Israel's Apostasy and Jephthah's Tragic Deliverance

Judges 10:6-11:40

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Genesis

The Creation of the World 1:1-2:3 The Creation of Man and Woman 2:4-25 The Fall of Man 3:1-24 Cain and Abel 4:1-26 From Adam to Noah 5:1-32 The Flood 6:1-8:22 God’s Covenant with Noah 9:1-17 Noah’s Drunkenness and Curse 9:18-29 Nations Descended from Noah 10:1-32 The Tower of Babel 11:1-9 From Shem to Abram 11:10-32 The Call of Abram 12:1-9 Abram in Egypt 12:10-20 Abram and Lot Separate 13:1-18 Abram Rescues Lot 14:1-24 God’s Covenant with Abram 15:1-21 Hagar and Ishmael 16:1-16 The Covenant of Circumcision 17:1-27 A Son Promised to Sarah 18:1-15 Abraham Intercedes for Sodom 18:16-33 The Destruction of Sodom 19:1-29 The Origin of Moab and Ammon 19:30-38 Abraham and Abimelech 20:1-18 The Birth of Isaac 21:1-7 Hagar and Ishmael Sent Away 21:8-21 A Treaty with Abimelech 21:22-34 The Sacrifice of Isaac 22:1-19 Nahor’s Children 22:20-24 The Death and Burial of Sarah 23:1-20 A Wife for Isaac 24:1-67 The Death of Abraham 25:1-11 Ishmael’s Descendants 25:12-18 Esau and Jacob 25:19-34 Isaac and Abimelech 26:1-35 Jacob Takes Esau’s Blessing 27:1-40 Jacob Sent to Paddan-aram 27:41-28:9 Jacob’s Dream at Bethel 28:10-22 Jacob Meets Rachel 29:1-14 Jacob Marries Leah and Rachel 29:15-30 The Children of Jacob 29:31-30:24 Jacob’s Prosperity 30:25-43 Jacob Flees from Laban 31:1-21 Jacob and Laban Make a Covenant 31:22-55 Jacob Prepares to Meet Esau 32:1-21 Jacob Wrestles with God 32:22-32 Jacob Meets Esau 33:1-20 Dinah and the Shechemites 34:1-31 God Blesses Jacob at Bethel 35:1-15 Deaths of Rachel and Isaac 35:16-29 Esau’s Descendants 36:1-30 The Kings of Edom 36:31-43 Joseph’s Dreams 37:1-11 Joseph Sold by His Brothers 37:12-36 Judah and Tamar 38:1-30 Joseph and Potiphar’s Wife 39:1-23 Joseph Interprets Dreams in Prison 40:1-23 Pharaoh’s Dreams 41:1-40 Joseph Rises to Power 41:41-57 Joseph’s Brothers Go to Egypt 42:1-38 Joseph’s Brothers Return with Benjamin 43:1-34 The Silver Cup 44:1-34 Joseph Reveals Himself 45:1-28 Jacob Goes to Egypt 46:1-47:12 Joseph and the Famine 47:13-31 Jacob Blesses Ephraim and Manasseh 48:1-22 Jacob Blesses His Sons 49:1-28 The Death and Burial of Jacob 49:29-50:14 Joseph Reassures His Brothers 50:15-21 The Death of Joseph 50:22-26

Exodus

Israel Increases in Egypt 1:1-22 The Birth of Moses 2:1-10 Moses Flees to Midian 2:11-25 The Burning Bush 3:1-22 Signs for Moses 4:1-17 Moses Returns to Egypt 4:18-31 Moses and Aaron Before Pharaoh 5:1-21 God Promises Deliverance 5:22-6:12 The Genealogy of Moses and Aaron 6:13-27 Moses and Aaron Sent to Pharaoh 6:28-7:7 Aaron’s Staff Becomes a Serpent 7:8-13 The First Plague: Water to Blood 7:14-24 The Second Plague: Frogs 7:25-8:15 The Third Plague: Gnats 8:16-19 The Fourth Plague: Flies 8:20-32 The Fifth Plague: Livestock Die 9:1-7 The Sixth Plague: Boils 9:8-12 The Seventh Plague: Hail 9:13-35 The Eighth Plague: Locusts 10:1-20 The Ninth Plague: Darkness 10:21-29 A Final Plague Threatened 11:1-10 The Passover 12:1-30 The Exodus 12:31-42 Passover Regulations 12:43-51 Consecration of the Firstborn 13:1-16 Crossing the Red Sea 13:17-14:31 The Song of Moses 15:1-21 Bitter Water Made Sweet 15:22-27 Manna from Heaven 16:1-36 Water from the Rock 17:1-7 Amalek Defeated 17:8-16 Jethro’s Advice 18:1-27 Israel at Mount Sinai 19:1-25 The Ten Commandments 20:1-21 Laws About Altars 20:22-21:1 Laws About Slaves 21:2-11 Laws About Personal Injuries 21:12-36 Laws About Restitution 22:1-15 Laws About Holiness 22:16-31 Laws About Justice 23:1-9 Sabbath Years and Weeks 23:10-13 The Three Feasts 23:14-19 The Angel and the Promises 23:20-33 The Covenant Confirmed 24:1-18 Contributions for the Sanctuary 25:1-9 The Ark of the Testimony 25:10-22 The Table for Bread 25:23-30 The Golden Lampstand 25:31-40 The Tabernacle 26:1-37 The Bronze Altar 27:1-8 The Court of the Tabernacle 27:9-19 Oil for the Lamp 27:20-21 The Priests’ Garments 28:1-5 The Ephod 28:6-14 The Breastpiece of Judgment 28:15-30 Other Priestly Garments 28:31-43 Consecration of the Priests 29:1-46 The Altar of Incense 30:1-10 The Census Tax 30:11-16 The Bronze Basin 30:17-21 The Anointing Oil 30:22-33 The Incense 30:34-38 Oholiab and Bezalel 31:1-11 The Sabbath Sign 31:12-18 The Golden Calf 32:1-33:6 The Tent of Meeting 33:7-11 Moses’ Intercession and God’s Glory 33:12-23 New Tablets and Covenant 34:1-28 The Shining Face of Moses 34:29-35 Sabbath Regulations 35:1-3 Freewill Offerings for the Tabernacle 35:4-29 Bezalel and Oholiab Set Apart 35:30-36:7 Making the Tabernacle 36:8-38 Making the Ark 37:1-9 Making the Table 37:10-16 Making the Lampstand 37:17-24 Making the Altar of Incense 37:25-29 Making the Bronze Altar 38:1-7 Making the Bronze Basin 38:8 Making the Court 38:9-20 Materials of the Tabernacle 38:21-31 Making the Priests’ Garments 39:1 The Ephod Made 39:2-7 The Breastpiece Made 39:8-21 Other Garments Made 39:22-31 The Work Completed 39:32-43 The Tabernacle Erected 40:1-33 The Glory Fills the Tabernacle 40:34-38

Numbers

The Census of Israel 1:1-54 Arrangement of the Camp 2:1-34 The Levites’ Duties 3:1-51 Kohathites’ Service 4:1-20 Gershonites’ Service 4:21-28 Merarites’ Service 4:29-33 Census of the Levites 4:34-49 Unclean Removed from Camp 5:1-4 Restitution for Wrongs 5:5-10 The Test for Adultery 5:11-31 The Nazirite Vow 6:1-21 The Priestly Blessing 6:22-27 Offerings of the Leaders 7:1-89 The Lamps 8:1-4 The Levites Consecrated 8:5-26 The Passover Celebrated 9:1-14 The Cloud Over the Tabernacle 9:15-23 The Silver Trumpets 10:1-10 Departure from Sinai 10:11-36 Complaint and Quail; Seventy Elders 11:1-35 Miriam and Aaron Oppose Moses 12:1-16 Spies Sent into Canaan 13:1-25 Report of the Spies 13:26-33 The People Rebel 14:1-45 Offerings and Firstfruits 15:1-21 Unintentional Sin and Presumptuous Sin 15:22-31 The Sabbath-Breaker 15:32-36 Tassels on Garments 15:37-41 Korah’s Rebellion 16:1-50 Aaron’s Staff Buds 17:1-13 Priests’ and Levites’ Duties 18:1-7 Portions for Priests and Levites 18:8-32 The Red Heifer 19:1-22 Water from the Rock at Meribah 20:1-13 Edom Refuses Passage 20:14-21 Aaron’s Death 20:22-29 Arad Defeated 21:1-3 The Bronze Serpent 21:4-9 Journeys in the Wilderness 21:10-20 Victories over Sihon and Og 21:21-35 Balaam Summoned 22:1-20 Balaam’s Donkey and the Angel 22:21-41 Balaam’s First Oracle 23:1-12 Balaam’s Second Oracle 23:13-26 Balaam’s Third Oracle 23:27-24:14 The Star out of Jacob 24:15-19 Balaam’s Final Sayings 24:20-25 Baal of Peor and Phinehas 25:1-18 The Second Census 26:1-65 Daughters of Zelophehad 27:1-11 Joshua Appointed 27:12-23 Daily Offerings 28:1-8 Sabbath Offerings 28:9-10 Monthly Offerings 28:11-15 Passover Offerings 28:16-25 Weeks (Firstfruits) Offerings 28:26-31 Trumpets Offerings 29:1-6 Day of Atonement Offerings 29:7-11 Booths Offerings 29:12-40 Vows 30:1-16 War with Midian—Spoils 31:1-24 Division of the Spoils 31:25-54 Reuben, Gad, and Half-Manasseh 32:1-42 Stages of Israel’s Journey 33:1-56 Boundaries of the Land 34:1-29 Levitical Cities 35:1-5 Cities of Refuge 35:6-34 Marriage of Zelophehad’s Daughters 36:1-13

Deuteronomy

Preamble and Setting 1:1-8 Leaders Appointed 1:9-18 Spies Sent 1:19-25 Rebellion and Judgment 1:26-46 Journey Through Edom, Moab, Ammon 2:1-23 Victory over Sihon 2:24-37 Victory over Og 3:1-11 Allotment East of Jordan 3:12-20 Moses Forbidden to Enter 3:21-29 Call to Obey 4:1-14 No Idols 4:15-31 The LORD Alone Is God 4:32-40 Cities of Refuge East 4:41-43 Introduction to the Law 4:44-49 The Ten Commandments Rehearsed 5:1-33 The Shema and Instruction 6:1-25 Warning Against the Nations 7:1-26 Do Not Forget the LORD 8:1-20 Not for Your Righteousness 9:1-6 Israel’s Rebellions Recounted 9:7-29 New Tablets; Ark 10:1-11 Fear the LORD 10:12-22 Love, Obey, Choose 11:1-32 The Place of Worship 12:1-32 False Prophets and Idolatry 13:1-18 Clean and Unclean Foods 14:1-21 Tithes 14:22-29 Sabbatical Year 15:1-11 Hebrew Slaves 15:12-18 Firstborn Animals 15:19-23 Passover 16:1-8 Weeks 16:9-12 Booths 16:13-17 Justice 16:18-20 Forbidden Worship 16:21-17:7 Difficult Cases 17:8-13 Laws for the King 17:14-20 Provision for Levites 18:1-8 Abominable Practices 18:9-13 A Prophet Like Moses 18:14-22 Cities of Refuge 19:1-14 Witnesses and Penalties 19:15-21 Rules for War 20:1-20 Unsolved Murder 21:1-9 Wives from War 21:10-14 Rights of the Firstborn 21:15-17 Rebellious Son 21:18-21 Various Laws 21:22-22:12 Laws of Chastity 22:13-30 Assembly Exclusions 23:1-8 Camp Purity 23:9-14 Various Laws Continued 23:15-25:19 Firstfruits and Tithes Confession 26:1-15 You Are the LORD’s People 26:16-19 Law on Stones and Altar 27:1-8 Curses Pronounced 27:9-26 Blessings for Obedience 28:1-14 Curses for Disobedience 28:15-68 Renewal in Moab 29:1-29 Choose Life 30:1-20 Joshua Commissioned 31:1-8 Public Reading of the Law 31:9-13 Moses’ Warning of Apostasy 31:14-29 The Song of Moses 31:30-32:47 Moses to Die on Nebo 32:48-52 Moses Blesses Israel 33:1-29 The Death of Moses 34:1-12

Joshua

Joshua Commissioned and Encouraged 1:1-18 Rahab Protects the Spies 2:1-24 Crossing the Jordan and Memorial Stones 3:1-4:24 Renewal at Gilgal: Circumcision and Passover 5:1-12 The Commander Appears and the Fall of Jericho 5:13-6:27 Defeat at Ai and Achan's Sin Revealed 7:1-26 The Capture and Destruction of Ai 8:1-29 Altar on Mount Ebal and the Law Proclaimed 8:30-35 The Gibeonite Deception and Treaty 9:1-27 Victory at Gibeon and the Long Day 10:1-15 Capture and Execution of the Five Kings 10:16-28 The Southern Campaign and Conquest of Cities 10:29-43 Defeat of the Northern Coalition and Hazor Destroyed 11:1-23 Lists of Kings Defeated East and West of the Jordan 12:1-24 Land Remaining to Be Possessed 13:1-7 Allotments East of the Jordan 13:8-33 Procedure for Distributing the Land and Levitical Cities 14:1-5 Caleb's Claim and Inheritance of Hebron 14:6-15 Boundaries and Towns of Judah 15:1-63 Ephraim and West Manasseh: Boundaries and Claims 16:1-17:18 Shiloh Established and the Land Surveyed 18:1-10 Territory and Towns of Benjamin 18:11-28 Territory of Simeon 19:1-9 Territory of Zebulun 19:10-16 Territory of Issachar 19:17-23 Territory of Asher 19:24-31 Territory of Naphtali 19:32-39 Territory of Dan 19:40-48 Completion of the Allotments and Joshua's Inheritance 19:49-51 Cities of Refuge Established 20:1-9 Levitical Cities and Their Holdings 21:1-45 The Eastern Tribes' Altar and the Reconciliation 22:1-34 Joshua's Farewell Exhortation and Warning 23:1-16 Renewal of the Covenant at Shechem 24:1-27 Death and Burial of Joshua and Eleazar 24:28-33

1 Samuel

Hannah's Prayer for a Son 1:1-20 Hannah Presents Samuel to the Lord 1:21-28 Hannah's Song of Praise 2:1-11 Eli's Corrupt Sons and Samuel's Childhood 2:12-26 Prophecy of Judgment on Eli's House 2:27-36 Samuel's Call and the Lord's Word to Eli 3:1-4:1 Israel Defeated and the Ark Captured 4:2-11 Eli's Death and the Birth of Ichabod 4:12-22 The Ark Brings Judgment in Philistine Cities 5:1-12 The Ark Returned to Israel 6:1-7:1 Samuel Judges Israel and Delivers Them at Mizpah 7:2-17 Israel Demands a King 8:1-22 Saul Chosen and Given Signs 9:1-10:8 Saul Proclaimed King by Lot 10:9-27 Saul's Victory at Jabesh-Gilead 11:1-11 Saul Confirmed as King at Gilgal 11:12-15 Samuel's Farewell and Exhortation to Israel 12:1-25 Saul's Unauthorized Sacrifice and Rebuke 13:1-15 Philistine Pressure and Israel's Lack of Arms 13:16-22 Jonathan's Bold Assault and Victory 13:23-14:14 Saul's Rash Oath and Its Consequences 14:15-23 Saul's Pursuit and Jonathan's Exploits 14:24-48 Saul's Family and Mighty Men 14:49-52 Saul's Disobedience and Rejection as King 15:1-35 David Anointed by Samuel 16:1-13 David Serves Saul and Eases His Torment 16:14-23 David and Goliath 17:1-58 David's Rise and Saul's Jealousy 18:1-30 Saul's Attempts on David's Life and Jonathan's Intervention 19:1-24 David and Jonathan's Covenant 20:1-42 David at Nob: Bread and Goliath's Sword 21:1-9 David Feigns Madness at Gath 21:10-15 David Gathers Followers and Seeks Priestly Aid 22:1-5 Massacre at Nob and Abiathar Joins David 22:6-23 David Delivers Keilah and Inquires of God 23:1-6 Saul's Pursuit, Ziphite Betrayal, and David's Escape 23:7-29 David Spares Saul in a Cave 24:1-22 Nabal's Folly and Abigail's Intervention 25:1-44 David Again Spares Saul in His Camp 26:1-25 David Seeks Refuge with Achish 27:1-12 Saul and the Witch of Endor 28:1-25 The Philistines Reject David 29:1-11 David Recovers His Family and Defeats the Amalekites 30:1-31 The Death of Saul and His Sons 31:1-13

2 Samuel

An Amalekite Reports Saul and Jonathan's Death 1:1-16 David's Lament for Saul and Jonathan 1:17-27 David Anointed King of Judah at Hebron 2:1-7 Ish‑Bosheth Made King; Civil War with David Begins 2:8-3:5 Abner Seeks Alliance with David 3:6-21 Joab Murders Abner; David's Protest and Mourning 3:22-39 Ish‑Bosheth Assassinated 4:1-12 David Anointed King over All Israel 5:1-5 David Captures Jerusalem and Establishes His House 5:6-16 David's Victories over the Philistines 5:17-25 Bringing the Ark to Jerusalem; Uzzah's Death and David's Joy 6:1-23 God's Covenant with David 7:1-17 David's Prayer of Thanksgiving for God's Promise 7:18-29 David's Military Victories 8:1-14 David's Officials and Mighty Men 8:15-18 David Shows Kindness to Mephibosheth 9:1-13 War with the Ammonites and Syrians 10:1-19 David and Bathsheba; the Death of Uriah 11:1-27 Nathan Rebukes David; Judgment and Aftermath 12:1-31 Amnon's Crime against Tamar 13:1-22 Absalom Kills Amnon and Flees 13:23-39 Joab Secures Absalom's Return and Reconciliation 14:1-33 Absalom's Conspiracy and Rise to Power 15:1-12 David Flees Jerusalem; Loyal Followers Accompany Him 15:13-37 Ziba Brings Provisions to David 16:1-4 Shimei Curses David as He Flees 16:5-14 Counsel in Absalom's Court; Ahithophel's Plan and Hushai's Counterplot 16:15-17:29 Battle in the Forest of Ephraim and Absalom's Death 18:1-18 Reports of Victory and David's Grief for Absalom 18:19-19:8 David's Return to Jerusalem; Reconciliation and Disputes 19:9-43 Sheba's Revolt and Its Suppression 20:1-26 Famine and the Gibeonites' Demand; Saul's Descendants Executed 21:1-14 David's Battles with the Philistines and the Valor of His Men 21:15-22 David's Song of Deliverance 22:1-51 David's Final Oracle 23:1-7 The Deeds of David's Mighty Warriors 23:8-39 David's Census and the Resulting Plague 24:1-17 David Purchases the Threshing Floor; Sacrifice and End of Plague 24:18-25

1 Kings

Adonijah Attempts to Seize the Throne 1:1-27 Solomon Anointed King 1:28-53 David's Charge to Solomon and Death 2:1-12 Solomon Consolidates His Power 2:13-46 Solomon's Request for Wisdom 3:1-15 Solomon's Wise Judgment 3:16-28 Solomon's Officials and Administrative Order 4:1-19 The Wealth and Prosperity of Israel 4:20-28 Solomon's Wisdom and Fame 4:29-34 Alliances and Preparations for the Temple 5:1-18 Solomon Builds the Temple 6:1-38 Solomon's Palace and Structural Works 7:1-12 Temple Furnishings and the Work of Hiram 7:13-51 The Ark Brought into the Temple 8:1-21 Solomon's Prayer of Dedication 8:22-61 The Dedication Celebrated with Sacrifice 8:62-66 God's Promise and Warning to Solomon 9:1-9 Solomon's Building Projects and Trade 9:10-28 The Queen of Sheba Visits Solomon 10:1-13 The Wealth and Splendor of Solomon's Reign 10:14-29 Solomon's Foreign Wives and Apostasy 11:1-13 Adversaries Raised Against Solomon 11:14-25 Jeroboam's Call and the Promise of Division 11:26-40 Summary of Solomon's Reign and Death 11:41-43 Rehoboam's Folly and the Kingdom Divides 12:1-24 Jeroboam Establishes Golden Calves 12:25-33 Prophetic Rebuke at Bethel and Deception 13:1-34 Ahijah's Prophecy Against Jeroboam 14:1-20 Rehoboam's Unfaithfulness and Shishak's Invasion 14:21-31 Abijam's Short Reign in Judah 15:1-8 Asa's Reforms and Early Reign 15:9-24 Nadab's Reign and Baasha's Conspiracy 15:25-32 Baasha's Reign and Jehu's Prophecy 15:33-16:7 Elah Assassinated and Zimri's Usurpation 16:8-14 Zimri's Suicide and Omri's Rise to Power 16:15-20 Omri Establishes Samaria as Capital 16:21-28 Ahab and Jezebel Introduce Baal Worship 16:29-34 Elijah Announces the Drought and Is Fed by Ravens 17:1-6 Elijah in Zarephath: Provision and Resurrection 17:7-24 Elijah Confronts Ahab and Prepares for Confrontation 18:1-15 Elijah on Mount Carmel and the Fall of Baal's Prophets 18:16-46 Elijah Flees to Horeb and Is Renewed 19:1-9 God's Response to Elijah and New Commissions 19:10-18 The Call of Elisha 19:19-21 Ben‑hadad Besieges Samaria; Israel's Defiant Response 20:1-12 Israel's Victories Over Aram and Ahab's Mercy 20:13-34 A Prophet Enacts Judgment on the King 20:35-43 Naboth's Vineyard: Ahab and Jezebel's Crime and Punishment 21:1-29 Ahab and Jehoshaphat Seek Counsel; Micaiah's True Prophecy 22:1-28 Ahab Dies at Ramoth‑Gilead 22:29-40 Jehoshaphat's Reign in Judah 22:41-50 Ahaziah Succeeds Ahab and Does Evil 22:51-53

