ra.ash describes the quaking of land, mountains, structures, and peoples, and in causative forms the act of making them quake.

The prevailing use depicts land, mountains, heavens, walls, coastlands, or peoples quaking amid overwhelming events. A smaller causative use presents a subject as bringing about that trembling, whether of the earth, nations, kingdoms, or an animal.

1. Quaking or being set in motion · dominant

   Qal forms portray affected subjects as quaking: in 2 Samuel 22:8 the earth reels and quakes, while in Jeremiah 4:24 the mountains are quaking and the hills swaying. The same pattern extends to walls at the arrival of horses in Ezekiel 26:10, coastlands at Tyre's fall in Ezekiel 26:15, and the mountains before him in Nahum 1:5.

   2 Samuel 22:8Jeremiah 4:24Ezekiel 26:10Ezekiel 26:15Nahum 1:5Psalm 72:16
2. Causing something to quake · common

   Hiphil forms place the action with a causer. In Haggai 2:6 the APB renders the speaker's announced action, “I will once more shake the heavens and the earth and the sea and the dry land”; Haggai 2:7 similarly names all the nations as affected. Isaiah 14:16 describes a man who made the earth tremble and shook kingdoms, and Ezekiel 31:16 states that the nations were made to tremble at the sound of a fall.

   Haggai 2:6Haggai 2:7Haggai 2:21Isaiah 14:16Ezekiel 31:16Job 39:20

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB variously renders the surrounding clauses with “quaked,” “trembled,” “quake,” “shook,” and “shake.” These renderings indicate the clauses' presentation rather than assigning each English expression exclusively to this lemma.