sa.tam denotes hostile enmity toward another, expressed in threats, retaliation, and adversarial attack.

The attested use describes hostile enmity directed against another: Esau’s inward resolve to kill Jacob, Joseph’s brothers’ fear of retaliation, and hostile opposition in poetic settings. The supplied verses do not securely require separate lexical senses beyond this hostile stance.

1. Hostile enmity against another · dominant

   In Genesis 27:41, the sequential imperfect occurs as Esau inwardly resolves to kill Jacob after the blessing; the APB renders the clause, “Esau hated Jacob.” In Genesis 50:15, Joseph’s brothers fear that Joseph will turn against them and repay their harm; Job 16:9 and Job 30:21 place the verb amid anger, gnashing teeth, cruelty, and an adversary’s gaze. Genesis 49:23 presents plural hostile actors who attack and harass, while Psalm 55:4 places the form in a context of inward trembling and terrors of death; the lemma’s precise contribution in that latter translation is not isolated.

   Genesis 27:41Genesis 49:23Genesis 50:15Job 16:9Job 30:21Psalm 55:4

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB explicitly uses “hated” in Genesis 27:41, Genesis 50:15, Job 16:9, and Job 30:21. In Genesis 49:23 it presents attack and harassment, and in Psalm 55:4 it does not isolate a corresponding English word; These renderings do not by themselves define the lemma.