ka.lam describes undergoing humiliation or shame, and in active forms bringing such humiliation on another.

The prevailing use portrays persons as humiliated or ashamed, whether because of wrongdoing, defeat, reproach, or public disgrace; a smaller group of active forms describes humiliating another person or withholding such treatment. The verses also place the term in pleas or commands that humiliation not occur.

1. Experiencing shame or public humiliation · dominant

   Niphal and Hophal forms describe people undergoing humiliation: in Ezra 9:6 the speaker is unable to lift his face because of communal iniquities, while in Isaiah 41:11 opponents are to be ashamed and humiliated. In Ezekiel 43:10 the house of Israel is to be humiliated because of its iniquities, and 1 Chronicles 19:5 calls the men greatly humiliated as they wait in Jericho.

   Ezra 9:6Isaiah 41:11Ezekiel 43:101 Chronicles 19:5Jeremiah 31:19Psalm 74:21
2. Humiliating or reproaching another · common

   Hiphil forms place the action upon another: in 1 Samuel 20:34 Jonathan is grieved because his father had humiliated David, and in Job 19:3 the speakers are charged with repeatedly humiliating Job. In Ruth 2:15 Boaz instructs his young men not to reproach the gleaner, and Proverbs 28:7 says that association with the vile humiliates a father.

   1 Samuel 20:34Job 19:3Ruth 2:15Proverbs 28:71 Samuel 25:7Proverbs 25:8

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB commonly uses "humiliated" or joins it with "ashamed," as in Ezra 9:6 and Isaiah 41:11; it also uses "put to shame" in Isaiah 54:4 and "reproach" in Ruth 2:15. These are renderings of whole clauses.