2 Kings

Ahaziah Seeks Counsel and Elijah’s Judgment 1:1-18 Elijah Taken Up; Elisha Succeeds 2:1-18 Elisha Purifies Jericho’s Water 2:19-22 Mockers of Elisha Mauled by Bears 2:23-25 Alliance Against Moab and Elisha’s Miracle 3:1-27 The Widow’s Oil Multiplied 4:1-7 Elisha Restores the Shunammite’s Son 4:8-37 Poisoned Stew Made Safe 4:38-41 Elisha Feeds a Hundred Men 4:42-44 Naaman Healed of Leprosy and Gehazi’s Greed 5:1-27 The Floating Axe Head 6:1-7 Elisha Foils the Aramean Raid 6:8-23 Famine Besieges Samaria 6:24-7:2 Arameans Flee; Samaria’s Deliverance 7:3-20 The Shunammite Restored to Her Land 8:1-6 Elisha Foretells Hazael’s Rise 8:7-15 Jehoram’s Reign in Israel 8:16-24 Ahaziah of Judah Ascends the Throne 8:25-29 Anointing of Jehu as King 9:1-13 Jehu Slays Joram and the House of Ahab 9:14-29 The Death of Jezebel 9:30-37 Jehu Executes Ahab’s Kin at Jezreel 10:1-17 Jehu Destroys Baal Worship 10:18-36 Joash Crowned; Athaliah Overthrown 11:1-21 Joash Repairs the Temple 12:1-21 Jehoahaz of Israel and Aramean Oppression 13:1-9 Jehoash of Israel and Elisha’s Final Acts 13:10-25 Amaziah of Judah: Victory and Pride 14:1-22 Jeroboam II Restores Israel’s Borders 14:23-29 Azariah (Uzziah) King of Judah 15:1-7 Zechariah’s Short Reign and Assassination 15:8-12 Shallum’s Brief Usurpation and Murder 15:13-16 Menahem’s Reign and Tribute to Assyria 15:17-22 Pekahiah Murdered; Pekah’s Conspiracy 15:23-26 Pekah Rules and Wars with Judah 15:27-31 Jotham King of Judah 15:32-38 Ahaz’s Reign and Submission to Assyria 16:1-20 Fall of Samaria and Israel’s Exile 17:1-6 Reasons for Israel’s Exile 17:7-23 Resettling Samaria and Syncretistic Worship 17:24-41 Hezekiah’s Reforms and Fortifications 18:1-16 Rabshakeh’s Taunts before Jerusalem 18:17-37 Hezekiah’s Plea and Isaiah’s Prophecy 19:1-13 Hezekiah’s Prayer of Surrender 19:14-19 The LORD Delivers Jerusalem from Sennacherib 19:20-37 Hezekiah’s Illness, Recovery, and the Sign 20:1-11 Hezekiah’s Pride and a Warning about Babylon 20:12-21 Manasseh’s Long, Wicked Reign 21:1-18 Amon’s Short Reign and Assassination 21:19-26 Josiah Finds the Book of the Law and Reforms 22:1-20 Josiah’s Covenant Renewal and Passover 23:1-30 Jehoahaz Deposed; Jehoiakim Installed by Egypt 23:31-35 Jehoiakim’s Reign and Babylonian Pressure 23:36-24:7 Jehoiachin’s Brief Reign and First Exile 24:8-17 Zedekiah Appointed as Babylon’s Vassal 24:18-19 Siege and Fall of Jerusalem; Destruction and Exile 24:20-25:26 Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Prison 25:27-30

1 Chronicles

Genealogies from Adam to Abraham 1:1-27 The Descendants of Abraham 1:28-34 The Edomite Genealogies (Esau and Seir) 1:35-54 The Sons of Israel 2:1-2 The Genealogy and Families of Judah 2:3-55 David’s Descendants and the Royal Line 3:1-24 Judahite Families and Notable Descendants 4:1-23 The Families and Settlements of Simeon 4:24-43 Transjordanian Tribes and Their Chiefs 5:1-10 Wars and Settlements East of the Jordan 5:11-22 Loss of Territory and Exile East of the Jordan 5:23-26 The Levites: Genealogy and Temple Service 6:1-81 The Tribe of Issachar 7:1-5 A Register of Benjamin’s Households 7:6-12 A Brief Genealogical Note 7:13 The Tribe of Naphtali 7:14-19 The Tribe of Manasseh 7:20-29 The Tribe of Ephraim 7:30-40 The Genealogy of Benjamin (including Saul’s Line) 8:1-9:1 Resettlement of Jerusalem: Residents and Officials 9:2-34 Gatekeepers and Temple Servants in Jerusalem 9:35-44 The Death of Saul and the End of His House 10:1-14 David Anointed King over Israel 11:1-3 David Captures Jerusalem (Zion) 11:4-9 David’s Mighty Men and Warriors 11:10-47 Those Who Came to David at Hebron (Judah’s Support) 12:1-22 Israel’s Warriors Join David at Hebron 12:23-40 Bringing the Ark: Preparations and Uzzah’s Death 13:1-14 David’s Household and Philistine Submission 14:1-7 David’s Victories over the Philistines 14:8-17 Preparations for Bringing the Ark to Jerusalem 15:1-16:6 David Institutes Worship and a Song of Praise 16:7-43 God’s Covenant with David (Nathan’s Oracle) 17:1-15 David’s Prayer of Thanksgiving for the Covenant 17:16-27 David’s Military Victories and Tribute 18:1-13 David’s Officials and the Spoils of War 18:14-17 War with the Ammonites and Their Allies 19:1-19 The Campaign against Rabbah (Ammon) 20:1-3 Defeat of the Philistines and Their Champions 20:4-8 David’s Census, Plague, and Purchase of the Temple Site 21:1-22:1 David’s Preparations and Instructions for Solomon 22:2-19 David Organizes the Levites 23:1-6 Levitical Families and Their Heads 23:7-11 Age Regulations and Duties of the Levites 23:12-20 Assignments of Levites: Singers, Gatekeepers, Treasurers 23:21-32 Divisions of the Priests into Twenty‑Four Courses 24:1-19 Priestly Families and Their Cities 24:20-31 The Levitical Musicians and Their Organization 25:1-31 Gatekeepers and Their Lineages 26:1-19 Officials Responsible for Treasuries and Records 26:20-32 Military Divisions and Their Commanders 27:1-15 David’s Civil Officials and Overseers 27:16-24 Heads of the King’s Household and Provisions 27:25-34 David’s Charge to Solomon and the Temple Plan 28:1-21 The Nation’s Offerings for the Temple 29:1-9 David’s Prayer of Praise and Blessing for Solomon 29:10-20 David’s Final Acts and Organization of the Kingdom 29:21-25 The Death of David and Solomon’s Accession 29:26-30

2 Chronicles

Solomon's Sacrifice at Gibeon and Prayer for Wisdom 1:1-17 Solomon Secures Materials and Craftsmen for the Temple 2:1-18 The Temple: Foundation and Structure 3:1-17 Temple Furnishings and Completion of the Work 4:1-5:1 The Ark Installed and Solomon's Dedication Prayer 5:2-6:11 Solomon's Prayer of Dedication and God's Assurance 6:12-42 The Lord Fills the Temple and the Dedication Festival 7:1-10 God Appears to Solomon and Gives a Conditional Promise 7:11-22 Solomon's Other Buildings and Relations with Hiram 8:1-18 The Queen of Sheba Visits Solomon 9:1-12 Solomon's Wealth, Trade, and Administration 9:13-28 Summary of Solomon's Reign and Death 9:29-31 Rehoboam's Folly and the Division of the Kingdom 10:1-11:4 Rehoboam Fortifies Judah and Consolidates Support 11:5-17 Rehoboam's Descendants and Death 11:18-23 Shishak's Invasion and Judah's Loss 12:1-16 Abijah's Victory over Israel and His Death 13:1-14:1 Asa's Reforms and Victory over Ethiopia 14:2-15 Asa Strengthened by Prophecy and Covenant Renewal 15:1-19 Asa's Alliance with Aram and Reproof by Hanani 16:1-14 Jehoshaphat Strengthens Judah and Reforms Justice 17:1-19 Jehoshaphat's Alliance with Ahab and the Battle at Ramoth-gilead 18:1-27 Jehu Rebukes Jehoshaphat for the Alliance with Ahab 18:28-19:3 Judicial Reforms: Judges Appointed to Administer Justice 19:4-11 Jehoshaphat's Deliverance through Prayer and Praise 20:1-30 End of Jehoshaphat's Reign and Jehoram's Accession 20:31-21:3 Jehoram's Wicked Reign, Revolts, and Judgment 21:4-20 Ahaziah Succeeds His Father and Is Wounded 22:1-9 Athaliah's Usurpation Overthrown and Joash Crowned 22:10-23:21 Joash's Temple Restoration under Jehoiada 24:1-16 Joash's Apostasy, Punishment, and Assassination 24:17-27 Amaziah's Reign: Victory, Pride, and Defeat by Israel 25:1-28 Uzziah's Prosperity and Pride; Leprosy for Presumption 26:1-23 Jotham's Reign: Fortifications and Prosperity 27:1-9 Ahaz's Idolatry, Defeats, and Assyrian Subjugation 28:1-27 Hezekiah's Temple Restoration and Religious Reforms 29:1-36 Hezekiah's Passover and National Repentance 30:1-31:1 Hezekiah's Religious Administration and Temple Support 31:2-21 Hezekiah's Defense Against Sennacherib and Divine Deliverance 32:1-23 Hezekiah's Illness, Pride, and the Babylonian Envoys 32:24-33 Manasseh's Idolatry, Captivity, Repentance, and Restoration 33:1-20 Amon's Wicked Reign and Assassination 33:21-25 Josiah's Early Reforms and Temple Repair 34:1-13 The Book of the Law Found, Huldah's Prophecy, and Josiah's Covenant 34:14-33 Josiah's Observance of the Passover 35:1-19 Josiah Killed at Megiddo and National Mourning 35:20-36:1 Jehoahaz Reigns Briefly and Is Deposed by Pharaoh 36:2-4 Jehoiakim's Reign and Disobedience 36:5-8 Jehoiachin's Short Reign and Exile to Babylon 36:9-10 Zedekiah's Reign and Rejection of Prophetic Warnings 36:11-14 Judgment, Exile, and the Decree of Cyrus 36:15-23

Psalm

Psalms 1–2 1:1-2:12 Psalms 3–8 3:1-8 Psalms 4–8 4:1-8 Psalms 5–12 5:1-12 Psalms 6–10 6:1-10 Psalms 7–17 7:1-17 Psalms 8–9 8:1-9 Psalms 9–10 9:1-10:18 Psalms 11–7 11:1-7 Psalms 12–8 12:1-8 Psalms 13–6 13:1-6 Psalms 14–7 14:1-7 Psalms 15–5 15:1-5 Psalms 16–11 16:1-11 Psalms 17–15 17:1-15 Psalms 18–50 18:1-50 Psalms 19–14 19:1-14 Psalms 20–9 20:1-9 Psalms 21–13 21:1-13 Psalms 22–31 22:1-31 Psalms 23–6 23:1-6 Psalms 24–10 24:1-10 Psalms 25–22 25:1-22 Psalms 26–12 26:1-12 Psalms 27–14 27:1-14 Psalms 28–9 28:1-9 Psalms 29–11 29:1-11 Psalms 30–12 30:1-12 Psalms 31–24 31:1-24 Psalms 32–33 32:1-33:22 Psalms 34–22 34:1-22 Psalms 35–28 35:1-28 Psalms 36–12 36:1-12 Psalms 37–40 37:1-40 Psalms 38–22 38:1-22 Psalms 39–13 39:1-13 Psalms 40–17 40:1-17 Psalms 41–13 41:1-13 Psalms 42–43 42:1-43:5 Psalms 44–26 44:1-26 Psalms 45–17 45:1-17 Psalms 46–11 46:1-11 Psalms 47–9 47:1-9 Psalms 48–14 48:1-14 Psalms 49–20 49:1-20 Psalms 50–23 50:1-23 Psalms 51–19 51:1-19 Psalms 52–9 52:1-9 Psalms 53–6 53:1-6 Psalms 54–7 54:1-7 Psalms 55–23 55:1-23 Psalms 56–13 56:1-13 Psalms 57–11 57:1-11 Psalms 58–11 58:1-11 Psalms 59–17 59:1-17 Psalms 60–12 60:1-12 Psalms 61–8 61:1-8 Psalms 62–12 62:1-12 Psalms 63–11 63:1-11 Psalms 64–10 64:1-10 Psalms 65–13 65:1-13 Psalms 66–20 66:1-20 Psalms 67–7 67:1-7 Psalms 68–35 68:1-35 Psalms 69–36 69:1-36 Psalms 70–71 70:1-71:24 Psalms 72–20 72:1-20 Psalms 73–28 73:1-28 Psalms 74–23 74:1-23 Psalms 75–10 75:1-10 Psalms 76–12 76:1-12 Psalms 77–20 77:1-20 Psalms 78–72 78:1-72 Psalms 79–13 79:1-13 Psalms 80–19 80:1-19 Psalms 81–16 81:1-16 Psalms 82–8 82:1-8 Psalms 83–18 83:1-18 Psalms 84–12 84:1-12 Psalms 85–13 85:1-13 Psalms 86–17 86:1-17 Psalms 87–7 87:1-7 Psalms 88–18 88:1-18 Psalms 89–52 89:1-52 Psalms 90–91 90:1-91:16 Psalms 92–97 92:1-97:12 Psalms 98–99 98:1-99:9 Psalms 100–5 100:1-5 Psalms 101–8 101:1-8 Psalms 102–28 102:1-28 Psalms 103–106 103:1-106:48 Psalms 107–43 107:1-43 Psalms 108–13 108:1-13 Psalms 109–31 109:1-31 Psalms 110–118 110:1-118:29 Psalms 119–8 119:1-8 Psalms 119–16 119:9-16 Psalms 119–24 119:17-24 Psalms 119–32 119:25-32 Psalms 119–40 119:33-40 Psalms 119–48 119:41-48 Psalms 119–56 119:49-56 Psalms 119–64 119:57-64 Psalms 119–72 119:65-72 Psalms 119–80 119:73-80 Psalms 119–88 119:81-88 Psalms 119–176 119:89-176 Psalms 119–104 119:96-104 Psalms 119–112 119:105-112 Psalms 119–120 119:113-120 Psalms 119–128 119:121-128 Psalms 119–136 119:129-136 Psalms 119–144 119:137-144 Psalms 119–152 119:145-152 Psalms 119–160 119:153-160 Psalms 119–168 119:161-168 Psalms 119–176 119:169-176 Psalms 120–7 120:1-7 Psalms 121–8 121:1-8 Psalms 122–9 122:1-9 Psalms 123–4 123:1-4 Psalms 124–8 124:1-8 Psalms 125–5 125:1-5 Psalms 126–6 126:1-6 Psalms 127–5 127:1-5 Psalms 128–6 128:1-6 Psalms 129–8 129:1-8 Psalms 130–8 130:1-8 Psalms 131–3 131:1-3 Psalms 132–18 132:1-18 Psalms 133–3 133:1-3 Psalms 134–137 134:1-137:9 Psalms 138–8 138:1-8 Psalms 139–24 139:1-24 Psalms 140–13 140:1-13 Psalms 141–10 141:1-10 Psalms 142–7 142:1-7 Psalms 143–12 143:1-12 Psalms 144–15 144:1-15 Psalms 145–150 145:1-150:6

Proverbs

Introduction: The Purpose of Proverbs and the Fear of the Lord 1:1-7 Warning Against Enticement by Sinners 1:8-19 Wisdom's Public Call and the Folly of Rejection 1:20-33 The Value of Wisdom and Its Protection 2:1-22 Trusting God and Walking in Wisdom 3:1-35 A Father's Exhortation to Hold Fast to Wisdom 4:1-27 Warning Against Adultery and a Call to Fidelity 5:1-23 Warnings: Surety, Laziness, and Wickedness 6:1-19 Obey Parental Commands and the Dangers of Adultery 6:20-35 The Example of a Young Man Seduced 7:1-27 Wisdom's Proclamation and Blessings 8:1-36 Contrasting Invitations of Wisdom and Folly 9:1-18 Solomon's Proverbs: Contrasts of Righteousness and Folly 10:1-32 Proverbs on Justice, Integrity, and Righteous Living 11:1-31 Wise Conduct, Diligence, and Righteous Speech 12:1-28 Discipline, Wealth, and the Wise Child 13:1-25 Sayings on Wisdom, Folly, and the Fear of the Lord 14:1-35 The Power of Speech and the Benefits of Wisdom 15:1-33 God's Sovereignty Over Human Plans 16:1-33 Relations and Righteousness: Peace, Speech, and Integrity 17:1-28 The Power of Words and the Nature of Companionship 18:1-24 Advice on Wealth, Conduct, and Discipline 19:1-29 Counsel, Justice, and Warnings Against Excess 20:1-30 Divine Sovereignty, Justice, and the King's Role 21:1-31 Reputation, Generosity, and Child Discipline 22:1-16 Sayings of the Wise: Practical Moral Instruction 22:17-24:34 Solomon's Proverbs on Restraint and Leadership 25:1-28 Folly and Foolish Behavior in Speech and Deeds 26:1-28 Friendship, Counsel, and Practical Wisdom for Life 27:1-27 Justice, Righteousness, and the Results of Rebellion 28:1-28 Discipline, Leadership, and Social Order 29:1-27 The Sayings of Agur: Humility and Observations 30:1-33 Advice to King Lemuel and the Virtuous Woman 31:1-31

Isaiah

Judah's Rebellion and Call to Repentance 1:1-31 The Mountain of the Lord and the Nations' Hope 2:1-6 Judgment on Arrogance and Idolatry 2:7-22 Judgment on Jerusalem's Leaders and Social Order 3:1-4:1 The Branch and the Renewal of Zion 4:2-6 The Song of the Vineyard: Israel's Failure 5:1-7 Woes to Israel and Coming Judgment 5:8-30 Isaiah's Vision and Commission 6:1-13 Ahaz, the Immanuel Sign, and Invasion 7:1-25 The Sign of Plunder and a Call to Courage 8:1-10 Trust the Lord, Not Alliances or Diviners 8:11-22 A Child Is Born: Promise of Peace 9:1-7 Israel's Arrogance and Coming Punishment 9:8-10:4 Assyria: Instrument of Judgment and Its Doom 10:5-19 The Remnant and the Fall of Assyria 10:20-34 The Righteous Branch and the Peaceable Kingdom 11:1-16 A Song of Praise for God's Salvation 12:1-6 Babylon's Doom and the Day of the Lord 13:1-14:23 God's Decree: Assyria Overthrown 14:24-27 Oracle Concerning Philistia and Promise to Zion 14:28-32 Lament for Moab 15:1-16:14 Judgment on Damascus and Northern Israel 17:1-14 A Message to Cush (Ethiopia) 18:1-7 Judgment on Egypt and Future Salvation 19:1-25 Isaiah's Sign against Egypt and Cush 20:1-6 Prophecy of Babylon's Fall (The Watchman's Report) 21:1-10 Oracle concerning Dumah: The Night Watchman's Lament 21:11-12 Oracle Against Arabia (Dedan and Kedar) 21:13-17 The Valley of Vision: Jerusalem's Fall and Leadership Change 22:1-25 Tyre's Fall and Future Restoration 23:1-18 The Lord's Universal Judgment and Final Reign 24:1-23 Praise for God's Triumph and Deliverance 25:1-12 Trust in God and Hope for Deliverance 26:1-21 The Slaying of Leviathan and Israel's Restoration 27:1-13 Woe to Ephraim and Judah: Drunkenness and Judgment 28:1-29 Woe to Ariel (Jerusalem) and Promise of Enlightenment 29:1-24 Rebuke for Seeking Egypt's Help; Call to Trust the Lord 30:1-33 Egypt Is No Help; The Lord Will Save Jerusalem 31:1-9 A Righteous King and Just Leadership 32:1-8 Call to Repentance and Promise of Renewal 32:9-20 A Plea for Deliverance and the Lord's Judgment 33:1-24 The Lord's Vengeance on the Nations (Edom) 34:1-17 The Glorious Restoration of the Redeemed 35:1-10 Sennacherib's Siege and Rabshakeh's Taunt 36:1-22 Hezekiah Seeks Isaiah; Rabshakeh's Threat 37:1-13 Hezekiah's Prayer and Isaiah's Assurance 37:14-20 God Delivers Jerusalem and Sennacherib's Defeat 37:21-38 Hezekiah's Illness, Prayer, and Recovery 38:1-22 Babylonian Envoys and the Announcement of Exile 39:1-8 Comfort for Zion and the Majesty of God 40:1-31 God Defends Israel Against the Nations and Idols 41:1-29 The Servant of the Lord: Covenant and Mission 42:1-9 A Call to Praise and God's Guidance for the Blind 42:10-17 Israel's Unfaithfulness and Resulting Judgment 42:18-25 Israel Redeemed: God's Sovereign Deliverer 43:1-13 The Lord Proclaims Redemption and Rebukes Israel 43:14-28 Israel Chosen and Blessed by the Spirit 44:1-5 The Folly of Idols and God's Uniqueness 44:6-23 God the Creator and the Call of Cyrus for Israel's Restoration 44:24-45:25 The God Who Carries and Redeems: Yahweh's Sovereignty over Idols 46:1-13 The Humbling of Babylon the Mistress 47:1-15 Israel's Stubbornness and God's Resolute Purpose 48:1-11 God's Sovereign 'I Am' and Call to Return 48:12-22 The Servant's Commission to Restore Israel and the Nations 49:1-8 Restoration and Promise to Gather Israel 49:9-26 The Servant's Suffering and Israel's Rejection 50:1-11 Comfort for Zion: Remember Abraham; God's Salvation 51:1-16 Awakening of Zion and Proclamation of Salvation 51:17-52:12 The Suffering Servant and Atonement 52:13-53:12 The Exalted Zion: Promise of Restoration and Protection 54:1-17 Invitation to Life and the Power of God's Word 55:1-13 Justice, Inclusion, and Sabbath Observance 56:1-8 Condemnation of Idolatry and Complacency 56:9-57:13 Restoration for the Humble and Promise of Peace 57:14-21 True Fasting: Justice, Mercy, and Sabbath Blessing 58:1-14 Sin's Consequences and God's Redeeming Intervention 59:1-21 The Glory and Gathering of Zion 60:1-22 The Year of the Lord's Favor and Joyful Restoration 61:1-11 Zion's Vindication and New Name 62:1-12 The Lord's Vengeance: Treading the Winepress 63:1-6 Remembering God's Mercy and Plea for Restoration 63:7-64:12 God's Grace to the Faithful and Judgment on the Rebellious 65:1-16 A New Creation: Joy and Peace 65:17-25 The Lord's Final Judgment and the New Creation 66:1-24

