makh.ov denotes experienced suffering or distress, whether borne personally, endured in labor, or associated with affliction.

The attested usage describes experienced suffering or distress in contexts of affliction, personal complaint, exhausting work, and grief. Singular and plural forms occur where suffering is spoken of as an individual burden or as repeated and abundant troubles.

1. Experienced suffering and distress · dominant

   In Exodus 3:7, the plural construct form occurs in the report that the LORD knows his people’s affliction in Egypt. Job 33:19 places the singular absolute form in a man’s rebuke on his bed, while Ecclesiastes 2:23 uses the plural with work that is pain and vexation. Lamentations 1:12 repeats singular absolute forms in the appeal to see whether there is suffering like the speaker’s own.

   Exodus 3:7Job 33:19Ecclesiastes 2:23Lamentations 1:12Jeremiah 30:15Psalm 32:10

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB presents the surrounding clauses with wording such as “pain,” “sorrows,” “grief,” and “sorrow” in different verses. These variations show the verse-level presentation rather than separate lexical senses.