kuma denotes sea waves that batter, cover, or toss a boat, and can picture wild, foaming waves.

The attested use denotes sea waves in storm scenes, where they beat against, cover, or toss a boat; Jude 1:13 also uses wild, foaming sea waves in a comparison.

1. Sea waves affecting a boat · dominant

   In Mark 4:37 the nominative plural occurs as the waves beat against the boat; in Matthew 14:24 and Matthew 8:24 the genitive plural is used where the boat is tossed by or covered by the waves. The APB renders these storm-sea clauses with "the waves".

   Mark 4:37Matthew 14:24Matthew 8:24
2. Wild, foaming sea waves in comparison · occasional

   In Jude 1:13 the nominative plural appears in the clause the APB renders "Wild waves of the sea, foaming up their own shames," alongside wandering stars.

   Jude 1:13

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB presents the term as "the waves" in the boat scenes and as "Wild waves of the sea" in Jude 1:13. These renderings confirm the verse contexts rather than establish finer distinctions.