Jeremiah

The Call and Commission of Jeremiah 1:1-19 Israel's Unfaithfulness and Call to Repentance 2:1-3:5 Judah's Spiritual Adultery and Call to Return 3:6-4:4 The Coming Calamity on the Land 4:5-31 An Accusation against Jerusalem's Corruption 5:1-31 The Siege and Devastation of Jerusalem 6:1-30 The Temple Sermon: False Security Condemned 7:1-29 Violence and Corruption in the Land 7:30-8:3 Persistent Idolatry and Coming Punishment 8:4-9:26 The Folly of Idols 10:1-16 Judah's Flight and Jeremiah's Lament 10:17-22 A Prayer for Direction and Deliverance 10:23-25 The Broken Covenant and a Public Warning 11:1-17 Conspiracy against Jeremiah and God's Vindication 11:18-23 Jeremiah's Complaint to God 12:1-4 A Call to Endure and Judgment on Nations 12:5-17 The Linen Belt: Symbol of Judah's Humiliation 13:1-11 A Sign of Shame and Pronounced Judgment 13:12-14 A Lament of Shame and Imminent Disaster 13:15-27 Famine, False Prophets, and Divine Judgment 14:1-15:21 Symbolic Acts and the People's Sinfulness 16:1-17:18 Warning about Sabbath Violations 17:19-27 The Potter and the Broken Jar: Judgment on Jerusalem 18:1-19:15 Persecution by Pashhur the Priest 20:1-6 Jeremiah's Lament and Resolve 20:7-18 A Message to the Royal House: Doom for Jerusalem 21:1-14 Judgment on the Kings and Royal House 22:1-30 False Shepherds Condemned and a Righteous Branch Promised 23:1-8 Condemnation of False Prophets 23:9-32 The Lord Rebukes False Oracles 23:33-40 The Two Figs: Exile and Remnant 24:1-10 Seventy Years of Babylonian Dominion 25:1-14 The Cup of God's Wrath on the Nations 25:15-38 Jeremiah's Temple Address, Arrest, and Vindication 26:1-24 The Yoke of Babylon and Call to Submit 27:1-22 Hananiah's False Prophecy and Its Rebuke 28:1-17 Letter to the Exiles: Seek the Welfare of Babylon 29:1-23 Shemaiah's Letter and Its Condemnation 29:24-32 The Book of Comfort: Restoration and the New Covenant 30:1-31:40 Jeremiah Buys a Field: Faith and Hope in Captivity 32:1-44 Promise of Restoration and the Davidic Covenant 33:1-26 Zedekiah's Appeal and Jeremiah's Warning 34:1-7 Breach of Covenant and Punishment for Oppression 34:8-22 The Rechabites' Fidelity as a Rebuke to Judah 35:1-19 Baruch Writes Jeremiah's Words and the Scroll Is Burned 36:1-32 Jeremiah Imprisoned during the Siege of Jerusalem 37:1-21 Jeremiah Cast into a Cistern 38:1-13 Ebed‑Melech Rescues Jeremiah; Zedekiah's Failure 38:14-28 The Fall of Jerusalem and Jeremiah's Release 39:1-18 Gedaliah Appointed Governor and Jeremiah's Choice 40:1-6 Assassination of Gedaliah and the Terror in Judah 40:7-41:15 Rejection of Jeremiah's Counsel and Flight to Egypt 41:16-43:13 The Jews in Egypt: Idolatry and Condemnation 44:1-30 A Word to Baruch: Encouragement and Warning 45:1-5 Oracles against Egypt 46:1-28 Judgment on the Philistines 47:1-7 Judgment on Moab 48:1-47 Judgment on Ammon 49:1-6 Judgment on Edom 49:7-22 Judgment on Damascus and Aram 49:23-27 Destruction of Kedar and the Nomads 49:28-33 Judgment on Elam and Future Restoration 49:34-39 Judgment on Babylon and Its Final Fall 50:1-51:64 The Fall of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's Fate 52:1-30 Jehoiachin's Release from Babylonian Captivity 52:31-34

Ezekiel

The Vision of God's Glory and the Living Creatures 1:1-28 Ezekiel's Commission and the Eating of the Scroll 2:1-3:15 Ezekiel Appointed as Watchman and Made Speechless 3:16-27 Symbolic Acts of Siege and Judgment on Jerusalem 4:1-5:17 Judgment on Israel for Idolatry 6:1-14 The Day of the Lord: Impending Disaster 7:1-27 Visions of Temple Abominations 8:1-18 The Execution of Jerusalem's Wicked and the Marked Few 9:1-11 The Departure of God's Glory from the Temple 10:1-22 Condemnation of Jerusalem's Leaders 11:1-15 The Departure of God's Glory and Promise of Restoration 11:16-25 Signs of Exile and the Futility of False Hopes 12:1-28 Condemnation of False Prophets and Diviners 13:1-23 Elders' Idolatry and Its Consequences 14:1-11 Judgment on Nations and the Limits of Intercession 14:12-23 Jerusalem Portrayed as a Useless Vine 15:1-8 Jerusalem's Infidelity: Shame, Judgment, and Vindication 16:1-63 The Parable of the Two Eagles: Zedekiah's Folly 17:1-24 Individual Responsibility and the Call to Repentance 18:1-32 A Lament for Israel's Princes 19:1-14 Israel's History of Rebellion and Divine Judgment 20:1-29 Punishment for Profane Worship and Promise of Restoration 20:30-44 A Prophecy Against the Mountains of Israel 20:45-49 The Sword of the Lord: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations 21:1-32 Jerusalem's Corruption and the Search for a Righteous Remnant 22:1-31 The Sisters' Harlotry: Samaria and Jerusalem Condemned 23:1-49 The Boiling Pot: Prophecy of Jerusalem's Siege 24:1-14 The Sign of Ezekiel's Wife's Death: Judgment and Changed Lament 24:15-27 Oracle Against Ammon 25:1-7 Oracles Against Moab and Seir 25:8-11 Judgment on the Philistines 25:12-14 Oracle Against Tyre 25:15-17 The Fall of Tyre Foretold 26:1-21 Lamentation for Tyre, the Merchant City 27:1-36 The Pride and Fall of Tyre's Ruler 28:1-19 Judgment on Sidon and Promise of Israel's Security 28:20-26 Egypt's Humiliation and Years of Desolation 29:1-21 The Day of the Lord Against Egypt and Its Allies 30:1-26 Egypt Compared to the Fallen Cedar: Pride and Doom 31:1-18 Lament for Egypt's Collapse and Descent into Sheol 32:1-32 The Watchman's Duty and Personal Responsibility 33:1-20 Report of Jerusalem's Fall and the People's Alarm 33:21-33 Condemnation of Bad Shepherds and Promise of a Good Shepherd 34:1-31 Judgment on Edom for Rejoicing over Israel 35:1-15 Promise of Israel's Restoration and Spiritual Renewal 36:1-38 The Valley of Dry Bones: National Revival 37:1-14 The Two Sticks: Unity of Israel and the Davidic Covenant 37:15-28 The Invasion of Gog and Its Defeat 38:1-39:29 Vision of the Future Temple: Introduction and Commission 40:1-4 Measurements of the Outer Court and Gateways 40:5-16 Courtyard Entrances and Portico Dimensions 40:17-19 Inner Court Entrances and Chambers 40:20-23 Vestibules and Side Entrance Specifications 40:24-27 Details of Inner Chambers and Gate Structure 40:28-37 Porches, Chambers, and Steps of the Temple Court 40:38-43 Priests' Chambers and the Prince's Quarters 40:44-47 The Inner Sanctuary and Holy Place Measurements 40:48-41:26 Priestly Chambers and the Inner Court Layout 42:1-20 The Return of God's Glory to the Temple 43:1-12 Altar Design and Sacrificial Regulations 43:13-27 Temple Gates, Priestly Roles, and Exclusions 44:1-31 Land Allotments and the Prince's Portion 45:1-12 Worship Regulations: Offerings, Festivals, and the Prince 45:13-46:24 The Life-Giving River Flowing from the Temple 47:1-12 Division of the Land and Inheritance Boundaries 47:13-23 Tribal Allotments in the Restored Land 48:1-29 The City Gates and the Name: 'The Lord Is There' 48:30-35

Matthew

The Genealogy of Jesus 1:1-17 The Birth of Jesus Foretold to Joseph 1:18-25 The Visit of the Magi 2:1-12 Flight into Egypt and the Slaughter of the Innocents 2:13-18 Return to Nazareth 2:19-23 John the Baptist Prepares the Way 3:1-12 The Baptism of Jesus 3:13-17 The Temptation of Jesus 4:1-11 Jesus Begins His Galilean Ministry 4:12-17 Jesus Calls the First Disciples 4:18-22 Jesus Ministers Throughout Galilee 4:23-25 The Beatitudes 5:1-12 Salt and Light 5:13-16 Jesus and the Law 5:17-20 Teaching on Anger and Reconciliation 5:21-26 Teaching on Adultery and Lust 5:27-30 Teaching on Divorce 5:31-32 Teaching on Oaths and Honesty 5:33-37 Teaching on Retaliation and Generosity 5:38-42 Love Your Enemies 5:43-48 Giving to the Needy in Secret 6:1-4 Prayer and the Lord's Prayer 6:5-15 Teaching on Fasting 6:16-18 Treasures and Serving God 6:19-24 Do Not Worry 6:25-34 Do Not Judge 7:1-6 Ask, Seek, Knock and the Golden Rule 7:7-12 The Narrow and Wide Gates 7:13-14 Recognizing False Prophets 7:15-23 Parable of the Wise and Foolish Builders 7:24-29 Jesus Cleanses a Leper 8:1-4 The Faith of the Centurion 8:5-13 Jesus Heals Many and Fulfills Prophecy 8:14-17 The Cost of Discipleship 8:18-22 Jesus Calms the Storm 8:23-27 Healing of Two Demon-Possessed Men 8:28-34 Jesus Heals a Paralytic 9:1-8 Jesus Calls Matthew and Eats with Sinners 9:9-13 Fasting and the New Cloth and Wineskins 9:14-17 A Daughter Restored and a Woman Healed 9:18-26 Two Blind Men Healed and a Mute Man Restored 9:27-34 Jesus' Compassion and the Call for Workers 9:35-38 The Mission of the Twelve 10:1-42 John's Inquiry and Jesus' Testimony about John 11:1-19 Woe to Unrepentant Cities 11:20-24 The Father's Revelation and Rest for the Weary 11:25-30 Sabbath Controversies: Grain and Healing 12:1-14 Jesus Heals and Fulfills Isaiah's Prophecy 12:15-21 Accusation, Blasphemy Against the Spirit, and the Heart's Fruit 12:22-37 The Sign of Jonah and the Unclean Spirit 12:38-45 Jesus Redefines Family 12:46-50 The Parable of the Sower and Its Interpretation 13:1-23 The Parable of the Weeds 13:24-30 The Mustard Seed and the Yeast 13:31-35 Explanation of the Weeds and End-Time Judgment 13:36-43 Treasure and Pearl: The Kingdom's Value 13:44-46 The Net and New and Old Treasures 13:47-52 Jesus Rejected at Nazareth 13:53-58 The Execution of John the Baptist 14:1-12 Feeding the Five Thousand 14:13-21 Jesus Walks on Water and Heals Many 14:22-36 Tradition, Purity, and the Canaanite Woman's Faith 15:1-28 Jesus Heals Many and Feeds the Four Thousand 15:29-39 Pharisees Demand a Sign 16:1-4 Warning About the Teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees 16:5-12 Peter's Confession: You Are the Christ 16:13-20 Jesus Foretells His Death and Discipleship 16:21-28 The Transfiguration 17:1-13 Healing a Demon-Possessed Boy and a Second Prediction of Death 17:14-23 Payment of the Temple Tax 17:24-27 Humility and Care for Little Ones 18:1-9 The Parable of the Lost Sheep 18:10-14 Church Discipline and Prayer 18:15-20 Forgiveness and the Unforgiving Servant 18:21-35 Marriage, Divorce, and Children 19:1-15 The Rich Young Ruler and the Cost of Discipleship 19:16-30 The Parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard 20:1-16 Jesus Predicts His Death and Resurrection 20:17-19 Request for Honor and Teaching on Servanthood 20:20-28 Two Blind Men Healed Near Jericho 20:29-34 The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem 21:1-11 Jesus Cleanses the Temple and Heals 21:12-17 The Withered Fig Tree and Teaching on Faith 21:18-22 Jesus' Authority Challenged 21:23-27 The Parable of the Two Sons 21:28-32 The Parable of the Wicked Tenants 21:33-46 The Parable of the Wedding Banquet 22:1-14 Question about Paying Taxes to Caesar 22:15-22 The Sadducees and the Resurrection 22:23-33 The Greatest Commandment 22:34-40 Jesus Questions the Pharisees about the Messiah 22:41-46 Seven Woes on the Scribes and Pharisees 23:1-39 The Olivet Discourse: Signs of the End and the Temple's Destruction 24:1-35 The Olivet Discourse: Watchfulness and Judgment 24:36-51 The Parable of the Ten Virgins 25:1-13 The Parable of the Talents 25:14-30 The Final Judgment: Sheep and Goats 25:31-46 The Plot to Arrest Jesus 26:1-5 The Anointing at Bethany 26:6-13 Judas Agrees to Betray Jesus 26:14-16 The Last Supper 26:17-30 Jesus Predicts Peter's Denial 26:31-35 Prayer in Gethsemane 26:36-46 The Arrest of Jesus 26:47-56 Jesus Before the Sanhedrin 26:57-68 Peter's Denial and Repentance 26:69-75 Judas' Remorse and Suicide 27:1-10 Jesus Sentenced by Pilate 27:11-26 Jesus Mocked and Scourged 27:27-31 The Crucifixion and Mockery 27:32-44 The Death of Jesus 27:45-56 Jesus Is Buried 27:57-61 The Tomb Secured by the Authorities 27:62-66 The Resurrection: Women at the Tomb 28:1-10 The Guards' Report and the Chief Priests' Lie 28:11-15 The Great Commission 28:16-20

Mark

John the Baptist Prepares the Way 1:1-8 The Baptism and Temptation of Jesus 1:9-13 Jesus Begins His Ministry and Calls the First Disciples 1:14-20 Jesus Teaches with Authority and Casts Out an Unclean Spirit 1:21-28 Healings and Demons Cleansed at Simon's Home 1:29-34 Jesus Prays and Proclaims the Kingdom in Galilee 1:35-39 Healing of a Man with Leprosy 1:40-45 Forgiveness and Healing of a Paralytic 2:1-12 Calling of Levi and Eating with Sinners 2:13-17 Questions about Fasting; New Cloth and Wineskins 2:18-22 Sabbath Controversies: Grain, Healing, and Plot Against Jesus 2:23-3:6 Great Crowds Follow; Unclean Spirits Acknowledge Jesus 3:7-12 Jesus Appoints the Twelve Apostles 3:13-19 Accusations of Beelzebul and the Parable of the Strong Man 3:20-30 Jesus Redefines True Family 3:31-35 Parable of the Sower and Its Interpretation 4:1-20 A Lamp, Measure, and the Principle of Growth 4:21-25 Parable of the Growing Seed 4:26-29 The Mustard Seed and the Kingdom's Growth 4:30-34 Jesus Calms the Storm 4:35-41 The Gerasene Demoniac Restored 5:1-20 A Woman Healed and Jairus' Daughter Raised 5:21-43 Jesus Rejected in His Hometown 6:1-6 Jesus Sends Out the Twelve 6:7-13 Herod, Herodias, and the Death of John the Baptist 6:14-29 Feeding of the Five Thousand 6:30-44 Jesus Walks on Water and Heals at Gennesaret 6:45-56 Tradition, Inner Purity, and What Truly Defiles 7:1-23 A Gentile Woman's Faith and the Healing at Tyre 7:24-30 Jesus Heals a Deaf Man Who Could Not Speak Clearly 7:31-37 Feeding the Four Thousand and the Pharisees' Demand for a Sign 8:1-13 Beware the Yeast of the Pharisees and Herod 8:14-21 Healing of a Blind Man at Bethsaida 8:22-26 Peter Confesses Jesus as the Christ 8:27-30 Jesus Predicts His Death and Calls Disciples to Take Up the Cross 8:31-9:1 The Transfiguration and the Return of Elijah 9:2-13 Healing of a Boy with an Unclean Spirit; Jesus Predicts His Passion Again 9:14-32 Who Is the Greatest? A Child as the Model of Service 9:33-37 Tolerance for Those Who Serve in Jesus' Name 9:38-41 Warnings about Causing Sin; Exhortations on Salt and Holiness 9:42-50 Jesus' Teaching on Divorce 10:1-12 Jesus Blesses Little Children 10:13-16 The Rich Young Man and the Cost of Discipleship 10:17-31 Jesus Again Predicts His Suffering, Death, and Resurrection 10:32-34 Ambition and Servanthood: The Way of True Greatness 10:35-45 Jesus Heals Blind Bartimaeus 10:46-52 The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem 11:1-11 Withered Fig Tree and the Cleansing of the Temple 11:12-19 Faith, Prayer, and the Call to Forgiveness 11:20-26 Religious Leaders Question Jesus' Authority 11:27-33 The Parable of the Wicked Tenants 12:1-12 Render to Caesar: Taxes and Allegiance 12:13-17 Sadducees Challenge Resurrection; Jesus Teaches Eternal Life 12:18-27 The Greatest Commandment: Love God and Neighbor 12:28-34 Jesus Questions the Messiah and Warns Against Scribes 12:35-40 The Widow's Offering: True Generosity 12:41-44 The Olivet Discourse: Signs of Destruction and the End 13:1-31 No One Knows the Day: Be Watchful 13:32-37 Plot to Kill Jesus and the Anointing at Bethany 14:1-11 The Passover Meal and Institution of the Lord's Supper 14:12-26 Jesus Predicts the Disciples' Flight and Peter's Denial 14:27-31 Gethsemane: Jesus' Agony and Prayer 14:32-42 The Arrest of Jesus in Gethsemane 14:43-52 Jesus Before the Council 14:53-65 Peter's Denial and His Remorse 14:66-72 Jesus Before Pilate; Barabbas Released 15:1-15 The Soldiers Mock and Scourge Jesus 15:16-20 The Way of the Cross and the Crucifixion 15:21-32 Jesus' Death and the Centurion's Confession 15:33-41 The Burial of Jesus 15:42-47 The Resurrection: Women Find the Empty Tomb 16:1-8 Appearances of the Risen Lord and the Commission 16:9-20

Luke

Purpose and Order of the Gospel 1:1-4 Announcement of John the Baptist's Birth 1:5-25 The Annunciation to Mary 1:26-38 Mary Visits Elizabeth 1:39-45 Mary's Song (The Magnificat) 1:46-56 The Birth and Naming of John 1:57-66 Zechariah's Prophecy and John's Mission 1:67-80 The Birth of Jesus in Bethlehem 2:1-7 Angels Announce the Shepherds' Good News 2:8-20 Presentation in the Temple; Simeon and Anna 2:21-40 The Boy Jesus in the Temple 2:41-52 John the Baptist's Call to Repentance 3:1-20 The Baptism and Genealogy of Jesus 3:21-38 Jesus Tested in the Wilderness 4:1-13 Rejection at Nazareth 4:14-30 Authority over Unclean Spirits in Capernaum 4:31-37 Healings and Preaching in Galilee 4:38-44 The Call of the First Disciples 5:1-11 Healing a Man with Leprosy 5:12-16 A Paralytic Forgiven and Healed 5:17-26 The Calling of Levi and Eating with Sinners 5:27-32 Questions about Fasting; New Wine and Old Wineskins 5:33-39 Lord of the Sabbath and a Sabbath Healing 6:1-11 The Appointment of the Twelve Apostles 6:12-16 The Sermon on the Plain: Blessings and Woes 6:17-26 Love Your Enemies and Be Merciful 6:27-36 Judging Others and the Speck and Log 6:37-42 A Tree and Its Fruit: True Character Revealed 6:43-45 The Wise and Foolish Builders 6:46-49 The Faith of the Centurion 7:1-10 Raising the Widow's Son at Nain 7:11-17 John the Baptist's Inquiry and Jesus' Testimony 7:18-35 A Sinful Woman Forgiven 7:36-50 Parable of the Sower and Its Interpretation 8:1-15 Lighted Lamp and Hearing the Word 8:16-18 Jesus Redefines His Family 8:19-21 Jesus Calms the Storm 8:22-25 Healing the Gerasene Demoniac 8:26-39 Jairus' Daughter Raised and a Woman Healed 8:40-56 The Twelve Sent Out 9:1-9 Feeding the Five Thousand 9:10-17 Peter's Confession and the Way of the Cross 9:18-27 The Transfiguration 9:28-36 Healing a Demon-Possessed Boy; A Second Passion Prediction 9:37-45 Who Is Greatest and a Servant's Ministry 9:46-50 Jesus Resolves for Jerusalem; Samaritan Rejection 9:51-56 The Cost of Discipleship 9:57-62 The Seventy Sent Out and Their Return 10:1-24 The Good Samaritan 10:25-37 Mary and Martha: Choosing the Better Part 10:38-42 The Lord's Prayer and Persistent Prayer 11:1-13 Jesus, Beelzebul, and True Blessedness 11:14-28 Demand for a Sign; Jonah and the Queen of the South 11:29-32 The Light of the Body and Inner Purity 11:33-36 Woes to the Pharisees and Lawyers 11:37-54 Warnings against Hypocrisy and Confession before Men 12:1-12 The Parable of the Rich Fool 12:13-21 Do Not Worry; Seek God's Kingdom 12:22-34 Watchfulness and Faithful Stewardship 12:35-48 Division Caused by Christ 12:49-53 Interpreting the Times and Settling with Adversaries 12:54-59 Call to Repentance and the Barren Fig Tree 13:1-9 Healing on the Sabbath and Jesus' Rebuke 13:10-17 Parables of the Mustard Seed and Yeast 13:18-21 The Narrow Door and the Cost of Entry 13:22-30 Jesus Laments over Jerusalem 13:31-35 Healing at a Pharisee's House and Humility at the Table 14:1-14 Parable of the Great Banquet 14:15-24 The Cost of Following Jesus; Salt and Saltiness 14:25-35 The Parable of the Lost Sheep 15:1-7 The Parable of the Lost Coin 15:8-10 The Parable of the Prodigal Son 15:11-32 The Shrewd Manager and Teaching on Wealth 16:1-15 Law, the Kingdom, and Divorce 16:16-18 The Rich Man and Lazarus 16:19-31 Teachings on Temptation, Forgiveness, and Duty 17:1-10 Healing of the Ten Lepers 17:11-19 The Coming of the Kingdom and End-Time Sayings 17:20-37 Parable of the Persistent Widow 18:1-8 Parable of the Pharisee and the Tax Collector 18:9-14 Jesus Blesses Little Children 18:15-17 The Rich Ruler and the Cost of Discipleship 18:18-30 Jesus Predicts His Death Again 18:31-34 Healing of Blind Bartimaeus 18:35-43 Zacchaeus: Salvation Comes to His House 19:1-10 Parable of the Ten Minas 19:11-27 Triumphal Entry and Lament over Jerusalem 19:28-44 Cleansing the Temple and Teaching 19:45-48 Jesus' Authority Challenged 20:1-8 Parable of the Wicked Tenants 20:9-19 Paying Taxes to Caesar 20:20-26 Question about the Resurrection 20:27-40 Jesus Questions the Pharisees; Warnings against Hypocrisy 20:41-47 The Widow's Offering 21:1-4 The Destruction of the Temple and Signs of the End 21:5-38 The Plot to Kill Jesus and Judas' Agreement 22:1-6 The Last Supper and Predictions of Denial 22:7-38 Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane 22:39-46 Jesus Arrested 22:47-53 Peter's Denial Fulfilled 22:54-62 Jesus Mocked and Beaten 22:63-65 Jesus before the Council and Pilate; Sentencing 22:66-23:25 The Way of the Cross and the Penitent Thief 23:26-43 The Death of Jesus and the Centurion's Confession 23:44-49 The Burial of Jesus 23:50-56 The Empty Tomb and the Women's Report 24:1-12 The Road to Emmaus and Recognition of the Risen Lord 24:13-35 Jesus Appears to the Disciples and Explains Scripture 24:36-49 The Ascension and the Disciples' Worship 24:50-53

