hermon and in Salcah and all Bashan, to the boundary of the Geshurites and the Maachathites, and half of Gilead—the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.
Moses the servant of the LORD and the people of Israel struck them, and Moses the servant of the LORD gave their land as an inheritance to the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. And these are the kings of the land whom Joshua and the people of Israel struck on this side of the Jordan westward: from Baal-gad in the Valley of Lebanon to Mount Halak that rises toward Seir. Joshua gave their land as an inheritance to the tribes of Israel according to their portions.
In the hill country and in the lowland, in the Arabah and in the passes, in the wilderness and in the Negev: the Hittites, the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites.
One king of Jericho; one king of Ai, beside Bethel.
One king of Jerusalem; one king of Hebron.
One king of Jarmuth; one king of Lachish.
One king of Eglon; one king of Gezer.
One king of Debir; one king of Geder.
One king of Hormah; one king of Arad.
One king of Libnah; one king of Adullam.
One king of Makkedah; one king of Bethel.
One king of Tappuah; one king of Hepher.
One king of Aphek; one king of Lasharon.
One king of Madon; one king of Hazor.
One king of Shimron Meron; one king of Achshaph.
One king of Taanach; one king of Megiddo.
One king of Kedesh; one king of Jokneam in Carmel.
One king of Dor in Naphath-dor; one king of Goiim in Gilgal.
One king of Tirzah—thirty-one kings in all.