a.sham denotes becoming liable for wrongdoing or being treated as guilty because of an offense.

The attested use consistently marks liability or culpability arising from a prohibited act, whether an unintentional violation, uncleanness, an oath, violence, idolatry, or other wrongdoing; it can also stand in statements that a person or group is not held liable.

1. Incurring or bearing culpability for an offense · dominant

   The Qal forms mark the status that follows a violation: in Leviticus 4:22 the APB renders a leader's doing what was forbidden as resulting in becoming guilty, and in Leviticus 5:17 it applies even when the person did not know the forbidden act. The same status follows contact with uncleanness in Leviticus 5:2 and Leviticus 5:3, while Ezekiel 22:4 connects it with bloodshed and made idols; Jeremiah 2:3 applies it to those who devour Israel.

   Leviticus 4:22Leviticus 5:17Leviticus 5:2Leviticus 5:3Ezekiel 22:4Jeremiah 2:3

In the Anselm Project Bible: Across the verses, the APB commonly presents the clause with “guilty” or “held guilty,” and elsewhere uses “incur guilt” or “condemned.” These are presentations of the surrounding clauses rather than fixed English equivalents.