ha.mam denotes bringing opponents or peoples into disarray, often amid defeat, flight, or destruction.

The attested use centers on bringing a group into disruptive disarray: enemies are thrown into confusion before defeat or flight, while peoples can be overwhelmed amid distress and destruction. The same broad use also appears in a plan directed against the Jews and in Jeremiah’s description of Babylon’s treatment of its victims.

1. Bringing people or enemies into disarray · dominant

   In Exodus 14:24, the Qal sequential imperfect occurs as the LORD acts against the Egyptian camp; the APB renders the result as throwing the camp “into confusion.” In Joshua 10:10 and 1 Samuel 7:10, the same verbal pattern stands before pursuit or rout, and in 2 Chronicles 15:6 the perfect form describes God’s action amid nation-against-nation and city-against-city distress. Esther 9:24 places an infinitive construct in Haman’s plan against the Jews, where the APB renders the stated aim “to confuse them and to destroy them.”

   Exodus 14:24Joshua 10:101 Samuel 7:102 Chronicles 15:6Esther 9:24Jeremiah 51:34

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB commonly presents the term with “confused” or “into confusion,” while other verses in the same settings use “routed,” “tumult,” or describe scattering and defeat. Those renderings show the verse-level outcome rather than a fixed English equivalent for every form.