to hurt
a.tsav denotes being hurt or grieved, and in some contexts causing pain, danger, or humiliation.
The occurrences most often concern grief or inward distress in response to loss, offense, or wrongdoing; other contexts concern harm, danger, or pain inflicted or experienced in concrete situations.
Senses in use
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To be grieved or distressed · dominant
In Genesis 6:6 the Hithpael form occurs as the LORD is grieved over making humankind, and the APB renders the clause "it grieved him to his heart." In Genesis 34:7 the sons of Jacob respond to what was done to Dinah with grief and anger; Genesis 45:5 and Nehemiah 8:10 use Niphal jussives telling hearers not to be hurt or grieve. The Niphal forms in 1 Samuel 20:3 and 1 Samuel 20:34 likewise occur where Jonathan is grieved in connection with David and Saul's treatment of him.
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To suffer or cause hurt in adverse situations · occasional
In 1 Chronicles 4:10 the Qal infinitive is in Jabez's request to be kept from harm "so that it does not hurt me," while Ecclesiastes 10:9 places a Niphal imperfect in a warning about being hurt by stones. Other clauses present distress in hostile settings: 2 Samuel 19:3 describes people slipping into the city as those humiliated in flight, and Psalm 56:6 places a Piel imperfect amid quarrelling and watching the speaker's heel.
In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB variously uses "grieved," "hurt," "grieve," "wounded in spirit," and "humiliated" in verses containing the term. Because it is a whole-verse translation, these renderings show the contexts of distress and harm without assigning every English expression directly to the lemma.