John

The Word Became Flesh 1:1-18 John the Baptist's Witness 1:19-28 Behold the Lamb of God 1:29-34 The First Disciples and Simon Peter 1:35-42 Calling of Philip and Nathanael 1:43-51 The Wedding at Cana: Water Made Wine 2:1-11 Jesus Cleanses the Temple and Speaks of His Body 2:12-25 Nicodemus and the New Birth 3:1-21 John the Baptist Exalts Jesus 3:22-36 Jesus and the Samaritan Woman at the Well 4:1-26 The Harvest Is Ready 4:27-38 Samaritans Believe in Jesus 4:39-42 Healing of the Royal Official's Son 4:43-54 Jesus Heals at Bethesda 5:1-15 Jesus Claims Authority Over Life and Judgment 5:16-30 Witnesses to Jesus and Israel's Unbelief 5:31-47 Feeding the Five Thousand 6:1-15 Jesus Walks on the Sea 6:16-24 Jesus the Bread of Life 6:25-59 Many Turn Away; Peter's Confession 6:60-71 Jesus Stays Away from Judea 7:1-13 Jesus Teaches at the Festival 7:14-24 Growing Division Over Jesus 7:25-44 Temple Officers and the Adulterous Woman 7:45-8:11 Jesus the Light and His Claim 8:12-30 True Discipleship and Freedom 8:31-41 Jesus' Divine Origin and Opposition 8:42-47 Jesus' 'I Am' and Preexistence 8:48-59 Healing of a Man Born Blind 9:1-12 Controversy with the Pharisees over the Healing 9:13-34 Spiritual Sight and Blindness 9:35-41 The Good Shepherd and His Sheep 10:1-21 Feast of Dedication and Controversy over Jesus 10:22-42 Lazarus' Sickness and Jesus' Intention 11:1-16 Jesus Weeps at Lazarus' Tomb 11:17-37 Jesus Raises Lazarus from the Dead 11:38-44 Plot to Kill Jesus and Caiaphas' Counsel 11:45-57 Mary Anoints Jesus; Plot to Kill Lazarus 12:1-11 The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem 12:12-19 Greeks Seek Jesus; He Predicts His Death 12:20-36 Unbelief and Jesus' Final Appeal 12:37-50 Jesus Washes the Disciples' Feet 13:1-17 The Prediction of Judas' Betrayal 13:18-30 The New Commandment and Peter's Denial 13:31-38 Jesus Promises a Place in the Father's House 14:1-4 Jesus the Way to the Father 14:5-14 Promise of the Holy Spirit and Peace 14:15-31 The Vine and the Command to Love 15:1-17 The World's Hatred and the Cost of Discipleship 15:18-16:4 The Holy Spirit's Work 16:5-16 Sorrow Turned to Joy; Peace in Christ 16:17-33 The Son's Prayer for Glory 17:1-5 Prayer for the Disciples' Protection and Sanctification 17:6-19 Prayer for Unity Among Believers 17:20-26 Jesus Arrested in Gethsemane 18:1-11 Jesus Brought to Annas 18:12-14 Peter's First Denial 18:15-18 Jesus Questioned and Struck Before the High Priest 18:19-24 Peter Denies Jesus Three Times 18:25-27 Jesus Before Pilate 18:28-40 Jesus Scourged, Mocked, and Sentenced to Crucifixion 19:1-16 The Crucifixion and Jesus' Care for His Mother 19:17-27 Jesus' Death and the Fulfillment of Scripture 19:28-37 Jesus' Burial 19:38-42 The Empty Tomb Discovered 20:1-9 Mary Magdalene Meets the Risen Lord 20:10-18 Jesus Appears to His Disciples and Breathes the Spirit 20:19-23 Thomas Believes; Purpose of John's Gospel 20:24-31 The Miraculous Catch and Breakfast by the Sea 21:1-14 Peter Reinstated and the Beloved Disciple 21:15-25

Acts

The Ascension of Jesus 1:1-11 Prayer in the Upper Room and the Choosing of Matthias 1:12-26 Pentecost: The Coming of the Spirit 2:1-13 Peter's Sermon and Three Thousand Converted 2:14-41 The Early Christian Community 2:42-47 Healing at the Beautiful Gate 3:1-10 Peter's Address at Solomon's Colonnade 3:11-26 The Apostles Before the Sanhedrin 4:1-22 Believers Pray for Boldness 4:23-31 The Believers Share Possessions 4:32-37 Ananias and Sapphira 5:1-11 Signs Performed by the Apostles 5:12-16 Persecution of the Apostles and Their Witness 5:17-42 The Appointment of the Seven Deacons 6:1-7 Stephen's Wisdom and Opposition 6:8-15 Stephen's Speech before the Sanhedrin 7:1-53 The Stoning of Stephen and the Persecution of the Church 7:54-8:1 Saul's Persecution Scatters the Church 8:2-3 Philip Proclaims Christ in Samaria 8:4-8 Simon Magus and Peter's Rebuke 8:9-25 Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch 8:26-40 The Conversion of Saul 9:1-19 Saul's Early Ministry and Acceptance by the Church 9:20-31 Peter Heals Aeneas and Raises Tabitha 9:32-43 Cornelius' Vision and the Call for Peter 10:1-8 Peter's Vision and the Messengers from Cornelius 10:9-23 Peter at Cornelius' House: Gentiles Receive the Spirit 10:24-48 Peter Defends the Conversion of Gentiles 11:1-18 The Church in Antioch and Famine Relief 11:19-30 Herod Executes James; Peter Miraculously Freed 12:1-19 Herod's Death and the Church's Continued Growth 12:20-25 The First Missionary Sending 13:1-3 Ministry in Cyprus and Elymas's Blinding 13:4-12 Paul's Mission in Pisidian Antioch 13:13-52 Paul and Barnabas in Iconium 14:1-7 Healing in Lystra and Paul's Stoning 14:8-20 Paul and Barnabas Strengthen the Churches 14:21-28 The Jerusalem Council on Gentile Circumcision 15:1-21 The Council's Letter and Peace with Antioch 15:22-35 Paul and Barnabas Separate 15:36-41 Timothy Joins Paul and Churches Are Strengthened 16:1-5 The Call to Macedonia 16:6-10 Lydia's Conversion at Philippi 16:11-15 Paul and Silas Imprisoned and Released in Philippi 16:16-40 Preaching in Thessalonica and Opposition 17:1-9 Berea's Noble Reception and Paul's Departure 17:10-15 Paul's Address at the Areopagus 17:16-34 Paul's Ministry in Corinth and Conflict 18:1-17 Paul Departs; Apollos Instructed by Priscilla and Aquila 18:18-28 Paul's Ministry and the Ephesian Disciples 19:1-22 The Ephesian Riot over Artemis 19:23-41 Paul's Journeys Through Macedonia and Greece 20:1-6 Eutychus Raised in Troas 20:7-12 Paul's Farewell to the Ephesian Elders 20:13-38 Paul's Voyage to Jerusalem 21:1-16 Paul's Arrival in Jerusalem and the Temple Ritual 21:17-26 Paul Seized in the Temple 21:27-36 Paul's Defense: His Conversion and Mission 21:37-22:21 Paul's Arrest and the Council's Division 22:22-23:11 The Plot to Kill Paul and the Soldier's Intervention 23:12-22 Paul Escorted to Caesarea under Guard 23:23-35 Paul's Defense before Governor Felix 24:1-27 Paul Brought before Festus and the Jewish Charges 25:1-12 King Agrippa Learns of Paul's Case 25:13-22 Paul's Defense Before Agrippa 25:23-26:32 Paul's Voyage to Rome Begins 27:1-12 The Storm at Sea and God's Promise of Safety 27:13-26 Shipwreck and Deliverance on Malta 27:27-44 Paul on Malta: Healing and Hospitality 28:1-10 Voyage to Rome and Arrival 28:11-16 Paul in Rome: Preaching under House Arrest 28:17-31

Romans

Paul's Greeting and the Gospel's Power 1:1-17 God's Wrath Against Ungodliness 1:18-32 God's Impartial Judgment and Conscience 2:1-16 The Law, True Circumcision, and Jewish Identity 2:17-29 Israel's Advantage and God's Faithfulness 3:1-8 Universal Sinfulness and the Law's Condemnation 3:9-20 Righteousness Through Faith and Justification 3:21-31 Abraham: Justification by Faith 4:1-25 Peace with God and Reconciliation 5:1-11 Adam and Christ: Death, Grace, and Righteousness 5:12-21 Dead to Sin, Alive in Christ 6:1-14 Slavery to Sin or to Righteousness 6:15-23 Released from the Law to Serve in the Spirit 7:1-6 The Inner Conflict: Law, Sin, and the Flesh 7:7-25 Life in the Spirit: Freedom and Adoption 8:1-17 Future Glory and the Spirit's Intercession 8:18-27 Assurance of God's Love: Nothing Can Separate Us 8:28-39 Paul's Sorrow and God's Sovereign Election 9:1-29 Righteousness by Faith and Israel's Unbelief 9:30-10:21 A Remnant Preserved and Israel's Hardening 11:1-10 Gentiles Grafted In and a Warning Against Boasting 11:11-24 The Mystery of Israel's Salvation and God's Mercy 11:25-32 Doxology: Praise for God's Wisdom and Sovereignty 11:33-36 A Living Sacrifice and the Diversity of Gifts 12:1-8 Christian Conduct: Love, Humility, and Ethical Duties 12:9-21 Submission to Authorities and Civic Duty 13:1-7 Love Fulfills the Law; Walk in the Light 13:8-14 Christian Liberty, Conscience, and Mutual Acceptance 14:1-15:13 Paul's Service to the Gentiles and Missionary Ambition 15:14-22 Paul's Travel Plans and Prayer Requests 15:23-33 Personal Greetings, Final Warnings, and Doxology 16:1-27

Revelation

The Revelation Announced and the Blessing 1:1-3 Greeting and the Lord's Self‑Declaration 1:4-8 John's Vision of the Glorified Son of Man 1:9-20 Letter to Ephesus: Faithfulness and the Call to Repent 2:1-7 Letter to Smyrna: Persecution and the Crown of Life 2:8-11 Letter to Pergamum: Fidelity and False Teaching 2:12-17 Letter to Thyatira: Tolerance of Immorality and Promise to Overcomers 2:18-29 Letter to Sardis: Wakefulness and Repentance 3:1-6 Letter to Philadelphia: An Open Door and a Promise of Protection 3:7-13 Letter to Laodicea: Lukewarmness and the Call to Repent 3:14-22 The Throne in Heaven and Heavenly Worship 4:1-11 The Sealed Scroll and the Worthy Lamb 5:1-14 The Six Seals: Tribulation and Cosmic Disturbance 6:1-17 The Sealing of the 144,000 7:1-8 The Multitude Before the Throne: Salvation and Comfort 7:9-17 The Seventh Seal and the Prayers of the Saints 8:1-5 The Trumpet Judgments: Plagues and Woes 8:6-9:21 The Mighty Angel and the Little Scroll 10:1-11 The Two Witnesses: Prophecy, Death, and Resurrection 11:1-14 The Seventh Trumpet: God's Kingdom Proclaimed and the Temple Opened 11:15-19 The Cosmic Conflict: The Woman, the Dragon, and the Male Child 12:1-13:1 The Sea Beast: Blasphemy and Persecution 13:2-10 The Earth Beast and the Mark of the Beast 13:11-18 The Lamb on Mount Zion and the 144,000 14:1-5 The Three Angels' Messages and the Call to Endure 14:6-13 The Harvest of the Earth: Reaping God's Judgment 14:14-20 The Seven Last Plagues and the Victors' Song 15:1-8 The Bowl Judgments: The Seven Bowls of God's Wrath 16:1-21 The Fall of Babylon the Great and the Beast's Doom 17:1-18:24 Heavenly Praise and the Marriage of the Lamb 19:1-10 Christ's Triumphant Return and the Defeat of the Beast 19:11-21 Satan Bound and the Reign of the Saints 20:1-6 Satan's Final Rebellion and Defeat 20:7-10 The Great White Throne and the Final Judgment 20:11-15 The New Heaven and New Earth and the New Jerusalem 21:1-27 The River of Life and the Throne of God 22:1-6
6 Again the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD and served the Baals, the Ashtaroth, the gods of Aram, the gods of Sidon, the gods of Moab, the gods of the sons of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines; and they forsook the LORD and did not serve him.

Jud.10.6 - Details

Original Text

ויספו ׀ בני ישראל לעשות הרע בעיני יהוה ויעבדו את־ הבעלים ואת־ העשתרות ואת־ אלהי ארם ואת־ אלהי צידון ואת ׀ אלהי מואב ואת אלהי בני־ עמון ואת אלהי פלשתים ויעזבו את־ יהוה ולא עבדוהו׃

Morphology

  • ויספו: VERB,qal,perf,3,pl
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לעשות: VERB,qal,inf
  • הרע: ADJ,m,sg,def
  • בעיני: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • ויעבדו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • הבעלים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • ואת: CONJ
  • העשתרות: NOUN,f,pl,def
  • ואת: CONJ
  • אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • ארם: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואת: CONJ
  • אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • צידון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואת: CONJ
  • אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • מואב: NOUN,m,sg,prop
  • ואת: CONJ
  • אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואת: CONJ
  • אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
  • ויעזבו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • ולא: CONJ
  • עבדוהו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Judges 2:11-13 (verbal): Almost identical recurrence of the Deuteronomistic formula: 'the people of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD' and served Baals and Ashtaroth, explicitly noting they forsook the LORD — close verbal and structural parallel.
  • Judges 3:7 (verbal): Same recurring judgment formula ('did evil in the sight of the LORD') and immediate attribution to idolatry (serving Baals and the sacred poles/groves), reflecting the cycle of apostasy in Judges.
  • 2 Kings 17:7-12 (thematic): Narrative summary of Israel's fall: they sinned against the LORD by serving foreign gods and following the customs of surrounding nations — thematically parallels Judges' list of foreign deities and abandonment of YHWH.
  • Jeremiah 2:11-13 (thematic): Prophetic critique of Israel's exchange of the true God for other gods ('Has a nation changed its gods?... they exchanged the living God for idols'), echoing the theme of abandoning YHWH for foreign deities and the consequences of that apostasy.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The Israelites again did what was evil in the sight of the LORD; they served the Baals and the Ashtaroth, and the gods of Aram, the gods of Sidon, the gods of Moab, the gods of the Ammonites, and the gods of the Philistines. They forsook the LORD and did not serve him.
  • And the children of Israel again did what was evil in the sight of the LORD; they served the Baals, the Ashtaroth, and the gods of Aram, the gods of Sidon, the gods of Moab, the gods of the children of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines; and they forsook the LORD and did not serve him.
7 The anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel, and he sold them into the hand of the Philistines and into the hand of the sons of Ammon.

Jud.10.7 - Details

Original Text

ויחר־ אף יהוה בישראל וימכרם ביד־ פלשתים וביד בני עמון׃

Morphology

  • ויחר: VERB,qal,imf,3,m,sg
  • אף: ADV
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • בישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וימכרם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg+PRON,3,m,pl
  • ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr
  • וביד: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Judges 2:14 (verbal): Uses the same formula — 'the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel' and God 'sold them into the hands' of surrounding enemies; a direct verbal parallel and part of the book’s cyclical pattern.
  • Judges 3:8 (verbal): Another instance of the refrain 'the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel; and he sold them into the hand of...' ( here into the hand of Cushan‑Rishathaim ), repeating the same theological motif.
  • Judges 4:2 (verbal): Similar wording: Israel sins, the LORD's wrath results in their being 'sold into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan' — another episode in the recurring deliverance-by-enemy pattern.
  • Psalm 106:40–41 (verbal): Psalmic retelling of Israel’s history: 'the wrath of the LORD was kindled... he gave them into the hand of the nations,' echoing the language and theological idea of God handing Israel over to enemies.
  • 2 Kings 17:20 (thematic): Describes God’s anger against Israel leading to their removal and subjugation by foreign powers (Assyria); thematically parallels Judges’ account of divine wrath resulting in defeat and exile.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The anger of the LORD burned against Israel, and he sold them into the hand of the Philistines and into the hand of the Ammonites.
  • Then the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel, and he sold them into the hand of the Philistines and into the hand of the children of Ammon.
8 They oppressed and crushed the children of Israel that year eighteen years; all the people who were beyond the Jordan, in the land of the Amorites who are in Gilead.

Jud.10.8 - Details

Original Text

וירעצו וירצצו את־ בני ישראל בשנה ההיא שמנה עשרה שנה את־ כל־ בני ישראל אשר בעבר הירדן בארץ האמרי אשר בגלעד׃

Morphology

  • וירעצו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
  • וירצצו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בשנה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ההיא: DEM,f,sg
  • שמנה: NUM,card,f,pl,abs
  • עשרה: NUM,card,m,pl
  • שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • כל: DET
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • בעבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הירדן: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
  • האמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • בגלעד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Judges 3:8 (verbal): Uses the language of God 'selling' Israel into the hand of enemies—same motif of divine judgment and subjection to foreign rulers.
  • Judges 3:14 (verbal): Reports Israel serving under Eglon 'eighteen years'—a direct parallel in duration and the experience of prolonged oppression.
  • Judges 13:1 (thematic): Describes Israel delivered into the hands of the Philistines as punishment—same theme of Philistine oppression driving the cycle of Judges.
  • Judges 2:14-15 (verbal): Summarizes the recurring pattern: Yahweh's anger leads to Israel being given into the hands of plunderers/enemies—background formula for the period of oppression.
  • Deuteronomy 28:25 (allusion): Part of the covenant curses: Yahweh gives the people into the hand of their enemies—provides the theological framework for such episodes of national subjugation.

Alternative generated candidates

  • They oppressed and crushed the Israelites in that time eighteen years — all the Israelites who were beyond the Jordan, in the land of the Amorites who are in Gilead.
  • They oppressed and crushed the people of Israel in that time eighteen years: all the people of Israel who were beyond the Jordan, in the land of the Amorites that is in Gilead.
9 The sons of Ammon crossed the Jordan to fight also against Judah and Benjamin and the house of Ephraim; Israel was sore distressed.

Jud.10.9 - Details

Original Text

ויעברו בני־ עמון את־ הירדן להלחם גם־ ביהודה ובבנימין ובבית אפרים ותצר לישראל מאד׃

Morphology

  • ויעברו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • הירדן: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • להלחם: VERB,hitp,inf
  • גם: ADV
  • ביהודה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ובבנימין: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ובבית: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,const
  • אפרים: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ותצר: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,sg
  • לישראל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מאד: ADV

Parallels

  • Judges 11:12-28 (thematic): Jephthah's negotiations and subsequent war with the Ammonites: another extended episode of Ammonite aggression and dispute over territory east of the Jordan, echoing Ammon as recurring enemies of Israel.
  • 2 Samuel 10:6-8 (thematic): Ammonites wage war against Israel (and hire Aramean allies) — parallels the motif of Ammonite military incursions against Israelite tribes.
  • Numbers 21:21-35 (structural): Accounts of battles with nations east of the Jordan (Sihon/Amorites) over territory and crossings of the Jordan — similar structural motif of trans‑Jordan warfare and contest for land.
  • Judges 3:8 (thematic): God delivers Israel into the hand of enemies and Israel is severely oppressed; parallels the depiction here that 'Israel was greatly distressed' under enemy attack.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Then the Ammonites crossed the Jordan to fight also against Judah and Benjamin and the house of Ephraim; so the Israelites were greatly distressed.
  • The children of Ammon crossed the Jordan to fight also against Judah and against Benjamin and against the house of Ephraim; and Israel was greatly distressed.
10 Then the children of Israel cried to the LORD, saying, “We have sinned against you, for we have forsaken our God and have served the Baals.”

Jud.10.10 - Details

Original Text

ויזעקו בני ישראל אל־ יהוה לאמר חטאנו לך וכי עזבנו את־ אלהינו ונעבד את־ הבעלים׃

Morphology

  • ויזעקו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • לאמר: INF,qal,infc
  • חטאנו: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,pl
  • לך: PRON,2,m,sg
  • וכי: CONJ
  • עזבנו: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • אלהינו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:1,pl
  • ונעבד: VERB,qal,perf,1,c,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • הבעלים: NOUN,m,pl,def

Parallels

  • Judg.2:11-13 (verbal): Directly parallels the language and theme: Israel did evil, forsook the LORD and served the Baals — the same pattern and wording recur.
  • 1 Sam.7:6 (verbal): The people put away foreign gods, fasted and 'cried unto the LORD' for help — a similar communal repentance and cry for deliverance after idolatry.
  • Ps.106:28 (verbal): Psalm recounts Israel 'joining themselves to Baal,' echoing the charge in Judges that they 'served the Baalim' and thereby sinned against God.
  • Hos.14:1 (thematic): A call to 'return, O Israel' because of sin — thematically parallels the confession 'we have sinned... we have forsaken our God' and the call to repentance.
  • 2 Chron.15:12-15 (thematic): Describes a communal renunciation of idols and covenantal renewal under Asa — parallels Israel's recognition of idolatry and the needed turning back to the LORD.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The Israelites cried to the LORD and said, “We have sinned against you, for we have forsaken our God and have served the Baals.”
  • Then the children of Israel cried to the LORD, saying, "We have sinned against you; for we have forsaken our God and have served the Baals."
11 And the LORD said to the children of Israel, “Did I not deliver you from the Egyptians, from the Amorites, from the sons of Ammon, and from the Philistines?

