oy is an interjection of lament, alarm, or threatened distress addressed to oneself, a people, or a city.

As an interjection, oy marks an outcry of grief, alarm, or impending calamity: speakers cry out over their own distress, while prophetic declarations direct the cry toward people and cities facing judgment or ruin.

1. Interjection introducing lament or threatened distress · dominant

   The supplied forms are all tagged Particle · Interjection. In 1 Samuel 4:7 the APB renders the Philistines' fearful response to God's coming to the camp as "Woe to us!"; in Isaiah 6:5 it renders a speaker's cry after seeing the King as "Woe to me." Directed outward, Ezekiel 24:6 and Hosea 7:13 introduce declarations against a city and a people, with the APB rendering "Woe to the city of blood" and "Woe to them."

   1 Samuel 4:7Isaiah 6:5Ezekiel 24:6Hosea 7:13Jeremiah 4:13Numbers 21:29

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB commonly presents the interjection as "Woe" directed to or concerning the distressed party, including "Woe to us," "Woe to me," and "Woe to them." These renderings confirm the clauses' lament or threat without isolating every individual token.