shab.ba.ton denotes a Sabbath observance marked in these commands by holiness, refraining from work, or rest for the land.

The noun occurs as the designation of a Sabbath observance in commands that set apart a day or year: the surrounding clauses speak of holiness, abstaining from work, personal affliction, and leaving the land unsown and unpruned.

1. Sabbath observance in commanded settings · dominant

   The masculine singular absolute noun appears in commands concerning a designated Sabbath. In Exodus 16:23 the APB renders the surrounding announcement as a coming day of “solemn rest”; in Exodus 31:15 and Exodus 35:2, work is contrasted with the seventh-day observance, while Leviticus 25:4 and Leviticus 25:5 apply the observance to the land through prohibitions on sowing, pruning, reaping, and gathering.

   Exodus 16:23Exodus 31:15Exodus 35:2Leviticus 23:3Leviticus 25:4Leviticus 25:5

In the Anselm Project Bible: Across the verses, the APB uses expressions including “solemn rest,” “complete rest,” and “sabbath observance.” Because its English is a whole-verse translation, those expressions show the presentation of the clauses rather than fixed individual renderings of the noun.