zed describes arrogant people whose pride is expressed in defiance, mockery, deception, or oppression.

The word consistently marks arrogant persons, especially opponents whose conduct includes resisting instruction, mocking, deceiving, oppressing, or acting defiantly. It can also identify arrogant people more generally in pronouncements of judgment or in descriptions of those considered blessed.

1. Arrogant persons acting in defiance · dominant

   The masculine plural form identifies hostile people in Psalm 119:51, where the APB renders that they "have mocked me greatly," and in Psalm 119:69, where they "have smeared deception upon me." In Psalm 119:85 they dig pits against the speaker, while Jeremiah 43:2 places the plural form with men who reject Jeremiah's message. The singular form in Proverbs 21:24 occurs in a description of a proud mocker acting with furious arrogance.

   Psalm 119:51Psalm 119:69Psalm 119:85Jeremiah 43:2Proverbs 21:24Psalm 86:14

In the Anselm Project Bible: Across most occurrences, the APB presents the people as "the arrogant" or "arrogant ones," including those who mock, deceive, oppress, or arise against the speaker. In Psalm 19:14, the supplied translation does not visibly isolate the term's contribution, so its specific English rendering there is unclear.