na.aph denotes adultery, named in prohibitions, accusations, and acts involving a neighbor’s wife or idols.

The verb consistently names adultery: it occurs in direct prohibitions, in descriptions of persons charged with the act, and in clauses that specify a neighbor’s wife, a husband, idols, or stone and tree as the context of the offense.

1. Adultery as a prohibited or condemned act · dominant

   The Qal imperfect directly prohibits the act in Exodus 20:14 and Deuteronomy 5:18. In Leviticus 20:10, Qal imperfect forms occur in a case involving another man’s wife, followed by active participles for the man and woman subject to punishment; Jeremiah 29:23 likewise places the act with neighbors’ wives. The same verb is also used where the stated objects are idols or stone and tree in Ezekiel 23:37 and Jeremiah 3:9.

   Exodus 20:14Deuteronomy 5:18Leviticus 20:10Jeremiah 29:23Ezekiel 23:37Jeremiah 3:9

In the Anselm Project Bible: Across these verses, the APB commonly renders the verb with “commit adultery” and its participial forms with labels such as “adulterer,” “adulteress,” or “adulterers.” In clauses involving idols or stone and tree, it still uses “committed adultery,” but the translation does not align individual English words to the Hebrew form.