Jud.10.11 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר יהוה אל־ בני ישראל הלא ממצרים ומן־ האמרי ומן־ בני עמון ומן־ פלשתים׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הלא: PART
  • ממצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ומן: CONJ+PREP
  • האמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ומן: CONJ+PREP
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ומן: CONJ+PREP
  • פלשתים: NOUN,m,pl,cstr

Parallels

  • Exodus 3:8 (verbal): God’s promise to bring Israel out of Egypt into a land of the Canaanite/Amorite peoples echoes the deliverance-from-Egypt and conquest-from-Amorites language found in Judges 10:11.
  • Exodus 14:30 (verbal): Narrates the LORD’s concrete deliverance of Israel from the Egyptians at the Red Sea — a direct precedent for God’s reminder that he rescued Israel from Egypt.
  • 1 Samuel 12:9-11 (thematic): Samuel rhetorically recalls how the LORD raised up deliverers and saved Israel from various enemies, using the same pattern of reminding Israel of past rescues to rebuke them.
  • Judges 2:18 (thematic): Summarizes the recurring pattern of the LORD raising judges and delivering Israel from their enemies — the broader theological context for the complaint/reminder in Judges 10:11.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the LORD said to the Israelites, “Did I not deliver you from Egypt and from the Amorite and from the Ammonite and from the Philistine?”
  • And the LORD said to the children of Israel, "Did I not deliver you from the Egyptians and from the Amorites and from the children of Ammon and from the Philistines?
12 The Sidonians, Amalek, and Maon oppressed you; and you cried to me, and I delivered you from their hand.

Jud.10.12 - Details

Original Text

וצידונים ועמלק ומעון לחצו אתכם ותצעקו אלי ואושיעה אתכם מידם׃

Morphology

  • וצידונים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ועמלק: CONJ+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • ומעון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לחצו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
  • ותצעקו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
  • אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • ואושיעה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl
  • מידם: PREP

Parallels

  • Judges 3:9 (verbal): Same deliverance formula: 'when the children of Israel cried unto the LORD, the LORD raised up a deliverer' — links oppression, crying out, and God’s sending a savior.
  • Judges 6:6–7 (verbal): Narrates Israel's subjection to Midian, their crying out, and the pattern of God hearing and responding — parallels the cycle of oppression and deliverance in Judges 10:12.
  • Exodus 3:7 (thematic): God observes Israel’s affliction and says, 'I have surely seen... I have heard their cry' — a broader theme of God hearing Israel’s complaint and intent to deliver.
  • Psalm 107:6 (verbal): Uses near-identical language: 'Then they cried unto the LORD in their trouble, and he delivered them out of their distresses,' echoing the cry-and-deliver motif of Judges 10:12.

Alternative generated candidates

  • “The Sidonians and the Amalekites and Maon pressed upon you; and you cried to me, and I delivered you out of their hand.”
  • And the Sidonians and the Amalekites and the Maonites pressed you, and you cried to me, and I delivered you from them.
13 Yet you have forsaken me and served other gods; therefore I will not deliver you any more.

Jud.10.13 - Details

Original Text

ואתם עזבתם אותי ותעבדו אלהים אחרים לכן לא־ אוסיף להושיע אתכם׃

Morphology

  • ואתם: CONJ+PRON,2,pl
  • עזבתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
  • אותי: PRON,1,sg,acc
  • ותעבדו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,pl
  • אלהים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • אחרים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
  • לכן: ADV
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • אוסיף: VERB,qal,imf,1,c,sg
  • להושיע: VERB,hiph,inf,-,-,-,abs
  • אתכם: PRT+PRON,2,m,pl

Parallels

  • Judges 2:12-14 (verbal): Same pattern in Judges: Israel 'forsook the LORD and served Baals,' provoking God's anger and leading to punishment—close verbal and structural parallel within the book.
  • Jeremiah 2:13 (verbal): Accuses Israel of abandoning God ('they have forsaken me') in favor of futile idols ('the fountain of living waters'), echoing the language of forsaking and idolatry.
  • Hosea 4:6 (thematic): God's warning that the people's rejection leads to divine abandonment ('I will reject you'), thematically matching the consequence in Judges 10:13 that God will no longer save them.
  • Deuteronomy 32:15-20 (allusion): The Song of Moses describes Israel's turning from God and God's response (hiding his face/withdrawing help), an overarching covenant-theological background to Judges' formula that God will not save those who forsake him.

Alternative generated candidates

  • “Yet you have forsaken me and have served other gods; therefore I will no more save you.”
  • Yet you have forsaken me and served other gods; therefore I will no more save you.
14 Go and cry out to the gods that you have chosen; let them deliver you in the time of your distress.”

Jud.10.14 - Details

Original Text

לכו וזעקו אל־ האלהים אשר בחרתם בם המה יושיעו לכם בעת צרתכם׃

Morphology

  • לכו: VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
  • וזעקו: CONJ+VERB,qal,imp,2,m,pl
  • אל: NEG
  • האלהים: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • בחרתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
  • בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • המה: PRON,3,m,pl
  • יושיעו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
  • בעת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • צרתכם: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,2,m,pl

Parallels

  • Judg.2.11-15 (structural): Early Judges summary: Israel forsook YHWH, served Baals/Ashtaroth, and were delivered into enemies’ hands—same pattern of idolatry leading to crisis and a divine rebuke about relying on false gods.
  • 1 Kgs.18.21 (thematic): Elijah confronts Israel to choose between YHWH and Baal—both verses press the issue of choosing gods and expose the folly of trusting idols in time of trouble.
  • Ps.115.4-8 (thematic): Contrast between living God and impotent idols: carved images cannot speak or save—supports the ironic challenge in Judges to ‘cry to the gods you have chosen.’
  • Jer.2.11-13 (allusion): Jeremiah accuses Israel of exchanging the true God for worthless substitutes (including the image of forsaking springs for broken cisterns), echoing the futility of calling on chosen false gods in distress.

Alternative generated candidates

  • “Go and cry to the gods whom you have chosen; let them save you in your time of distress.”
  • Go and cry out to the gods whom you have chosen; let them save you in the time of your distress."
15 The children of Israel said to the LORD, “We have sinned; do to us whatever seems good to you; only deliver us this day.”

Jud.10.15 - Details

Original Text

ויאמרו בני־ ישראל אל־ יהוה חטאנו עשה־ אתה לנו ככל־ הטוב בעיניך אך הצילנו נא היום הזה׃

Morphology

  • ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • חטאנו: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,pl
  • עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
  • לנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
  • ככל: PREP
  • הטוב: ADJ,m,sg,def
  • בעיניך: PREP+NOUN,f,pl,const,2,ms
  • אך: PART
  • הצילנו: VERB,hif,impv,2,m,sg+OBJ,1,pl
  • נא: PART
  • היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 7:6-9 (verbal): The Israelites openly confess "we have sinned" and cry to the LORD for deliverance; like Judg 10:15 this pairs communal repentance with an immediate plea for rescue.
  • Jeremiah 14:7-9 (verbal): Acknowledges national sin—"our iniquities testify against us"—and implores God to act for his own name and to spare/restore them, closely mirroring the confession-plus-plea of Judg 10:15.
  • Psalm 79:9 (thematic): A communal lament that asks God to "help us... deliver us, and atone for our sins, for your name's sake," reflecting the paired themes of confession and urgent request for deliverance found in Judg 10:15.
  • Nehemiah 1:6-7 (structural): Nehemiah's corporate confession—"we have acted very corruptly"—and appeal for God's favor on behalf of the people resembles Judges 10:15's communal admission of sin and petition for immediate salvation.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The Israelites said to the LORD, “We have sinned; do to us whatever seems good to you; only save us now, we pray.”
  • And the children of Israel said to the LORD, "We have sinned; do to us whatever seems good to you; only deliver us this day."
16 Then they put away the foreign gods from among them and served the LORD; and his soul was grieved because of the misery of Israel.

Jud.10.16 - Details

Original Text

ויסירו את־ אלהי הנכר מקרבם ויעבדו את־ יהוה ותקצר נפשו בעמל ישראל׃

Morphology

  • ויסירו: VERB,hiphil,impf,3,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • הנכר: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • מקרבם: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,pl
  • ויעבדו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • ותקצר: VERB,qal,impf,3,fs
  • נפשו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • בעמל: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 7:3-4 (verbal): Samuel commands Israel to put away foreign gods and serve the LORD only — closely parallels the verb and reform impulse of Judges 10:16.
  • 2 Chronicles 15:8 (verbal): Asa and the people remove foreign altars and enter a covenant to seek the LORD, a cultic/lexical parallel to taking away foreign gods and serving Yahweh.
  • Judges 2:11-19 (structural): The cycle of Israel's apostasy, oppression, crying out, and deliverance provides the narrative pattern that frames Judges 10:16 (repentance and God’s response).
  • Psalm 78:37-39 (thematic): Psalm recounts Israel's repeated sin and portrays God’s compassion and reluctance to destroy them — thematically parallels the depiction of God’s emotional response (his soul grieved) over Israel’s plight.

Alternative generated candidates

  • So they put away the foreign gods from among them and served the LORD; and his heart was moved with pity over the misery of Israel.
  • So they put away the foreign gods from among them and served the LORD; and his soul was grieved because of the misery of Israel.
17 The sons of Ammon assembled and encamped in Gilead, and the children of Israel assembled and encamped at Mizpah.

Jud.10.17 - Details

Original Text

ויצעקו בני עמון ויחנו בגלעד ויאספו בני ישראל ויחנו במצפה׃

Morphology

  • ויצעקו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויחנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • בגלעד: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויאספו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויחנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • במצפה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 11:1-11 (thematic): Ammonites besiege Jabesh‑Gilead and the people of Israel are summoned and muster to relieve the city—parallel theme of Ammonite aggression in Gilead and Israel’s mobilization.
  • 1 Samuel 7:5-6 (verbal): Israel assembles at Mizpah to seek the LORD and confront the enemy; shares the same place-name (Mizpah) and the motif of the people gathering there.
  • Judges 20:1-11 (structural): All Israel gathers at Mizpah to deliberate and go to war (the Benjamin episode); closely parallels the structural motif of assembly at Mizpah for a national crisis.
  • Judges 11:1-11 (thematic): Jephthah’s negotiation and subsequent war with the Ammonites over Gilead highlights the recurring conflict between Israel and Ammon centered on the Gilead region.
  • 2 Samuel 10:6-8 (thematic): Passage describing Ammonite/Syrian military action and Israelite responses—another instance of Ammonite hostility prompting regional encampments and military mobilization.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The Ammonites assembled and encamped in Gilead; and the Israelites gathered and encamped at Mizpah.
  • Then the children of Ammon encamped and pitched in Gilead; and the children of Israel assembled and encamped at Mizpah.
18 The people said to the heads of Gilead, “Who is he who will begin to fight the sons of Ammon? He shall be head over all who dwell in Gilead.”

Jud.10.18 - Details

Original Text

ויאמרו העם שרי גלעד איש אל־ רעהו מי האיש אשר יחל להלחם בבני עמון יהיה לראש לכל ישבי גלעד׃

Morphology

  • ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
  • העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • שרי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • רעהו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3ms
  • מי: PRON,interr,sg
  • האיש: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • יחל: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • להלחם: VERB,hitp,inf
  • בבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,const
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • לראש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לכל: PREP
  • ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Judg.11.6 (verbal): The elders of Gilead explicitly invite Jephthah to be their captain to fight the children of Ammon—language and occasion closely parallel the call for a head to lead Gilead.
  • Judg.11.11 (quotation): The elders repeat the invitation to Jephthah to become their leader/head for the conflict with Ammon, echoing the same formulation as Judg 10:18.
  • Judg.4.6-10 (thematic): Deborah summons Barak to lead Israel against Sisera; like 10:18 this passage shows local leaders calling a military commander in a time of crisis.
  • 1 Sam.11.7-11 (thematic): Saul rallies Israel and leads them against the Ammonites; the episode parallels the communal selection/recognition of a military leader to confront the Ammonite threat.
  • Judg.9.2 (structural): The people (Shechem) propose and install a single leader (Abimelech) over them—a structural parallel in the communal process of selecting a ruler or head.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The people and the leaders of Gilead said to one another, “Who is the man that will begin to fight against the Ammonites? He shall be head over all the inhabitants of Gilead.”
  • And the people—the princes of Gilead—said to one another, "Who is the man who will begin to fight the children of Ammon? He shall be head over all who live in Gilead."
1 Jephthah the Gileadite was a mighty warrior; he was the son of a prostitute, and Gilead fathered Jephthah.

Jud.11.1 - Details

Original Text

ויפתח הגלעדי היה גבור חיל והוא בן־ אשה זונה ויולד גלעד את־ יפתח׃

Morphology

  • ויפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • הגלעדי: ADJ,m,sg,def
  • היה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • גבור: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • חיל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • והוא: CONJ+PRON,3,m,sg
  • בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • זונה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ויולד: VERB,niphal,impf,3,m,sg
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Judg.6.12 (verbal): Uses the identical epithet גבור חיל (“mighty man of valor”) applied to Gideon — a recurring formula for unexpected local leaders raised as military deliverers.
  • 2 Sam.23.8 (verbal): Part of the same semantic field of gibbor/gibborim (“mighty man(s) of valor”); compares Jephthah’s lone epithet with the later lists of David’s heroic warriors.
  • Josh.2.1 (thematic): Introduces Rahab explicitly as a harlot; thematically parallels the motif of a prostitute figure connected to Israelite history and lineage (cf. “son of a harlot” in Jephthah’s description).
  • Josh.6.25 (thematic): Rahab is spared and incorporated into Israel, later becoming an ancestor in Israel’s line — parallels the ambiguous social status in Judges 11:1 and the theme of outsiders/prostitutes being integrated into Israel’s story.
  • 1 Sam.16.11-13 (thematic): David’s selection from humble, unexpected origins exemplifies the biblical theme of leaders raised from low or marginalized backgrounds, similar to Jephthah’s rise despite his stigmatized birth.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a mighty man of valor; he was the son of a harlot, and Gilead fathered Jephthah.
  • Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a mighty man of valor; he was the son of a prostitute, and Gilead was the father of Jephthah.
2 Gilead’s wife bore him sons; and when his sons grew up, they drove Jephthah out and said to him, “You shall have no inheritance in our father’s house, for you are the son of another woman.”

Jud.11.2 - Details

Original Text

ותלד אשת־ גלעד לו בנים ויגדלו בני־ האשה ויגרשו את־ יפתח ויאמרו לו לא־ תנחל בבית־ אבינו כי בן־ אשה אחרת אתה׃

Morphology

  • ותלד: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • אשת: NOUN,f,sg,cns
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לו: PRON,3,m,sg
  • בנים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ויגדלו: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,pl
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • האשה: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • ויגרשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
  • לו: PRON,3,m,sg
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • תנחל: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • בבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אבינו: NOUN,m,sg,abs,prsuf1pl
  • כי: CONJ
  • בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • אחרת: ADJ,f,sg,abs
  • אתה: PRON,2,m,sg

Parallels

  • Genesis 37:4-28 (thematic): Joseph is rejected and expelled by his brothers (partly because he is son of a different mother), echoing the motif of sibling-driven exile and familial rivalry over status and inheritance.
  • Genesis 21:10-14 (verbal): Sarah demands that Hagar and Ishmael be cast out so that Ishmael 'shall not be heir with my son,' paralleling the language and concern in Judg 11:2 about exclusion from the father's house and inheritance.
  • Deuteronomy 21:15-17 (structural): Legal treatment of inheritance when a man has two wives — the rights of the firstborn and resolution of disputes between sons of different mothers — provides a legal backdrop to the dispute in Judg 11:2.
  • Exodus 2:15-22 (thematic): Moses is driven into exile and lives as an outsider before being raised up to leadership; parallels the motif of a marginalized/expelled figure (Jephthah) who later becomes a deliverer.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Gilead’s wife bore sons; and they grew up. And they drove Jephthah out and said to him, “You shall have no inheritance in our father’s house, for you are the son of another woman.”
  • And Gilead's wife bore him sons; and when they grew up, they drove Jephthah away, saying to him, "You shall have no inheritance in our father's house, for you are the son of another woman."
3 So Jephthah fled from before his brothers and lived in the land of Tob; and worthless men gathered to Jephthah and went out with him.

Jud.11.3 - Details

Original Text

ויברח יפתח מפני אחיו וישב בארץ טוב ויתלקטו אל־ יפתח אנשים ריקים ויצאו עמו׃

Morphology

  • ויברח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • מפני: PREP
  • אחיו: NOUN,3,m,sg,abs
  • וישב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • בארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,def
  • טוב: ADJ,m,pl,abs
  • ויתלקטו: VERB,hitp,perf,3,m,pl
  • אל: NEG
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • אנשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ריקים: ADJ,m,pl,abs
  • ויצאו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 22:1-2 (verbal): David flees (to the cave of Adullam) and 'everyone that was in distress, and everyone that was in debt, and everyone that was discontented' gathers to him—direct parallel in motif and language of outcasts/ distressed men collecting around an exiled leader.
  • Exodus 2:15 (thematic): Moses 'fled from the face of Pharaoh, and dwelt in the land of Midian'—the theme of a man driven from his people who takes refuge in another land mirrors Jephthah's flight to the land of Tob.
  • 1 Samuel 2:12 (verbal): The phrase 'sons of Belial' (worthless/evil men) echoes Judges 11:3's description of 'men empty/vain' (Heb. anashim reqim) who attach themselves to a leader; both texts characterize a band of unrighteous or disorderly followers.
  • Judges 6:15-16 (thematic): Gideon's initial low status and unexpected rise—'I am the least in my father's house' yet called to leadership—parallels the judge-pattern whereby marginalized figures become military leaders and gather followers.

Alternative generated candidates

  • So Jephthah fled from his brothers and lived in the land of Tob; and worthless men gathered around Jephthah and went out with him.
  • So Jephthah fled from his brothers and lived in the land of Tob; and worthless men gathered to Jephthah and went out with him.
4 It came about as time went on that the sons of Ammon made war against Israel.

Jud.11.4 - Details

Original Text

ויהי מימים וילחמו בני־ עמון עם־ ישראל׃

Morphology

  • ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • מימים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • וילחמו: VERB,qal,yiqtol,3,m,pl
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עם: PREP
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Judges 10:7 (thematic): Earlier summary statement that Israel was delivered into the hands of the Philistines and the Ammonites — sets up the same pattern of Ammonite oppression referenced in Judges 11:4.
  • Judges 11:29-33 (structural): Direct continuation of the same episode: Jephthah is empowered by the Spirit and fights the sons of Ammon, giving the full battle account that follows the brief notice in 11:4.
  • 2 Samuel 10:1-19 (thematic): Narrative of open warfare between Israel (David) and the Ammonites; parallels the theme of conflict with the Ammonites and military engagement described in Judges 11:4.
  • 1 Chronicles 19:1-19 (quotation): A retelling/parallel account of 2 Samuel 10’s war with the Ammonites; another biblical narrative dealing with Israel’s military conflict with Ammon.
  • 2 Chronicles 20:1-30 (thematic): Account of an alliance of Moab and Ammon (with others) attacking Judah — thematically related as another instance of Ammon joining regional warfare against Israel/Judah.

Alternative generated candidates

  • After a time the Ammonites made war against Israel.
  • It came to pass afterward that the children of Ammon made war against Israel.
5 When the sons of Ammon fought against Israel, the elders of Gilead went to bring Jephthah from the land of Tob.

Jud.11.5 - Details

Original Text

ויהי כאשר־ נלחמו בני־ עמון עם־ ישראל וילכו זקני גלעד לקחת את־ יפתח מארץ טוב׃

Morphology

  • ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • כאשר: CONJ
  • נלחמו: VERB,nip,perf,3,m,pl
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עם: PREP
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וילכו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl
  • זקני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לקחת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • מארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • טוב: ADJ,m,pl,abs

Parallels

  • Judges 11:1-3 (structural): Immediate context: introduces Jephthah’s background (outcast son of a harlot) and explains why the elders of Gilead later seek him as a leader—direct narrative setup for v.5.
  • Judges 11:29-33 (structural): Direct continuation of the same episode: Jephthah is commissioned by the elders and leads Israel in battle against the Ammonites, fulfilling the conflict mentioned in v.5.
  • 1 Samuel 11:1-11 (thematic): Parallel case in which the Ammonite threat against Jabesh‑Gilead prompts elders and communities in Gilead to seek a rescuer; Saul’s mobilization resembles the elders’ recruitment of Jephthah.
  • 2 Samuel 10:6-19 (thematic): David’s wars with the Ammonites (and allied Arameans) reflect the recurring Israel–Ammon conflict motif and the geopolitical pressures on Gilead reflected in Judges 11:5.
  • Judges 3:15 (thematic): Illustrates the cyclical pattern of Israel crying out under oppression and a leader (‘judge’) being raised to deliver them—parallels the elders’ turning to Jephthah in response to Ammonite attack.

Alternative generated candidates

  • When the Ammonites fought against Israel, the elders of Gilead went to bring Jephthah from the land of Tob.
  • When the children of Ammon fought with Israel, the elders of Gilead went to fetch Jephthah from the land of Tob.
6 They said to Jephthah, “Come and be our chief, that we may fight the sons of Ammon.”

Jud.11.6 - Details

Original Text

ויאמרו ליפתח לכה והייתה לנו לקצין ונלחמה בבני עמון׃

Morphology

  • ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
  • ליפתח: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • לכה: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
  • והייתה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • לנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
  • לקצין: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ונלחמה: VERB,hitp,impf,1,pl
  • בבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,const
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Judg.11.1-5 (structural): Immediate narrative context: verses 1–5 relate Jephthah's origins and reputation as a warrior—background that explains why the Gileadites ask him to return and lead them against the Ammonites.
  • Judg.4:6-8 (thematic): Deborah summons Barak to take command against Sisera: like Jephthah, Barak is called by the Israelite leaders to act as military commander for a specific campaign.
  • Exod.17:9 (verbal): Moses tells Joshua, 'Choose us out men, and go out, fight with Amalek'—a direct instance of appointing/commissioning a leader to fight a named enemy, paralleling the request to Jephthah to lead against the Ammonites.
  • 1 Sam.11:7-11 (thematic): Saul rallies and leads Israel to rescue Jabesh‑Gilead from Nahash; like Jephthah's commission, this passage shows a crisis prompting the selection and mobilization of a leader to fight on behalf of threatened Israelite communities.

Alternative generated candidates

  • They said to Jephthah, “Come, be our leader, that we may fight with the Ammonites.”
  • They said to Jephthah, "Come, be our leader, that we may fight the children of Ammon."
7 Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, “Did you not hate me and drive me out of my father’s house? Why have you come to me now when you are in distress?”

