par.oh designates the Egyptian ruler who confronts Israel, commands officials, and is linked with Egypt’s royal household.

The term is a proper designation for Egypt’s ruler, most prominently in the Exodus confrontation over Israel’s release and in references to his household, army, officials, and royal family. The same designation also occurs in later accounts of dealings between Israelite kings and Egypt’s ruler.

1. Egypt’s royal ruler · dominant

   The supplied morphology identifies the form as a proper noun throughout. In Exodus 10:3 the APB renders Moses and Aaron addressing this figure over the release of the people; in Exodus 14:23 it renders his horses, chariots, and horsemen pursuing into the sea. Later clauses identify the same royal figure in dealings with Solomon and Hadad, as in 1 Kings 3:1 and 1 Kings 11:18.

   Exodus 10:3Exodus 10:20Exodus 14:231 Kings 3:11 Kings 11:182 Kings 23:35

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB generally presents the designation as “Pharaoh,” often expanding the verse’s description with “king of Egypt” or possessive phrases such as “Pharaoh's heart” and “Pharaoh's sons.” Such surrounding wording should not be treated as a separate meaning of the term.