cup
kos denotes a drinking vessel and, in many judgment scenes, the drink or allotted experience received from God.
The term most often occurs in scenes where a cup is given, taken, or drunk as an imposed experience of rage, disgrace, drunkenness, or devastation. It also names an ordinary vessel for drink, describes a cup-shaped rim, and appears in psalms for a beneficial portion, salvation, or abundance.
Senses in use
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Cup received and drunk in judgment · dominant
In Isaiah 51:17 the APB renders Jerusalem as having drunk from the LORD's hand "the cup of his rage" and drained the cup of reeling. In Ezekiel 23:32 the sister's deep, broad cup is to be drunk and brings laughter and derision; Jeremiah 25:15 similarly has nations drink a cup of the wine of rage.
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Ordinary vessel for drink · common
In Genesis 40:11 the APB renders Pharaoh's cup as held in the hand, filled by squeezing grapes into it, and then given to Pharaoh. In 2 Samuel 12:3, the ewe-lamb drinks from its owner's cup; Jeremiah 35:5 places plural cups before the Rechabites with wine.
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Personal portion marked by blessing or abundance · occasional
In Psalm 16:5 the APB renders the LORD as the speaker's chosen portion and cup, alongside the statement that he holds the speaker's lot. Psalm 23:5 places the overflowing cup within a prepared table and anointing, while Psalm 116:13 speaks of lifting the cup of salvation.
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Cup-shaped rim · rare
In 1 Kings 7:26 the APB compares the rim of a large vessel to the rim of a cup and then gives its capacity. 2 Chronicles 4:5 makes the same comparison for its rim and lily-blossom workmanship.
In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB commonly presents the noun as "cup," whether it is held, filled, given, or drunk, and it retains that image in descriptions of rage, reeling, consolation, salvation, and overflow. Psalm 75:9 does not make this noun's specific contribution clear in its English rendering.