cha.mas denotes harming or wronging people, possessions, and sacred things through destructive action.

The verb consistently marks harmful or destructive treatment: it is used of wronging people, injuring oneself or grapes, and damaging instruction, holy things, or a booth.

1. Harming or wronging through destructive treatment · dominant

   In Jeremiah 22:3, the Qal jussive addresses a prohibition against acting against the sojourner, orphan, and widow; the APB renders the clause "do not injure them." Job 21:27 and Proverbs 8:36 place Qal forms in accusations of being wronged and of harming one's own soul, while Ezekiel 22:26, Zephaniah 3:4, Job 15:33, and Lamentations 2:6 extend the harmful action to law, holiness, grapes, and a booth.

   Jeremiah 22:3Job 21:27Proverbs 8:36Ezekiel 22:26Zephaniah 3:4Lamentations 2:6

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB varies its presentation across the verses, using "injure," "wrong," "done violence," "treated... violently," and "injured." Because the APB is a whole-verse translation, these renderings confirm the broad context of harmful action without establishing separate lexical senses.