cha.mas denotes violent wrongdoing, whether filling a land, marking a person's conduct, or inflicted upon victims.

The term consistently names violent wrongdoing: it can characterize a land or city filled with it, the conduct of persons or rulers, and harm done to particular people, places, or populations. The supplied verses also place it beside deception, robbery, bloodshed, destruction, and the opposite demand for justice and righteousness, without requiring separate lexical senses.

1. violent wrongdoing and inflicted harm · dominant

   The singular noun identifies a condition or practice of violent wrong: in Genesis 6:11 the APB renders the earth as filled with “violence,” and in Ezekiel 45:9 leaders are commanded to remove it alongside plunder and to practice justice and righteousness. Construct forms mark violence done to a recipient or place: Habakkuk 2:8 speaks of violence done to the land and town, while Judges 9:24 concerns violence done to Jerubbaal’s sons. The same term can describe conduct associated with a person, as in Proverbs 16:29, or the harm from which someone is rescued, as in 2 Samuel 22:3.

   Genesis 6:11Ezekiel 45:9Habakkuk 2:8Judges 9:24Proverbs 16:292 Samuel 22:3

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB frequently presents the surrounding clause with “violence,” including violence filling the earth or a city and violence done to a land or person. It also frames the term in settings of plunder, destruction, false witness, and justice; Those neighboring English expressions should not be treated as separate renderings of the term.