Jud.11.7 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר יפתח לזקני גלעד הלא אתם שנאתם אותי ותגרשוני מבית אבי ומדוע באתם אלי עתה כאשר צר לכם׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • לזקני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,const
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הלא: PART
  • אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
  • שנאתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
  • אותי: PRON,1,sg,acc
  • ותגרשוני: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl+PRON,1,sg,acc
  • מבית: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • ומדוע: CONJ+ADV,interr
  • באתם: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,pl
  • אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • עתה: ADV
  • כאשר: CONJ
  • צר: ADJ,m,sg
  • לכם: PREP,2,m,pl

Parallels

  • Genesis 37:23-28 (verbal): Joseph’s brothers hate him and strip/send him away from his father’s house; the language and motif of being expelled by kin closely mirror Jephthah’s complaint about being driven from his father’s home.
  • Judges 12:1-6 (structural): Later conflict between Jephthah (Gilead) and Ephraim shows the same intra‑Israelite bitterness and mutual reproach—part of the book’s recurring theme of regional leaders rejected or contested by their kinsmen.
  • Exodus 2:11-15; 3:10 (allusion): Moses is forced to flee from his people/land and is later summoned to deliver Israel; like Jephthah, the motif is of one driven from his place/home who is subsequently called upon in a crisis.
  • Luke 15:11-32 (thematic): The prodigal‑son motif (estrangement from family and later return/appeal) parallels the theme of familial rejection followed by a renewed plea or need for reconciliation.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, “Did you not hate me and drive me out of my father’s house? Why are you come to me now when you are in distress?”
  • But Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, "Did you not hate me and drive me out of my father's house? Why have you come to me now when you are in distress?"
8 The elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, “Therefore now return with us, and you shall go with us and fight the sons of Ammon; you shall be head over all who dwell in Gilead.”

Jud.11.8 - Details

Original Text

ויאמרו זקני גלעד אל־ יפתח לכן עתה שבנו אליך והלכת עמנו ונלחמת בבני עמון והיית לנו לראש לכל ישבי גלעד׃

Morphology

  • ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
  • זקני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • לכן: ADV
  • עתה: ADV
  • שבנו: VERB,qal,perf,1,?,pl
  • אליך: PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
  • והלכת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
  • עמנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
  • ונלחמת: VERB,niphal,perf,2,m,sg
  • בבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,const
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • והיית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
  • לנו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
  • לראש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לכל: PREP
  • ישבי: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Judg.11:11 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel — Jephthah's response to the elders' invitation and the terms about leading Gilead follow directly in the same exchange.
  • 1 Samuel 8:5 (thematic): The people demand a central military/political leader (‘appoint a king to judge us’), echoing Gileadites’ request that Jephthah return and be their head in war.
  • 2 Samuel 5:3 (thematic): ‘All the elders of Israel came to David… and anointed him king’ — elders assembling to appoint a single leader over a community parallels Gilead’s offer to Jephthah to be head over them.
  • Exodus 18:21 (thematic): Jethro’s instruction to select able men as leaders/judges to govern the people parallels the elders’ selection of a military/political head for Gilead.
  • 1 Samuel 10:24 (structural): Samuel presents Saul to the people and they publicly accept him as leader — similar public/communal recognition and elevation of a military leader as in Jephthah’s call.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, “Therefore now come with us, and fight the Ammonites; and you shall be head over all the inhabitants of Gilead.”
  • And the elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, "Therefore now return with us, and we will be your heads; we will fight with you, and you shall be head over all who live in Gilead."
9 Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, “If you bring me back to fight the sons of Ammon, and the LORD gives them into my hand, I will be your head.”

Jud.11.9 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר יפתח אל־ זקני גלעד אם־ משיבים אתם אותי להלחם בבני עמון ונתן יהוה אותם לפני אנכי אהיה לכם לראש׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • זקני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אם: CONJ
  • משיבים: VERB,piel,part,-,m,pl
  • אתם: PRON,2,m,pl
  • אותי: PRON,1,sg,acc
  • להלחם: VERB,hitp,inf
  • בבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,const
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ונתן: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • אותם: PRON,3,m,pl,obj
  • לפני: PREP
  • אנכי: PRON,1,sg
  • אהיה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • לכם: PREP,2,m,pl
  • לראש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 11:11-15 (thematic): After Saul's victory over the Ammonites the people confirm him as leader/king — parallels Jephthah's conditional offer of leadership contingent on military success.
  • 1 Samuel 17:46 (verbal): David's declaration that the LORD will give Goliath into his hand echoes Jephthah's formula 'if the LORD gives them into my hand' (similar claim of divine grant of victory).
  • Judges 11:29-32 (structural): Immediate narrative fulfillment in the same episode: Jephthah appeals to the LORD, fights the Ammonites, and the LORD gives them into his hand — directly corresponds to the conditional statement in v.9.
  • Judges 12:7 (thematic): After the conflict with Ephraim, Jephthah is acknowledged as judge/leader over Israel — connects to his claim in 11:9 that, if victorious, he will be 'head' over them.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, “If you bring me back to fight the Ammonites, and the LORD gives them into my hand, shall I be your head?”
  • Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, "If you bring me back to fight the children of Ammon, and the LORD gives them before me, shall I not be your head?"
10 The elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, “The LORD will be witness between us—if we do not do as you say, then may he deal with us as seems good to him.”

Jud.11.10 - Details

Original Text

ויאמרו זקני־ גלעד אל־ יפתח יהוה יהיה שמע בינותינו אם־ לא כדברך כן נעשה׃

Morphology

  • ויאמרו: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,pl
  • זקני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • יהיה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • שמע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • בינותינו: PREP,1,c,pl
  • אם: CONJ
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • כדברך: PREP+NOUN+PRON,2,m,sg
  • כן: ADV
  • נעשה: VERB,qal,impf,1,pl

Parallels

  • Genesis 31:49-53 (verbal): Contains the same formula invoking God as witness/judge between parties ("May the LORD keep watch between you and me") in a covenant/oath context—parallel wording and function.
  • 1 Samuel 24:12 (verbal): David appeals to God to judge between him and Saul ("The LORD will be judge between me and thee"), using the same appeal to divine justice rather than human vengeance.
  • 1 Samuel 8:4-5 (thematic): The elders of Israel approach Samuel requesting a leader/king to go before them—parallels the elders of Gilead inviting Jephthah to lead and deciding communal leadership.
  • 2 Samuel 2:4 (structural): The men of Judah anoint David king at Hebron after elders/leading men make a political decision—structurally similar to local leaders conferring authority on a military leader (Jephthah).

Alternative generated candidates

  • The elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, “The LORD be witness between us — if we do not according to what you say.”
  • And the elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, "The LORD is witness between us—if we do not do according to your words."
11 So Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people made him head and commander; and Jephthah spoke all his words before the LORD at Mizpah.

Jud.11.11 - Details

Original Text

וילך יפתח עם־ זקני גלעד וישימו העם אותו עליהם לראש ולקצין וידבר יפתח את־ כל־ דבריו לפני יהוה במצפה׃

Morphology

  • וילך: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • עם: PREP
  • זקני: NOUN,m,pl,cons
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וישימו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • העם: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אותו: PRON,3,m,sg,obj
  • עליהם: PREP,3,m,pl
  • לראש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ולקצין: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וידבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • כל: DET
  • דבריו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+3m
  • לפני: PREP
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • במצפה: PREP+NOUN_PROP,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 10:17-24 (structural): Samuel assembles the people at Mizpah, presents the LORD's chosen (Saul) before the assembly and the people acclaim him — parallel setting (Mizpah) and the public recognition/installation of a leader before the LORD.
  • 1 Samuel 11:14-15 (thematic): After military success the people make Saul king and hold a public ceremony before the LORD at Gilgal — parallels the popular appointment of a military leader and the formal, cultic aspect of leadership confirmation.
  • Judges 20:1-2 (thematic): All Israel gathers at Mizpah to deliberate and seek the LORD's direction — echoes the use of Mizpah as a communal, covenantal assembly-place where leaders and decisions are presented before God.
  • Joshua 8:30-35 (verbal): Joshua builds an altar on Mount Ebal and reads 'all the words of the law' before the whole assembly and the LORD — parallels the act of publicly declaring important words or pledges before the LORD in a communal setting.

Alternative generated candidates

  • So Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead; and the people made him head and commander over them. And Jephthah spoke all his words before the LORD at Mizpah.
  • Then Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people made him head and commander over them; and Jephthah spoke all his words before the LORD at Mizpah.
12 Then Jephthah sent messengers to the king of the sons of Ammon, saying, “What have you to do with me, that you have come to fight against my land?”

Jud.11.12 - Details

Original Text

וישלח יפתח מלאכים אל־ מלך בני־ עמון לאמר מה־ לי ולך כי־ באת אלי להלחם בארצי׃

Morphology

  • וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • מלאכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לאמר: INF,qal,infc
  • מה: PRON,int
  • לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • ולך: CONJ+PREP+PRON,2,m,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • באת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
  • אלי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • להלחם: VERB,hitp,inf
  • בארצי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+PRON,1,sg

Parallels

  • Numbers 21:21-22 (structural): Israel sends messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites requesting passage and is met with opposition — a parallel diplomatic exchange over territory and passage that structurally mirrors Jephthah's envoy to the Ammonite king.
  • Deuteronomy 2:24-35 (thematic): God’s command and Israel’s subsequent conquest of Sihon and Og provide the historical/ legal background Jephthah invokes later in his reply to Ammon (Judg 11:22–27); both passages concern prior Israelite claims to Transjordan lands.
  • Numbers 20:14-21 (thematic): Moses’ plea to the king of Edom to let Israel pass and Edom’s refusal illustrates the diplomatic request-for-passage motif and contested border claims that underlie Jephthah’s message.
  • 2 Samuel 10:4-5 (cf. 1 Chronicles 19:4-5) (verbal): Both passages involve sending envoys between Israel and a neighboring king and the diplomatic exchange that precedes hostilities; they offer a parallel in form (envoys/letters) though with different outcomes.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Then Jephthah sent messengers to the king of the Ammonites, saying, “What have you to do with me, that you have come to fight against my land?”
  • And Jephthah sent messengers to the king of the children of Ammon, saying, "What have you to do with me, that you have come to fight against my land?"
13 The king of the sons of Ammon answered the messengers of Jephthah, “Because Israel has taken away my land when they came up from Egypt—from the Arnon to the Jabbok and to the Jordan—now therefore restore it peaceably.”

Jud.11.13 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר מלך בני־ עמון אל־ מלאכי יפתח כי־ לקח ישראל את־ ארצי בעלותו ממצרים מארנון ועד־ היבק ועד־ הירדן ועתה השיבה אתהן בשלום׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • מלאכי: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • כי: CONJ
  • לקח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • ארצי: NOUN,f,sg,abs,1,sg
  • בעלותו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,3,m,sg
  • ממצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • מארנון: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • ועד: CONJ+PREP
  • היבק: NOUN,prop,m,sg,def
  • ועד: CONJ+PREP
  • הירדן: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ועתה: CONJ
  • השיבה: VERB,hifil,imp,2,m,pl
  • אתהן: PART+PRON,3,f,pl
  • בשלום: PREP

Parallels

  • Numbers 21:21-26 (verbal): Narrates Israel’s demand to pass through and the subsequent defeat of Sihon, with explicit territorial wording — possession taken “from Arnon to Jabbok and to the Jordan,” language echoed in Judg 11:13.
  • Deuteronomy 2:24-37 (thematic): Recounts Israel’s campaigns against Sihon and Og and the acquisition of their lands; addresses relations with Moab and Ammon and explains how Israel came to occupy territories bordering the Arnon and Jabbok, the background to the Ammonite complaint in Judges.
  • Deuteronomy 3:8-10 (verbal): Describes the conquest of Og and Sihon and specifies the boundaries of the conquered territories (from Aroer and the Arnon to the Jabbok and to the Jordan), using the same geographic markers cited by the Ammonite king in Judg 11:13.
  • Joshua 12:2-3 (structural): Summary list of defeated kings and their territories, including Sihon and the extent of his domain “from the Arnon to the Jabbok, even unto the borders of the children of Ammon,” paralleling the territorial claim challenged in Judges 11:13.

Alternative generated candidates

  • The king of the Ammonites answered the messengers of Jephthah, “Because Israel took away my land when they came up from Egypt — from the Arnon to the Jabbok and to the Jordan — now therefore restore it peacefully.”
  • The king of the children of Ammon answered the messengers of Jephthah, "Because Israel took away my land when he came up from Egypt—from the Arnon to the Jabbok and to the Jordan. Now restore it peacefully."
14 Jephthah also sent messengers again to the king of the sons of Ammon,

Jud.11.14 - Details

Original Text

ויוסף עוד יפתח וישלח מלאכים אל־ מלך בני עמון׃

Morphology

  • ויוסף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עוד: ADV
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • מלאכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Numbers 21:21-22 (verbal): Israel “sent messengers” to Sihon king of the Amorites asking permission to pass — very similar language and motif of envoy-sent diplomatic approach echoed in Jephthah’s sending to the Ammonite king.
  • 2 Samuel 10:1-6 (thematic): David sends envoys to Hanun, king of the Ammonites; the sending of messengers to Ammon and the diplomatic provocation that follows parallels Jephthah’s envoy mission.
  • Genesis 32:3-5 (thematic): Jacob dispatches messengers to Esau to negotiate and avert hostility before meeting him — a comparable use of emissaries to clarify relations and prevent conflict.
  • 1 Kings 20:1-7 (structural): Ahab and Ben‑Hadad exchange ambassadors with demands and counter‑demands; the diplomatic exchange that precipitates war parallels the structural pattern of sending messengers before armed conflict as in Judges 11.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And Jephthah again sent messengers to the king of the Ammonites.
  • Then Jephthah sent messengers again to the king of the children of Ammon.
15 saying to him, “Thus says Jephthah: Israel did not take the land of Moab nor the land of the sons of Ammon;

Jud.11.15 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר לו כה אמר יפתח לא־ לקח ישראל את־ ארץ מואב ואת־ ארץ בני עמון׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לו: PRON,3,m,sg
  • כה: ADV
  • אמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • לקח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • מואב: NOUN,m,sg,prop
  • ואת: CONJ
  • ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 2:9 (verbal): God instructs Israel not to harass the Moabites because their land was given to the descendants of Lot — background to Jephthah’s claim that Israel did not take Moabite territory.
  • Numbers 21:21-35 (thematic): Narrative of Israel’s wars with the Amorite kings (Sihon and Og) and the seizure of their land; parallels Jephthah’s distinction between lands taken from Amorites and those of Moab/Ammon.
  • Deuteronomy 2:24-37 (thematic): God’s command to attack the Amorites (Sihon) and take their land while leaving Moab/Ammon alone — legal-historical context for Jephthah’s diplomatic point.
  • Judges 11:16-28 (structural): Immediate continuation of the same diplomatic exchange between Jephthah and the Ammonite king, elaborating the historical argument begun in v.15.

Alternative generated candidates

  • He said to him, “Thus says Jephthah: Israel did not take the land of Moab nor the land of the Ammonites;
  • And he said to him, "Thus says Jephthah: Israel did not take away the land of Moab nor the land of the children of Ammon.
16 for when Israel went up from Egypt they went through the wilderness to the Sea of Reeds and came to Kadesh.

Jud.11.16 - Details

Original Text

כי בעלותם ממצרים וילך ישראל במדבר עד־ ים־ סוף ויבא קדשה׃

Morphology

  • כי: CONJ
  • בעלותם: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,pl
  • ממצרים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • וילך: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • במדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עד: PREP
  • ים: NOUN,m,sg,cs
  • סוף: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • קדשה: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Exodus 12:37 (verbal): Both verses recount Israel 'coming up out of Egypt' (מקּצם ממצרים); Jephthah's summary echoes the Exodus departure language.
  • Exodus 14:22 (verbal): Mentions the crossing of the Sea of Reeds (ים־סוף); Judges 11:16 likewise places Israel's route through Yam Suf during the Exodus.
  • Numbers 33:8–10, 33:36 (structural): Numbers 33 gives the itinerary of Israel's stages — including passage by the sea and later encampment at Kadesh — paralleling Jephthah's compressed travel summary.
  • Deuteronomy 1:19 (thematic): Moses' retelling of Israel's journey from Horeb through the wilderness toward Kadesh-barnea parallels Jephthah's appeal that Israel came from Egypt and reached Kadesh.

Alternative generated candidates

  • for when Israel came up from Egypt they went through the wilderness to the Sea of Reeds and came to Kadesh.
  • For when Israel came up from Egypt they went through the wilderness to the Red Sea and came to Kadesh.
17 Israel sent messengers to the king of Edom saying, ‘Let me pass through your land’; but the king of Edom would not listen. So Israel also turned aside from him.

Jud.11.17 - Details

Original Text

וישלח ישראל מלאכים ׀ אל־ מלך אדום ׀ לאמר אעברה־ נא בארצך ולא שמע מלך אדום וגם אל־ מלך מואב שלח ולא אבה וישב ישראל בקדש׃

Morphology

  • וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מלאכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • אדום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לאמר: INF,qal,infc
  • אעברה: VERB,qal,imperfect,1,?,sg
  • נא: PART
  • בארצך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,2,m
  • ולא: CONJ
  • שמע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • אדום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וגם: CONJ
  • אל: NEG
  • מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • מואב: NOUN,m,sg,prop
  • שלח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • ולא: CONJ
  • אבה: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • וישב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בקדש: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Numbers 20:14-21 (verbal): Closely parallel report of Israel's envoys to the king of Edom requesting passage; the Edomite king refuses and Israel turns aside — very similar wording and circumstance to Judges 11:17.
  • Deuteronomy 2:4-8 (allusion): God's instructions concerning Edom and Moab (do not harass them; pass by their land on the road) provide the legal/ideological background for Israel's interactions and non‑hostile posture toward Edom and Moab.
  • Numbers 21:21-35 (thematic): Account of Israel's request to pass through the Amorite lands (Sihon and Og). Sihon's refusal and subsequent battle/defeat stand as a thematic contrast to the Edom/Moab refusals in Judges 11:17 and explain different outcomes when passage was denied.
  • Deuteronomy 2:26-30 (thematic): Deuteronomy retells the request to Sihon to allow peaceful passage and his refusal, paralleling Judges 11:17's motif of diplomatic request and refusal while emphasizing Israel's later military response in other cases.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Then Israel sent messengers to the king of Edom, saying, ‘Let me pass through your land.’ But the king of Edom would not consent. Also to the king of Moab he sent a message, and he would not consent. So Israel abode in Kadesh.
  • And Israel sent messengers to the king of Edom, saying, 'Please let us pass through your land.' But the king of Edom would not consent; so Israel remained at Kadesh. Also they sent to the king of Moab, and he would not consent;
18 They turned and went through the wilderness and encircled the land of Edom and the land of Moab; they came from the east to the land of Moab and camped beyond the Arnon; but they did not enter the border of Moab, for the Arnon was the border of Moab.

Jud.11.18 - Details

Original Text

וילך במדבר ויסב את־ ארץ אדום ואת־ ארץ מואב ויבא ממזרח־ שמש לארץ מואב ויחנון בעבר ארנון ולא־ באו בגבול מואב כי ארנון גבול מואב׃

Morphology

  • וילך: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • במדבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויסב: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • אדום: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואת: CONJ
  • ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • מואב: NOUN,m,sg,prop
  • ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • ממזרח: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • שמש: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • לארץ: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • מואב: NOUN,m,sg,prop
  • ויחנון: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • בעבר: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ארנון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ולא: CONJ
  • באו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • בגבול: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
  • מואב: NOUN,m,sg,prop
  • כי: CONJ
  • ארנון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • גבול: NOUN,m,sg,cs
  • מואב: NOUN,m,sg,prop

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 2:19 (verbal): Explicitly states that Arnon is the border of Moab and instructs Israel not to harass Moab — the same geographic/legal claim Jephthah invokes.
  • Numbers 21:13-15 (verbal): Narrates Israel’s journey by the Arnon and through the lands adjacent to Edom and Moab; parallels Jephthah’s description of Israel’s route and encampment beyond Arnon.
  • Deuteronomy 2:24-25 (thematic): God commands Israel to ‘pass through the coast of your brethren’ and to take possession of Amorite lands while leaving Edom and Moab undisturbed; this background explains why Israel had not entered Moab’s border (Arnon).
  • Judges 11:16 (structural): Earlier verse in Jephthah’s speech recounting Israel’s prior passage through the lands of the Amorites, Ammon, and Moab — part of the same legal-historical argument about territorial claims.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Then Israel went through the wilderness and encamped beyond the Arnon and turned aside by the land of Edom and the land of Moab, and they came from the east to the land of Moab and encamped beyond the Arnon; but they did not come within the border of Moab, for the Arnon was the border of Moab.
  • so Israel remained in the wilderness and passed through the land to the east of the Arnon; and they encamped beyond the Arnon but did not enter the borders of Moab; for the Arnon was the border of Moab.
19 Then Israel sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, saying, ‘Let me pass through your land to my place.’

Jud.11.19 - Details

Original Text

וישלח ישראל מלאכים אל־ סיחון מלך־ האמרי מלך חשבון ויאמר לו ישראל נעברה־ נא בארצך עד־ מקומי׃

Morphology

  • וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מלאכים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • סיחון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • האמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • חשבון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לו: PRON,3,m,sg
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • נעברה: VERB,qal,cohort,1,pl
  • נא: PART
  • בארצך: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,2,m
  • עד: PREP
  • מקומי: NOUN,m,sg,abs,+1cs

Parallels

  • Numbers 21:21-23 (verbal): Moses sends messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites requesting passage — nearly identical wording and the same interlocutor (Sihon).
  • Deuteronomy 2:26-30 (thematic): Retells the diplomatic request to Sihon and the ensuing refusal/conflict; the passage functions as a later summary of the same event and outcome.
  • Judges 11:16-18 (structural): Within the same speech Jephthah recounts Israel's request to pass by Sihon (same episode) — an internal parallel retelling the ancestors' petition and Sihon's response.
  • Numbers 20:14-21 (thematic): Moses' similar request to the king of Edom to 'let us pass through thy land' (and its refusal) provides a thematic parallel of Israel seeking peaceful transit through a neighboring sovereign's territory.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And Israel sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, king of Heshbon, and said, ‘Let me pass through your land to my place.’
  • Then Israel sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, king of Heshbon, saying, 'Please let us pass through your land to our place.'
20 But Sihon would not permit Israel to pass through his border; Sihon gathered all his people and went out to meet Israel in battle at Jahaz.

Jud.11.20 - Details

Original Text

ולא־ האמין סיחון את־ ישראל עבר בגבלו ויאסף סיחון את־ כל־ עמו ויחנו ביהצה וילחם עם־ ישראל׃

Morphology

  • ולא: CONJ
  • האמין: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • סיחון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בגבלו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:3,m,sg
  • ויאסף: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • סיחון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • כל: DET
  • עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ויחנו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • ביהצה: PREP+NOUN,prop,sg,abs
  • וילחם: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • עם: PREP
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Numbers 21:21-31 (verbal): Direct narrative parallel: Israel requests passage through Sihon's land, Sihon refuses, gathers his people, fights Israel, and is defeated — many shared phrases and sequence of events.
  • Deuteronomy 2:24-36 (allusion): Retells the encounter with Sihon: God gives Sihon into Israel's hand after he refuses passage; wording and themes closely mirror Judges' account.
  • Joshua 12:2-4 (structural): Conquest list that names Sihon (king of Heshbon) among the kings defeated by Israel — ties the episode in Judges to the broader tradition of territorial conquest.
  • Deuteronomy 3:1-11 (thematic): Parallel episode with Og king of Bashan: like Sihon, Og refuses Israel passage, musters forces, is defeated, and his land is taken — a recurring pattern in conquest tradition.

