na.qam denotes retributive action or its appointed occasion, directed against enemies, wrongdoing, or injury.

The occurrences chiefly present retributive action associated with God against foes and in response to bloodshed or conflict; a smaller group shows human retaliation, including Samson's response to the loss of his eyes and a husband's anger. The noun also occurs in set expressions that identify a day, year, garment, or covenant-related act of such retribution.

1. Retribution carried out against foes · dominant

   The absolute noun occurs in declarations of action against enemies or foes: in Deuteronomy 32:41 the APB renders a return of action to enemies, and in Deuteronomy 32:43 it renders action taken against foes after the blood of servants is avenged. In Isaiah 34:8, Isaiah 47:3, Isaiah 61:2, and Isaiah 63:4, the APB places the noun in clauses about a day or year of recompense, taking action, or God's coming act.

   Deuteronomy 32:41Deuteronomy 32:43Isaiah 34:8Isaiah 47:3Isaiah 61:2Isaiah 63:4
2. Personal or hostile retaliation · occasional

   In Judges 16:28, the construct noun appears in Samson's request to act against the Philistines for his two eyes; the APB renders his request as taking action "for one of my two eyes." In Ezekiel 25:12 and Ezekiel 25:15, the absolute noun is in accusations that Edom and the Philistines acted against Judah or acted with scorn and enmity; Proverbs 6:34 places it in the husband's day of fury.

   Judges 16:28Ezekiel 25:12Ezekiel 25:15Proverbs 6:34

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB commonly uses "vengeance" in these clauses, while related clause renderings include "avenge," "take vengeance," and "recompense." Those English expressions indicate the verse-level presentation rather than a fixed rendering for each token.