ra.ash marks seismic shaking, rumbling motion, and agitation in scenes of fear or upheaval.

The dominant use marks an earthquake or earth-shaking event, including events recalled, announced, or accompanying dramatic action. Other verses place it with rumbling sounds of wheels and chariots or with trembling and turmoil in bodily movement.

1. Earth-shaking event · dominant

   In 1 Kings 19:11 and 1 Kings 19:12, the common masculine singular absolute form occurs in the sequence after the wind and before the fire; the APB renders the event "an earthquake." In Ezekiel 37:7 the APB renders "a quaking" as the bones come together, while Ezekiel 38:19 and Zechariah 14:5 describe a great earthquake and an earlier earthquake from which people fled.

   1 Kings 19:111 Kings 19:12Ezekiel 37:7Ezekiel 38:19Isaiah 29:6Zechariah 14:5
2. Rumbling of moving vehicles or creatures · common

   In Ezekiel 3:12 and Ezekiel 3:13, the APB renders a loud "rumbling sound" amid the sound of living creatures' wings and wheels. Jeremiah 47:3 and Nahum 3:2 place the form in construct expressions associated with chariots, wheels, hoofs, and rushing horses; the APB renders "the quaking of his chariots" and "quaking wheels."

   Ezekiel 3:12Ezekiel 3:13Jeremiah 47:3Nahum 3:2
3. Trembling or turbulent motion · occasional

   In Ezekiel 12:18, the absolute noun appears in an instruction to eat bread with trembling and to drink with quivering and anxiety. In Job 39:24, the APB joins "quaking and turmoil" with the horse's consuming movement across the earth.

   Ezekiel 12:18Job 39:24

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB variously presents the term in these clauses as "earthquake," "quaking," "rumbling sound," and "trembling." These renderings show the verses' presentation rather than a fixed English equivalent.