ed denotes a witness: a person giving testimony, or a person, object, or record standing as evidence.

The term most often identifies persons whose testimony bears on accusation, judgment, or a public transaction. It also describes persons who stand as witnesses to a declaration, and tangible objects or written materials that remain as evidence between parties or against a people.

1. Testifying person in legal or judicial matters · dominant

   Plural and singular forms identify those whose testimony establishes or contests a matter: in Deuteronomy 19:15 the APB renders a requirement for two or three witnesses to establish a matter, while Deuteronomy 19:18 concerns a witness found to have accused falsely. In Deuteronomy 17:7 the witnesses are also the first to act in the stated execution, and Jeremiah 32:10 places witnesses at the sealing of a deed.

   Deuteronomy 19:15Deuteronomy 19:18Deuteronomy 17:6Deuteronomy 17:7Numbers 35:30Jeremiah 32:10
2. Person standing as witness to a claim or commitment · common

   The noun can identify a person or group called upon to stand behind a declaration rather than a courtroom proceeding. In Isaiah 43:10 the APB renders the addressed people as “my witnesses,” and Joshua 24:22 has the people affirm that they are witnesses against themselves concerning their choice to serve the LORD. In 1 Samuel 12:5, the LORD and his anointed are named as witnesses concerning what was found in Samuel's hand.

   Isaiah 43:10Isaiah 43:12Joshua 24:221 Samuel 12:5Ruth 4:10Jeremiah 42:5
3. Object or written record standing as evidence · occasional

   A singular form labels physical items or texts that mark an enduring relationship or charge. In Genesis 31:48 the APB calls a heap a witness between the two parties, and Joshua 22:28 calls an altar-pattern a witness between them. Deuteronomy 31:26 describes the book placed beside the ark as remaining a witness against the people; Isaiah 30:8 similarly links an inscribed record with a witness for a later day.

   Genesis 31:48Genesis 31:52Joshua 22:27Joshua 22:28Deuteronomy 31:26Isaiah 30:8

In the Anselm Project Bible: Across these verses, the APB commonly uses “witness” or “witnesses,” and at times renders the surrounding clause with “testimony,” “testify,” or “witnessed.” These English expressions confirm the verse-level setting rather than assigning each wording directly to the lemma.