Alternative generated candidates

  • But Sihon did not trust Israel to pass through his border. Sihon gathered all his people and went out to meet Israel in battle at Jahaz.
  • But Sihon would not allow Israel to pass through his border; and Sihon gathered all his people and went out to fight against Israel at Jahaz.
21 And the LORD, the God of Israel, gave Sihon and all his people into the hand of Israel; and they struck them down and possessed all his land.

Jud.11.21 - Details

Original Text

ויתן יהוה אלהי־ ישראל את־ סיחון ואת־ כל־ עמו ביד ישראל ויכום ויירש ישראל את כל־ ארץ האמרי יושב הארץ ההיא׃

Morphology

  • ויתן: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • סיחון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואת: CONJ
  • כל: DET
  • עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ביד: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויכום: CONJ+VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,pl+OBJSUFF,3,m,pl
  • ויירש: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • את: PRT,acc
  • כל: DET
  • ארץ: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • האמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • יושב: VERB,qal,ptcp,1,m,sg
  • הארץ: NOUN,f,sg,def
  • ההיא: DEM,f,sg

Parallels

  • Numbers 21:21-31 (verbal): Narrates the same episode: Israel requests passage, is refused by Sihon, defeats him, and takes possession of the Amorite lands — a near‑verbatim parallel account of the conquest mentioned in Judges 11:21.
  • Deuteronomy 2:24-37 (thematic): Retells the divine command and outcome of the campaign against Sihon (and the possession of his land), emphasizing that Yahweh gave Sihon and his territory into Israel’s hand — the same theological motif of divine deliverance and allotment.
  • Joshua 12:2 (structural): A summary list of kings defeated in the wilderness and Transjordan, explicitly naming Sihon king of the Amorites; functions as a catalogued parallel to Judges’ report of Israel’s victory and possession.
  • Joshua 13:29-31 (allusion): Lists towns and territorial allotments in the Transjordan (areas taken from the Amorites, including Heshbon), reflecting the settled possession of the land that Judges 11:21 describes Israel as having achieved.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And the LORD, the God of Israel, gave Sihon and all his people into the hand of Israel; and they defeated them, and Israel took possession of all the land of the Amorites who lived in that country.
  • And the LORD, the God of Israel, gave Sihon and all his people into the hand of Israel; and they defeated him; and Israel took possession of all the land of the Amorites who lived in that country.
22 They possessed all the border of the Amorites from the Arnon to the Jabbok and from the wilderness to the Jordan.

Jud.11.22 - Details

Original Text

ויירשו את כל־ גבול האמרי מארנון ועד־ היבק ומן־ המדבר ועד־ הירדן׃

Morphology

  • ויירשו: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,pl
  • את: PRT,acc
  • כל: DET
  • גבול: NOUN,m,sg,cs
  • האמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • מארנון: PREP+NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • ועד: CONJ+PREP
  • היבק: NOUN,prop,m,sg,def
  • ומן: CONJ+PREP
  • המדבר: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
  • ועד: CONJ+PREP
  • הירדן: NOUN,m,sg,def

Parallels

  • Numbers 21:13-24 (verbal): Narrates Israel's conquest of Sihon and the Amorite territory, using similar boundary language (from Arnon to the Jabbok and to the Jordan).
  • Deuteronomy 2:24-37 (thematic): God's command and Israel's victories over the Amorite kings (Sihon and Og) and the taking of their lands, framing the same territorial transfer.
  • Joshua 12:2-3 (verbal): Lists the defeat of Sihon king of the Amorites and Og king of Bashan and gives the Amorite territorial boundaries (Arnon to Jabbok), paralleling the geographic phrasing.
  • Judges 11:21 (structural): Immediate context in Jephthah's speech that similarly reports Israel's capture and possession of Amorite cities and territory before describing later border details.

Alternative generated candidates

  • They dispossessed all the territory of the Amorites from the Arnon to the Jabbok and from the wilderness to the Jordan.
  • They took possession of all the territory of the Amorites from the Arnon to the Jabbok, and from the wilderness to the Jordan.
23 Now therefore the LORD, the God of Israel, has dispossessed the Amorites from before his people Israel; will you possess them?

Jud.11.23 - Details

Original Text

ועתה יהוה ׀ אלהי ישראל הוריש את־ האמרי מפני עמו ישראל ואתה תירשנו׃

Morphology

  • ועתה: CONJ
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • אלהי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • הוריש: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • האמרי: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • מפני: PREP
  • עמו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואתה: CONJ+PRON,2,m,sg
  • תירשנו: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg+PRON,1,pl(obj)

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 2:24-25 (verbal): God commissions Israel to 'go in' and 'possess' the land that he gives, using language very similar to Jephthah's appeal that the LORD dispossessed the Amorites and Israel should possess them.
  • Deuteronomy 3:1-7 (thematic): Account of Israel's divinely enabled victories over Sihon and Og (Amorite/Transjordanite kings) and the taking of their territory—paralleling Jephthah's claim that the LORD dispossessed the Amorites before Israel.
  • Numbers 21:21-35 (thematic): Narrative of Israel's battles with Sihon and the conquest of his land; provides the historical basis Jephthah cites for Israel's right to possess Amorite territory.
  • Deuteronomy 7:1-2 (thematic): Command to dispossess the nations in the land given by the LORD; thematically parallels Jephthah's appeal to divine dispossession as the grounds for Israel's possession.
  • Joshua 1:3-4 (allusion): God's promise that 'every place that the sole of your foot shall tread' is given to Israel echoes Jephthah's argument that the LORD has cleared the land of the Amorites for Israel to possess.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Now the LORD, the God of Israel, has dispossessed the Amorites from before his people Israel; are you to possess it?
  • And now the LORD, the God of Israel, has dispossessed the Amorites before his people Israel; are you then able to possess them?
24 Will you not possess what your gods already possess? Possess it—what the LORD our God has dispossessed from before us, we will possess.

Jud.11.24 - Details

Original Text

הלא את אשר יורישך כמוש אלהיך אותו תירש ואת כל־ אשר הוריש יהוה אלהינו מפנינו אותו נירש׃

Morphology

  • הלא: PART
  • את: PRT,acc
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • יורישך: VERB,hiphil,impf,3,m,sg
  • כמוש: NOUN,m,sg,proper
  • אלהיך: NOUN,m,sg,prsuf-2ms
  • אותו: PRON,3,m,sg,obj
  • תירש: VERB,qal,impf,2,m,sg
  • ואת: CONJ
  • כל: DET
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • הוריש: VERB,hiphil,perf,3,m,sg
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • אלהינו: NOUN,m,pl,abs,poss:1,pl
  • מפנינו: PREP+PRON,1,pl
  • אותו: PRON,3,m,sg,obj
  • נירש: VERB,qal,impf,1,c,pl

Parallels

  • Joshua 21:43-45 (thematic): Affirms the same theme: the LORD gave the land to Israel and they took possession of it; emphasizes divine grant and dispossession of prior inhabitants, paralleling Jephthah’s claim that Israel possesses what the LORD drove out.
  • Deuteronomy 11:24 (thematic): Divine promise of territorial possession ('every place on which the sole of your foot treads shall be yours')—similar language and idea of rightful possession of land granted by Yahweh that Jephthah invokes in arguing Israel’s claim.
  • Deuteronomy 2:24–36 (structural): Narrative and legal precedent in which Israel confronts and defeats Sihon and Og and takes their lands because the LORD gave them; structurally parallels Jephthah’s legal argument over disputed territory and dispossession of earlier inhabitants.
  • Numbers 21:21–24 (thematic): Account of Israel requesting passage and then fighting Sihon, subsequently taking his land—echoes the motif of wresting territory from previous owners by divine enablement that undergirds Jephthah’s claim.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Is not the land that your god gives you to possess yours? So possess it. And we will possess whatever the LORD our God has dispossessed from before us.
  • Is it not so that what your gods have dispossessed for you you will possess? Likewise whatever the LORD our God has dispossessed from before us, we will possess.
25 Was it not Balak the son of Zippor king of Moab who had a large possession, and he was driven back from the possession of the Israelites?

Jud.11.25 - Details

Original Text

ועתה הטוב טוב אתה מבלק בן־ צפור מלך מואב הרוב רב עם־ ישראל אם־ נלחם נלחם בם׃

Morphology

  • ועתה: CONJ
  • הטוב: ADJ,m,sg,def
  • טוב: ADJ,m,pl,abs
  • אתה: PRON,2,m,sg
  • מבלק: PREP+PNOUN,m,sg
  • בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • צפור: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • מואב: NOUN,m,sg,prop
  • הרוב: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • רב: ADJ,m,sg
  • עם: PREP
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אם: CONJ
  • נלחם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • נלחם: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl

Parallels

  • Numbers 22:4 (verbal): Uses the same designation, ‘Balak son of Zippor, king of Moab’ — the identical name/title Jephthah invokes.
  • Numbers 22–24 (allusion): Narrative of Balak’s hostility toward Israel (via Balaam) — models Moabite opposition that ultimately fails, which Jephthah echoes to rebut the Ammonites.
  • Numbers 21:21–31 (thematic): Account of Israel’s military defeats of Sihon and Og and occupation of their territory — parallels Jephthah’s appeal to Israel’s prior conquests as precedent.
  • Deuteronomy 2:24–36 (allusion): Moses’ retelling of God giving the lands of the Amorite kings (Sihon, Og) to Israel — legal/historical background for Jephthah’s claim about Israel’s rights.
  • Micah 6:5 (thematic): Prophetic recall of Balak and Balaam and God’s deliverance of Israel from their plots — a later echo of the same motif Jephthah invokes.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Were you better than Balak son of Zippor, king of Moab, who arose against Israel when he had a great multitude? Did he ever contend with Israel or fight against them?
  • Are you better than Balak son of Zippor, king of Moab? Was his multitude greater than Israel's, so that he could dispossess them?
26 When Israel dwelt in Heshbon and its villages and in Aroer and its villages and in all the cities that are on the banks of the Arnon for three hundred years—why did you not recover them then?

Jud.11.26 - Details

Original Text

בשבת ישראל בחשבון ובבנותיה ובערעור ובבנותיה ובכל־ הערים אשר על־ ידי ארנון שלש מאות שנה ומדוע לא־ הצלתם בעת ההיא׃

Morphology

  • בשבת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בחשבון: PREP
  • ובבנותיה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs,poss:3,fs
  • ובערעור: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ובבנותיה: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs,poss:3,fs
  • ובכל: CONJ+PREP
  • הערים: NOUN,f,pl,def
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • על: PREP
  • ידי: NOUN,f,pl,cons
  • ארנון: NOUN,m,sg,prop
  • שלש: NUM,card,f,sg
  • מאות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • שנה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ומדוע: CONJ+ADV,interr
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • הצלתם: VERB,hif,perf,2,pl
  • בעת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ההיא: DEM,f,sg

Parallels

  • Deuteronomy 2:24-36 (verbal): Narrative of Israel's conquest of Sihon and the taking of his territory; explicitly links possession of lands 'from the Arnon'—the same territorial claim Jephthah invokes.
  • Numbers 21:21-35 (verbal): Account of Israel's battles with Sihon (and Og) and the seizure of his cities and land along the Arnon-Jabbok region, providing the historical backdrop for Jephthah's charge about prior Israelite possession.
  • Deuteronomy 2:9 (structural): Specifies the Arnon as the border of Moab and notes prior Israelite movement in that area; Jephthah's mention of 'the cities on the other side of the Arnon' echoes this geographic boundary language.
  • Judges 11:20 (structural): Earlier verse in Jephthah's speech listing Israel's residence in Heshbon and 'cities thereof'—an internal parallel that repeats the same rhetorical claim about Israel's prior control of the region.

Alternative generated candidates

  • When Israel lived in Heshbon and its villages and in Aroer and its villages and in all the cities that are by the banks of the Arnon for three hundred years — why did you not recover them at that time?
  • When Israel dwelt in Heshbon and its villages and in Aroer and its villages and in all the cities that are by the Arnon, for three hundred years—why did you not recover them at that time?
27 I have not sinned against you, but you do me wrong to fight against me. The LORD, the Judge, decide this day between the people of Israel and the people of Ammon.”

Jud.11.27 - Details

Original Text

ואנכי לא־ חטאתי לך ואתה עשה אתי רעה להלחם בי ישפט יהוה השפט היום בין בני ישראל ובין בני עמון׃

Morphology

  • ואנכי: PRON,1,sg
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • חטאתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
  • לך: PRON,2,m,sg
  • ואתה: CONJ+PRON,2,m,sg
  • עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אתי: PRON,1,sg
  • רעה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • להלחם: VERB,hitp,inf
  • בי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • ישפט: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • השפט: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • היום: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • בין: PREP
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ובין: CONJ+PREP
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 1 Samuel 24:12 (verbal): David protests his innocence and says, 'May the LORD judge between me and you'—language and appeal to the LORD as arbiter closely parallel Jephthah's 'I have not sinned… the LORD shall judge between Israel and the Ammonites.'
  • 1 Samuel 26:24 (verbal): David again refuses to harm Saul and appeals to God's justice, asserting he has not wronged the king and leaving judgment to the LORD—a repeated motif of claiming innocence and invoking divine judgment like Jephthah.
  • 1 Kings 3:16-28 (structural): Solomon's adjudication between two disputants models the theme of resolving contested claims by appeal to wise/divine judgment—parallels the procedural/pleading context in which Jephthah asks God to decide the dispute.
  • Genesis 18:25 (thematic): Abraham's rhetorical question, 'Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?' invokes God as the ultimate arbiter of disputes, thematically echoing Jephthah's appeal to the LORD to judge between Israel and Ammon.

Alternative generated candidates

  • I have not sinned against you, but you do me wrong to make war against me; may the LORD, the Judge, decide today between the Israelites and the Ammonites.”
  • I have not sinned against you, but you do me wrong by coming to fight against me; may the LORD, the judge, judge this day between the children of Israel and the children of Ammon."
28 But the king of the sons of Ammon did not listen to the words of Jephthah which he sent him.

Jud.11.28 - Details

Original Text

ולא שמע מלך בני עמון אל־ דברי יפתח אשר שלח אליו׃

Morphology

  • ולא: CONJ
  • שמע: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • מלך: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • אל: NEG
  • דברי: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,1,c,sg
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • שלח: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Judges 11:11 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel — the prior verse records Jephthah’s sending of the message whose rejection is reported in v.28 (same exchange/scene).
  • 2 Samuel 10:1-5 (thematic): David’s diplomatic envoys to Hanun are mistreated — a parallel example of a foreign ruler refusing or insulting an envoy/offer from Israel.
  • Ezekiel 3:7 (verbal): Uses the same motif/phrasing that the people (or rulers) will not listen to the messenger; echoes the theme of recipients refusing to heed a sent word.
  • 2 Chronicles 36:15-16 (thematic): Describes kings/people mocking and rejecting God’s messengers — thematically similar refusal to accept spoken warnings or demands.
  • Proverbs 1:24-25 (verbal): Language of a call being refused—'I called and you refused'—parallels the simple statement that the addressee 'did not listen' to the sent message.

Alternative generated candidates

  • However, the king of the Ammonites did not heed the words that Jephthah sent him.
  • But the king of the children of Ammon did not heed the words which Jephthah sent him.
29 Then the Spirit of the LORD came upon Jephthah, and he passed through Gilead and Manasseh; he passed through Mizpah of Gilead, and from Mizpah of Gilead he passed over to the sons of Ammon.

Jud.11.29 - Details

Original Text

ותהי על־ יפתח רוח יהוה ויעבר את־ הגלעד ואת־ מנשה ויעבר את־ מצפה גלעד וממצפה גלעד עבר בני עמון׃

Morphology

  • ותהי: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • על: PREP
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • רוח: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • ויעבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • הגלעד: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ואת: CONJ
  • מנשה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ויעבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • מצפה: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • וממצפה: CONJ+PREP
  • גלעד: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • עבר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Judges 3:10 (verbal): Same formula 'the Spirit of the LORD came upon' (Heb. ותהי על‑) used of Othniel, signalling divine empowerment of a judge for military leadership.
  • Judges 6:34 (thematic): The Spirit of the LORD empowers Gideon for deliverance; parallels Jephthah in divine endowment enabling a campaign against Israel's foes.
  • Judges 13:25 (verbal): The Spirit of the LORD begins to move Samson (Heb. ותהי עליו רוח יהוה), a similar verbal motif indicating the Spirit initiating a judge's vocation and strength.
  • 1 Samuel 10:10 (verbal): The Spirit of the LORD comes upon Saul and he prophesies—same language of Spirit-bestowal marking the rise of a divinely authorized leader.
  • 1 Samuel 11:6 (thematic): The Spirit of God empowers Saul to lead to swift military success; thematically parallels Jephthah's Spirit-enabled campaign against the Ammonites.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Then the Spirit of the LORD came upon Jephthah, and he passed over Gilead and Manasseh, and passed on to Mizpah of Gilead; and from Mizpah of Gilead he passed over to the Ammonites.
  • Then the Spirit of the LORD came upon Jephthah; and he passed over Gilead and Manasseh, and passed on to Mizpah of Gilead; and from Mizpah of Gilead he passed over to the children of Ammon.
30 And Jephthah made a vow to the LORD and said, “If you will indeed give the sons of Ammon into my hand,

Jud.11.30 - Details

Original Text

וידר יפתח נדר ליהוה ויאמר אם־ נתון תתן את־ בני עמון בידי׃

Morphology

  • וידר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • נדר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אם: CONJ
  • נתון: ADJ,m,sg,abs
  • תתן: VERB,qal,imprf,2,_,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בידי: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,suff1s

Parallels

  • Numbers 30:2 (verbal): Legal statement about making vows to the LORD and the obligation to keep them—parallels Jephthah’s sworn conditional pledge.
  • Deuteronomy 23:21 (thematic): Law forbidding delay or failure in fulfilling vows to God—provides legal/ethical background to Jephthah’s vow.
  • 1 Samuel 1:11 (thematic): Hannah’s conditional vow to dedicate a son to the LORD if He grants one—close thematic parallel in form and content (vow concerning a child/dedication).
  • 1 Samuel 14:24 (thematic): Saul’s rash oath that brings unintended consequences—a comparable example of an impetuous vow with damaging results.
  • Psalm 76:11 (verbal): Appeal to make and fulfill vows to the LORD; echoes the language and expectation implicit in Jephthah’s pledge.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And Jephthah made a vow to the LORD and said, “If you indeed give the Ammonites into my hand,
  • And Jephthah made a vow to the LORD, saying, "If you indeed give the children of Ammon into my hand,
31 then the one who comes out of the doors of my house to meet me when I return in peace from the sons of Ammon shall be the LORD’s, and I will offer him up as a burnt offering.”

Jud.11.31 - Details

Original Text

והיה היוצא אשר יצא מדלתי ביתי לקראתי בשובי בשלום מבני עמון והיה ליהוה והעליתהו עולה׃

Morphology

  • והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • היוצא: VERB,qal,ptc,3,m,sg
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • יצא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • מדלתי: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:1cs
  • ביתי: NOUN,m,sg,abs+1cs
  • לקראתי: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs,poss:1cs
  • בשובי: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs,poss:1s
  • בשלום: PREP
  • מבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cs
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • והיה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • ליהוה: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,def
  • והעליתהו: VERB,hif,impf,1,m,sg,obj:3ms
  • עולה: NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Judges 11:39 (structural): Immediate narrative parallel — the fulfillment of Jephthah’s vow when his daughter returns and he carries out what he vowed.
  • Deuteronomy 23:21-23 (verbal): Legal instruction about fulfilling vows to the LORD immediately — echoes the obligation behind Jephthah’s pledge.
  • Leviticus 27:28-29 (allusion): Law concerning persons or things 'devoted' to the LORD that become holy and are not redeemable, paralleling the idea of something belonging to God by vow.
  • 1 Samuel 1:11 (thematic): Hannah’s vow to dedicate a child to the LORD if answered parallels Jephthah’s vow linking divine deliverance with dedication of a child.
  • Ecclesiastes 5:4-6 (thematic): Admonition against making rash vows and the moral danger of uttering vows one must keep, relevant to the ethical dimensions of Jephthah’s rash vow.

Alternative generated candidates

  • whatever comes forth from the doors of my house to meet me, when I return in peace from the Ammonites, shall be the LORD’s, and I will offer it up as a burnt offering.”
  • then whatever comes out of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return in peace from the children of Ammon, shall be the LORD's, and I will offer it up as a burnt offering."
32 So Jephthah passed over to the sons of Ammon to fight against them, and the LORD gave them into his hand.

Jud.11.32 - Details

Original Text

ויעבר יפתח אל־ בני עמון להלחם בם ויתנם יהוה בידו׃

Morphology

  • ויעבר: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • להלחם: VERB,hitp,inf
  • בם: PREP+PRON,3,m,pl
  • ויתנם: CONJ+VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg,obj:3mp
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • בידו: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs+3,m,sg

Parallels

  • Judges 4:14-16 (verbal): Deborah and Barak engage Sisera and Yahweh routs the enemy, giving Sisera into their hand—parallel language and structure of divine deliverance in a judges-era military episode.
  • Judges 7:2 (verbal): God tells Gideon about the need to reduce numbers so that He may give the Midianites into Israel’s hand—uses the same formula of the Lord ‘giving into the hand’ of an Israelite leader.
  • 1 Samuel 17:47 (thematic): David declares that the LORD will deliver the Philistine into his hand so that Israel may know God’s power—shares the theme of Yahweh granting victory to an individual leader against enemies.
  • 2 Chronicles 20:15-22 (thematic): Jehoshaphat is told the battle belongs to the LORD; as they praise, God delivers the Ammon/Moab alliance into Judah’s hands—parallels both the theme of divine deliverance and the specific enemy coalition including Ammon.

Alternative generated candidates

  • So Jephthah passed over to fight the Ammonites, and the LORD gave them into his hand.
  • So Jephthah crossed over to the children of Ammon to fight against them; and the LORD gave them into his hand.
33 He struck them from Aroer as far as Minnith, twenty cities, with a very great slaughter; and the sons of Ammon were subdued before the children of Israel.

