cha.rad denotes trembling in alarm or upheaval, and in causative forms making someone afraid.

The prevailing use describes people, places, or the earth trembling in response to an alarming encounter, threat, or upheaval. In Hiphil forms, it depicts causing others to tremble or the absence of anyone who would make them afraid.

1. Trembling in alarm or upheaval · dominant

   Qal forms show persons trembling when confronted by alarming events: Isaac reacts violently after learning of the blessing in Genesis 27:33, Saul's heart trembles as he sees the Philistine camp in 1 Samuel 28:5, and the people in the camp tremble amid the trumpet blast in Exodus 19:16. The same use extends to upheaval affecting a place or the natural world: in Exodus 19:18 the APB renders the whole mountain as trembling, and in Ezekiel 26:18 coastlands tremble on the day of a fall.

   Genesis 27:331 Samuel 28:5Exodus 19:16Exodus 19:18Ezekiel 26:18Ruth 3:8
2. Causing others to tremble or be afraid · common

   Hiphil forms place the action on an agent or intended effect. In 2 Samuel 17:2 the speaker plans to make a weary opponent tremble so that the people with him flee, while in Ezekiel 30:9 messengers go out to make Cush tremble. Several participial clauses negate such a cause: in Leviticus 26:6 and Ezekiel 34:28 the APB describes security with no one causing trembling.

   2 Samuel 17:2Ezekiel 30:9Leviticus 26:6Ezekiel 34:28Jeremiah 30:10Judges 8:12

In the Anselm Project Bible: Across these verses the APB commonly uses “trembled” or “tremble”; it also uses “startled,” “terrified,” “afraid,” and “frightening” in some contexts. Because the APB translates whole verses rather than aligning each word, these renderings indicate the clauses' presentation rather than fixed English equivalents.