ad denotes an unbounded span of time, used for what endures, continues, or reaches back beyond a stated point.

The occurrences chiefly mark an unbounded temporal horizon: reign, praise, righteousness, established things, dwelling, and promised outcomes are presented as continuing without a stated end. One verse also places the term in a backward-looking expression, referring to time before humanity was set on the land.

1. Enduring without a stated end · dominant

   The term marks continuing duration in statements about the LORD's reign in Exodus 15:18, the earth's stability in Psalm 104:5, and ongoing praise in Psalm 145:21. It also accompanies what remains established or endures, as the APB renders righteousness in Psalm 111:3 and a throne in Proverbs 29:14.

   Exodus 15:18Psalm 104:5Psalm 145:21Psalm 111:3Proverbs 29:14Isaiah 57:15
2. A time extending back before the present · rare

   In Job 20:4, the term occurs in the question about knowing something "from perpetuity," followed by "from the time when man was set upon the land." The clause uses it to place the stated knowledge at a remote point before the present.

   Job 20:4

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB commonly expresses the temporal force with "forever" or "forever and ever," as in Exodus 15:18, Psalm 104:5, and Psalm 145:21; Job 20:4 has "from perpetuity." These renderings confirm the clauses' temporal horizon rather than assigning a separate English equivalent in every occurrence.