Jud.11.33 - Details

Original Text

ויכם מערוער ועד־ בואך מנית עשרים עיר ועד אבל כרמים מכה גדולה מאד ויכנעו בני עמון מפני בני ישראל׃

Morphology

  • ויכם: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg,suff:3,m,pl
  • מערוער: PREP+NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ועד: CONJ+PREP
  • בואך: NOUN,m,sg,construct+2,m,sg
  • מנית: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • עשרים: NUM,card,pl
  • עיר: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • ועד: CONJ+PREP
  • אבל: CONJ
  • כרמים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • מכה: NOUN,f,sg,abs
  • גדולה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
  • מאד: ADV
  • ויכנעו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,pl
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • מפני: PREP
  • בני: NOUN,m,pl,construct
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • 2 Samuel 10:19 (thematic): David's campaign against the Ammonites and their allies results in their defeat and the Syrians ceasing to aid them — thematically parallel to Judges 11:33's report that the children of Ammon were subdued before Israel.
  • 1 Chronicles 19:18-19 (verbal): Chronicles' retelling of David's victories over the Ammonites/Arameans uses similar language of routing and subduing Israel's enemies, paralleling Judges 11:33's description of a great strike and Ammon's subjugation.
  • Joshua 12:1-6 (structural): Joshua's summary of kings and territories conquered east of the Jordan (a run of place-names and defeated cities) parallels Judges 11:33's territorial sweep and enumeration of 'twenty towns' taken in the campaign.
  • 1 Samuel 7:11 (verbal): The description of the LORD producing 'a very great slaughter' among Israel's enemies in the Philistine battle (and the phrasing about heavy slaughter) echoes Judges 11:33's phrase 'a very great slaughter' emphasizing the scale of Israel's victory.

Alternative generated candidates

  • He struck them from Aroer to the vicinity of Minnith — twenty cities — and to Abel-keramim he gave them a very great defeat; so the Ammonites were subdued before the Israelites.
  • And he struck them from Aroer to the vicinity of Minnith—twenty cities—and to Abel Keramim he struck a very great slaughter; thus the children of Ammon were subdued before the children of Israel.
34 Jephthah came to his house at Mizpah; and behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances—she was his only child; besides her he had neither son nor daughter.

Jud.11.34 - Details

Original Text

ויבא יפתח המצפה אל־ ביתו והנה בתו יצאת לקראתו בתפים ובמחלות ורק היא יחידה אין־ לו ממנו בן או־ בת׃

Morphology

  • ויבא: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • המצפה: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • אל: NEG
  • ביתו: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • והנה: ADV
  • בתו: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • יצאת: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
  • לקראתו: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,m
  • בתפים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ובמחלות: CONJ+PREP+NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • ורק: CONJ
  • היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
  • יחידה: ADJ,f,sg,abs
  • אין: PART,neg
  • לו: PRON,3,m,sg
  • ממנו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • בן: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • או: CONJ
  • בת: NOUN,f,sg,cs

Parallels

  • Exodus 15:20 (verbal): Miriam leads the women with a timbrel and song and dances after the Red Sea crossing — same imagery of a woman coming out with timbrels and dancing.
  • Judges 21:21-23 (thematic): Daughters of Shiloh go out yearly to dance and play timbrels; closely parallels the scene of a young woman coming out to meet with timbrels and dances.
  • 1 Samuel 18:6-7 (structural): Israelite women come out singing and dancing to celebrate military victory (ʼSaul has slain his thousands…') — similar social custom of public female celebration with song and dance.
  • 1 Samuel 1:11,27-28 (thematic): Hannah’s vow to dedicate her child to the LORD and her subsequent dedication of Samuel parallels the motif of an only child connected to a vow or consecration as in Jephthah’s narrative.

Alternative generated candidates

  • Jephthah came to his house at Mizpah; and behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances. She was his only child; besides her he had no son or daughter.
  • Then Jephthah came to his house at Mizpah; and behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances—she was his only child; besides her he had neither son nor daughter.
35 When he saw her, he tore his clothes and said, “Alas, my daughter! You have brought me very low; you are one of those who cause me trouble. For I have opened my mouth to the LORD and I cannot take it back.”

Jud.11.35 - Details

Original Text

ויהי כראותו אותה ויקרע את־ בגדיו ויאמר אהה בתי הכרע הכרעתני ואת היית בעכרי ואנכי פציתי־ פי אל־ יהוה ולא אוכל לשוב׃

Morphology

  • ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • כראותו: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • אותה: PRON,3,f,sg,acc
  • ויקרע: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • בגדיו: NOUN,m,pl,abs+PRON,3,m,sg
  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • אהה: INTJ
  • בתי: NOUN,f,sg,abs,1cs
  • הכרע: VERB,qal,perf,2,f,sg
  • הכרעתני: VERB,qal,perf,2,f,sg
  • ואת: CONJ
  • היית: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
  • בעכרי: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ואנכי: PRON,1,sg
  • פציתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,m,sg
  • פי: NOUN,m,sg,construct
  • אל: NEG
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • ולא: CONJ
  • אוכל: VERB,qal,part,1,m,sg
  • לשוב: INF,qal

Parallels

  • Genesis 37:34 (structural): Jacob tears his garments on hearing Joseph is (supposedly) dead — the tear of clothing as a conventional sign of grief, paralleling Jephthah’s rending of garments on seeing his daughter.
  • Job 1:20 (structural): Job rips his robe and shaves his head in response to sudden calamity — similar external expression of anguish and lamentation as Jephthah’s tearing of garments.
  • Numbers 30:2 (verbal): Legal statement that a person who vows to the LORD must keep it: 'If a man makes a vow to the LORD... he shall not break his word' — parallels Jephthah’s claim that he has opened his mouth to the LORD and cannot retract the vow.
  • Proverbs 20:25 (thematic): 'It is a snare to say rashly “It is holy,” and to reflect only after making vows' — thematically echoes the danger of making impulsive vows, as in Jephthah’s tragic vow.
  • 1 Samuel 1:11 (thematic): Hannah’s vow to dedicate a child to the LORD links to the theme of binding vows concerning offspring — both passages involve a parent’s vow to God that affects a child’s future.

Alternative generated candidates

  • When he saw her, he tore his clothes and said, “Alas, my daughter! You have brought me very low; you have become a trouble to me, for I have opened my mouth to the LORD, and I cannot take back my vow.”
  • When he saw her, he tore his clothes and said, "Ah, my daughter! You have brought me very low, and you have become a calamity to me; for I have opened my mouth to the LORD, and I cannot go back."
36 She said to her father, “My father, you have opened your mouth to the LORD; do to me according to whatever has gone out of your mouth, since the LORD has taken vengeance on your enemies, the sons of Ammon.”

Jud.11.36 - Details

Original Text

ותאמר אליו אבי פציתה את־ פיך אל־ יהוה עשה לי כאשר יצא מפיך אחרי אשר עשה לך יהוה נקמות מאיביך מבני עמון׃

Morphology

  • ותאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • אליו: PREP+PRON,3,m,sg
  • אבי: NOUN,m,sg,cons
  • פציתה: VERB,qal,perf,2,m,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • פיך: NOUN,m,sg,abs+2ms
  • אל: NEG
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • כאשר: CONJ
  • יצא: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • מפיך: PREP,2,m,sg
  • אחרי: PREP
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • עשה: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לך: PRON,2,m,sg
  • יהוה: NOUN,prop,m,sg,abs
  • נקמות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • מאיביך: PREP,2,m,sg
  • מבני: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,cs
  • עמון: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Judges 11:30-31 (quotation): Immediate context: Jephthah’s original vow to the LORD — the words he ‘opened’ — which his daughter here accepts; direct verbal source of 11:36’s claim.
  • Numbers 30:3-5 (structural): Law concerning vows of a young woman under her father’s authority (father may confirm or nullify); relevant structural contrast to Jephthah’s unrevoked vow affecting his daughter.
  • Deuteronomy 23:21-23 (thematic): General command to fulfill vows made to the LORD (don’t delay in paying what you vow) — frames the theological/ethical obligation Jephthah invokes.
  • Genesis 22:1-19 (thematic): The binding/near-sacrifice of a child (the Akedah) provides a theological and literary parallel for a parent’s readiness to offer a child to God and the child’s submission.
  • Leviticus 20:2 (cf. 18:21) (allusion): Prohibition and severe sanction against giving children to Molech/child sacrifice — a legal/ritual contrast that highlights the problematic nature of Jephthah’s vow.

Alternative generated candidates

  • She said to her father, “My father, you have opened your mouth to the LORD; do to me according to that which has gone out of your mouth, since the LORD has taken vengeance for you on your enemies, the Ammonites.”
  • And she said to her father, "My father, you have opened your mouth to the LORD; do to me according to the vow that has gone out of your mouth, since the LORD has taken vengeance for you on your enemies, the children of Ammon."
37 Then she said to her father, “Let this thing be done for me: grant me two months, that I may go up and down on the mountains and bewail my virginity, with my companions.”

Jud.11.37 - Details

Original Text

ותאמר אל־ אביה יעשה לי הדבר הזה הרפה ממני שנים חדשים ואלכה וירדתי על־ ההרים ואבכה על־ בתולי אנכי ורעותי׃

Morphology

  • ותאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • אביה: NOUN,m,sg,suff
  • יעשה: VERB,qal,imperfect,3,m,sg
  • לי: PREP+PRON,1,sg
  • הדבר: NOUN,m,sg,def
  • הזה: DEM,m,sg
  • הרפה: VERB,hiph,impv,2,m,sg
  • ממני: PREP,suff,1,m,sg
  • שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • חדשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ואלכה: VERB,qal,impf,1,_,sg
  • וירדתי: VERB,qal,perf,1,f,sg
  • על: PREP
  • ההרים: NOUN,m,pl,def
  • ואבכה: VERB,qal,impf,1,f,sg
  • על: PREP
  • בתולי: NOUN,m,pl,cs
  • אנכי: PRON,1,sg
  • ורעותי: NOUN,f,pl,abs,+1,sg

Parallels

  • Judg.11.38 (structural): Immediate narrative continuation: she is given the two months, goes into the mountains and bewailed her virginity as she requested.
  • Judg.11.39 (structural): Narrative outcome: the vow’s fulfillment/dedication and the daughter’s fate—shows the tragic consequence of the promise described in v.37.
  • Numbers 30:3-5 (structural): Legal background on vows by a daughter and the father's authority to confirm or annul them—helps explain the social-legal context of a daughter's vow and a father's response.
  • 2 Samuel 13:19-20 (thematic): Tamar’s public mourning for her violated/lost virginity parallels the daughter’s lamentation over her virginity—both portray female grief centered on chastity and social consequence.
  • 1 Samuel 1:11 (thematic): Hannah’s vow to dedicate a child to the Lord parallels the theme of a life-changing vow/dedication to God and the personal cost such vows can entail.

Alternative generated candidates

  • And she said to her father, “Let this thing be done for me: grant me two months, that I may go and wander on the mountains and bewail my virginity, I and my companions.”
  • Then she said to her father, "Let this thing be done for me: grant me two months, that I may go and wander on the mountains and bewail my virginity, I and my companions."
38 And he said, “Go,” and he sent her away for two months; and she went with her companions and bewailed her virginity on the mountains.

Jud.11.38 - Details

Original Text

ויאמר לכי וישלח אותה שני חדשים ותלך היא ורעותיה ותבך על־ בתוליה על־ ההרים׃

Morphology

  • ויאמר: VERB,qal,perf,3,m,sg
  • לכי: VERB,qal,imp,2,f,sg
  • וישלח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • אותה: PRON,3,f,sg,acc
  • שני: NUM,m,pl,construct
  • חדשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ותלך: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • היא: PRON,dem,3,f,sg
  • ורעותיה: NOUN,f,pl,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
  • ותבך: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • על: PREP
  • בתוליה: NOUN,f,sg,abs+PRON,3,f,sg
  • על: PREP
  • ההרים: NOUN,m,pl,def

Parallels

  • Judges 11:39 (verbal): Immediate continuation of the episode: states the daughter fulfilled the vow and remained a virgin — directly tied to her lament in v.38.
  • Judges 11:40 (thematic): Reports the institutional aftermath — an annual commemoration by the daughters of Israel that grows out of the daughter's mourning for her virginity.
  • Numbers 30:2 (structural): Legal background on vows: explains the binding nature of vows (context for understanding Jephthah's obligation and the crisis created by his vow).
  • 1 Samuel 1:11 (thematic): Hannah's vow to dedicate her child to the LORD: thematically parallels vows involving children and the emotional cost/dedication that follows.
  • 2 Samuel 13:19 (thematic): Tamar's public mourning over her violated virginity (tearing garments, ashes): thematically parallels the motif of a woman's lament over lost or forfeited virginity.

Alternative generated candidates

  • He said, “Go.” And he sent her away for two months; and she went with her companions and bewailed her virginity on the mountains.
  • And he said, "Go." So he sent her away for two months; and she went with her companions and bewailed her virginity on the mountains.
39 At the end of two months she returned to her father, and he did with her according to his vow which he had made. She had no relations with a man; it became a custom in Israel,

Jud.11.39 - Details

Original Text

ויהי מקץ ׀ שנים חדשים ותשב אל־ אביה ויעש לה את־ נדרו אשר נדר והיא לא־ ידעה איש ותהי־ חק בישראל׃

Morphology

  • ויהי: VERB,qal,wayyiqtol,3,m,sg
  • מקץ: PREP
  • שנים: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • חדשים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ותשב: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • אל: NEG
  • אביה: NOUN,m,sg,suff
  • ויעש: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • לה: PREP+PRON,3,f,sg
  • את: PRT,acc
  • נדרו: NOUN,m,sg,abs+3m
  • אשר: PRON,rel
  • נדר: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • והיא: CONJ+PRON,3,f,sg
  • לא: PART_NEG
  • ידעה: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • איש: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • ותהי: VERB,qal,perf,3,f,sg
  • חק: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • בישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Judg 11:30-31 (structural): Immediate context: Jephthah's vow in which he pledges a thanksgiving offering 'whatever comes out' — the verbal and narrative basis for the daughter's consecration in 11:39.
  • Judg 11:36-37 (structural): Close narrative parallel within the same episode describing the daughter's lament and Jephthah's fulfillment of the vow, directly explaining how 11:39 was carried out.
  • 1 Sam 1:11, 1:28 (thematic): Hannah's vow to dedicate a child to the LORD and her subsequent dedication of Samuel (1:28) parallels the theme of parental vows resulting in a child's consecration to divine service.
  • Num 30:2-5 (verbal): Legal regulations about the binding nature of vows and their enforceability provide a legal backdrop to Jephthah's vow and its obligatory fulfillment.
  • Lev 27:2-8 (thematic): Laws concerning persons or things 'vowed' or dedicated to the LORD (including provisions for redemption) parallel the concept of dedicating a person to God and the consequences of such dedications.

Alternative generated candidates

  • At the end of two months she returned to her father; and he did with her according to his vow which he had vowed. She knew no man; and it became a custom in Israel
  • At the end of two months she returned to her father, and he did with her according to his vow which he had vowed; she had never known a man. Thus it became a custom in Israel,
40 that the daughters of Israel went yearly to lament the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite four days in the year.

Jud.11.40 - Details

Original Text

מימים ׀ ימימה תלכנה בנות ישראל לתנות לבת־ יפתח הגלעדי ארבעת ימים בשנה׃

Morphology

  • מימים: PREP+NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • ימימה: ADV
  • תלכנה: VERB,qal,impf,3,f,pl
  • בנות: NOUN,f,pl,abs
  • ישראל: NOUN,m,sg,abs
  • לתנות: INF+VERB,qal,inf
  • לבת: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,cons
  • יפתח: VERB,qal,impf,3,m,sg
  • הגלעדי: ADJ,m,sg,def
  • ארבעת: NUM,card,pl,cons
  • ימים: NOUN,m,pl,abs
  • בשנה: PREP+NOUN,f,sg,abs

Parallels

  • Judg.11:37-39 (structural): Immediate context: the daughter of Jephthah asks for two months to bewail her virginity and then is given over to her fate; these verses explain the personal lamentation that the annual four‑day commemoration (v.40) institutionalizes.
  • 2 Sam.21:10 (verbal): Very similar wording and practice: 'From the time of Saul... the daughters of Israel used to go out to lament Saul and his sons' — parallels the phrase 'daughters of Israel' and the yearly public lament for a notable figure.
  • 2 Sam.1:17-27 (thematic): David's public lament for Saul and Jonathan demonstrates the Israelite practice of composing and performing formal laments over fallen leaders; thematically parallels communal mourning and commemorative lament in Judg.11:40.
  • Esther 9:27-28 (thematic): Establishment of an annual communal observance (Purim) 'to be remembered and kept' — a thematic parallel in which a significant event is institutionalized as a recurring national commemoration, though celebratory rather than mournful.

Alternative generated candidates

  • that the daughters of Israel would go year by year to lament the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite four days in the year.
  • that the daughters of Israel would go yearly to lament the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite four days in a year.

Again the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD and served the Baals, the Ashtaroth, the gods of Aram, the gods of Sidon, the gods of Moab, the gods of the sons of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines; and they forsook the LORD and did not serve him.

The anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel, and he sold them into the hand of the Philistines and into the hand of the sons of Ammon.

They oppressed and crushed the children of Israel that year eighteen years; all the people who were beyond the Jordan, in the land of the Amorites who are in Gilead.

The sons of Ammon crossed the Jordan to fight also against Judah and Benjamin and the house of Ephraim; Israel was sore distressed.

Then the children of Israel cried to the LORD, saying, “We have sinned against you, for we have forsaken our God and have served the Baals.” And the LORD said to the children of Israel, “Did I not deliver you from the Egyptians, from the Amorites, from the sons of Ammon, and from the Philistines?

The Sidonians, Amalek, and Maon oppressed you; and you cried to me, and I delivered you from their hand.

Yet you have forsaken me and served other gods; therefore I will not deliver you any more.

Go and cry out to the gods that you have chosen; let them deliver you in the time of your distress.”

The children of Israel said to the LORD, “We have sinned; do to us whatever seems good to you; only deliver us this day.”

Then they put away the foreign gods from among them and served the LORD; and his soul was grieved because of the misery of Israel.

The sons of Ammon assembled and encamped in Gilead, and the children of Israel assembled and encamped at Mizpah.

The people said to the heads of Gilead, “Who is he who will begin to fight the sons of Ammon? He shall be head over all who dwell in Gilead.”

Jephthah the Gileadite was a mighty warrior; he was the son of a prostitute, and Gilead fathered Jephthah.

Gilead’s wife bore him sons; and when his sons grew up, they drove Jephthah out and said to him, “You shall have no inheritance in our father’s house, for you are the son of another woman.” So Jephthah fled from before his brothers and lived in the land of Tob; and worthless men gathered to Jephthah and went out with him.

It came about as time went on that the sons of Ammon made war against Israel.

When the sons of Ammon fought against Israel, the elders of Gilead went to bring Jephthah from the land of Tob.

They said to Jephthah, “Come and be our chief, that we may fight the sons of Ammon.”

Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, “Did you not hate me and drive me out of my father’s house? Why have you come to me now when you are in distress?”

The elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, “Therefore now return with us, and you shall go with us and fight the sons of Ammon; you shall be head over all who dwell in Gilead.”

Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, “If you bring me back to fight the sons of Ammon, and the LORD gives them into my hand, I will be your head.”

The elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, “The LORD will be witness between us—if we do not do as you say, then may he deal with us as seems good to him.” So Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people made him head and commander; and Jephthah spoke all his words before the LORD at Mizpah.

Then Jephthah sent messengers to the king of the sons of Ammon, saying, “What have you to do with me, that you have come to fight against my land?”

The king of the sons of Ammon answered the messengers of Jephthah, “Because Israel has taken away my land when they came up from Egypt—from the Arnon to the Jabbok and to the Jordan—now therefore restore it peaceably.”

Jephthah also sent messengers again to the king of the sons of Ammon,

saying to him, “Thus says Jephthah: Israel did not take the land of Moab nor the land of the sons of Ammon;

for when Israel went up from Egypt they went through the wilderness to the Sea of Reeds and came to Kadesh.

Israel sent messengers to the king of Edom saying, ‘Let me pass through your land’; but the king of Edom would not listen. So Israel also turned aside from him.

They turned and went through the wilderness and encircled the land of Edom and the land of Moab; they came from the east to the land of Moab and camped beyond the Arnon; but they did not enter the border of Moab, for the Arnon was the border of Moab.

Then Israel sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, saying, ‘Let me pass through your land to my place.’ But Sihon would not permit Israel to pass through his border; Sihon gathered all his people and went out to meet Israel in battle at Jahaz. And the LORD, the God of Israel, gave Sihon and all his people into the hand of Israel; and they struck them down and possessed all his land.

They possessed all the border of the Amorites from the Arnon to the Jabbok and from the wilderness to the Jordan. Now therefore the LORD, the God of Israel, has dispossessed the Amorites from before his people Israel; will you possess them?

Will you not possess what your gods already possess? Possess it—what the LORD our God has dispossessed from before us, we will possess.

Was it not Balak the son of Zippor king of Moab who had a large possession, and he was driven back from the possession of the Israelites?

When Israel dwelt in Heshbon and its villages and in Aroer and its villages and in all the cities that are on the banks of the Arnon for three hundred years—why did you not recover them then?

I have not sinned against you, but you do me wrong to fight against me. The LORD, the Judge, decide this day between the people of Israel and the people of Ammon.” But the king of the sons of Ammon did not listen to the words of Jephthah which he sent him.

Then the Spirit of the LORD came upon Jephthah, and he passed through Gilead and Manasseh; he passed through Mizpah of Gilead, and from Mizpah of Gilead he passed over to the sons of Ammon. And Jephthah made a vow to the LORD and said, “If you will indeed give the sons of Ammon into my hand,

then the one who comes out of the doors of my house to meet me when I return in peace from the sons of Ammon shall be the LORD’s, and I will offer him up as a burnt offering.” So Jephthah passed over to the sons of Ammon to fight against them, and the LORD gave them into his hand.

He struck them from Aroer as far as Minnith, twenty cities, with a very great slaughter; and the sons of Ammon were subdued before the children of Israel.

Jephthah came to his house at Mizpah; and behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances—she was his only child; besides her he had neither son nor daughter.

When he saw her, he tore his clothes and said, “Alas, my daughter! You have brought me very low; you are one of those who cause me trouble. For I have opened my mouth to the LORD and I cannot take it back.”

She said to her father, “My father, you have opened your mouth to the LORD; do to me according to whatever has gone out of your mouth, since the LORD has taken vengeance on your enemies, the sons of Ammon.”

Then she said to her father, “Let this thing be done for me: grant me two months, that I may go up and down on the mountains and bewail my virginity, with my companions.” And he said, “Go,” and he sent her away for two months; and she went with her companions and bewailed her virginity on the mountains.

At the end of two months she returned to her father, and he did with her according to his vow which he had made. She had no relations with a man; it became a custom in Israel,

that the daughters of Israel went yearly to lament the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite four days in the year.