kopiao denotes sustained exertion in work, service, hardship, and efforts whose outcome may be in view.

The occurrences consistently describe sustained exertion: people work with their hands, fish through the night, farm, travel, and undertake demanding service for others. Several clauses also evaluate that effort by its result, speaking of work done “in vain,” entering others’ effort, or continuing without weariness.

1. Sustained exertion in work or service · dominant

   Present active participles identify those engaged in demanding activity: in 1 Timothy 5:17 the APB renders elders as those who “labor in the word and teaching,” while in 2 Timothy 2:6 it describes a farmer before partaking of fruit. The same exertion appears in manual work in 1 Corinthians 4:12, all-night fishing in Luke 5:5, hard work that helps the weak in Acts 20:35, and effort directed toward a stated goal in Colossians 1:29.

   1 Timothy 5:172 Timothy 2:61 Corinthians 4:12Luke 5:5Acts 20:35Colossians 1:29

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB commonly uses “labor,” including for service, farming, and personal effort; it also uses “working hard” in Acts 20:35 and “toil” in Matthew 6:28. In Revelation 2:3 it renders the clause “you have not grown weary,” showing that the translation may express the result or condition of exertion rather than supply a repeated English term.