cha.neph describes defiling land through blood, covenant-breaking, and sexual wrongdoing, and can extend to people or Zion.

The dominant use describes land or earth becoming defiled through bloodshed, sexual wrongdoing, and transgression; the same vocabulary also appears where prophets and priests are described as polluted, Zion as profaned, and covenant violators as seduced.

1. Defiling the land or earth · dominant

   In Numbers 35:33, Hiphil imperfect forms occur in the prohibition against polluting the land and in the statement that blood pollutes it. Qal forms describe the land or earth as affected: in Isaiah 24:5 the APB renders the earth as “polluted” after transgressing laws and breaking covenant, while Jeremiah 3:1, Jeremiah 3:2, Jeremiah 3:9, and Psalm 106:38 connect the land's pollution with sexual wrongdoing or shed blood.

   Numbers 35:33Isaiah 24:5Jeremiah 3:1Jeremiah 3:2Jeremiah 3:9Psalm 106:38
2. Pollution or profanation of people and Zion · occasional

   In Jeremiah 23:11, the Qal perfect plural is used of both prophet and priest, whom the APB describes as “polluted” in connection with evil found in the house. In Micah 4:11 the Qal imperfect appears in the nations' call for Zion to be “profaned”; Daniel 11:32 places a Hiphil imperfect in a clause where covenant violators are seduced with flattery.

   Jeremiah 23:11Micah 4:11Daniel 11:32

In the Anselm Project Bible: Across the land-focused verses, the APB commonly uses “polluted” or “pollute”; it uses “profaned” for Zion in Micah 4:11 and “seduce with flattery” in Daniel 11:32. These are renderings of whole clauses in a translation to the lemma.