cha.tav denotes cutting wood and, in a passive image, material shaped or carved for construction.

The attested use most often concerns cutting wood, whether as an activity, an assigned occupation, or a comparison involving axes; a passive participle also describes pillars as carved for a palace.

1. Cutting wood or working as a woodcutter · dominant

   Active participles identify woodcutters assigned alongside water carriers in Joshua 9:21, Joshua 9:23, and Joshua 9:27. In Deuteronomy 19:5 the infinitive construct occurs when a man goes into the wood and the APB renders the action as “to chop trees”; Ezekiel 39:10 similarly renders the future action as cutting wood from forests, while Jeremiah 46:22 compares attackers with axes to those who chop wood.

   Deuteronomy 19:5Ezekiel 39:10Jeremiah 46:22Joshua 9:21Joshua 9:23Joshua 9:27
2. Carved or shaped architectural material · occasional

   Psalm 144:12 uses a Pual passive participle for daughters compared with corner pillars; the APB renders the image as pillars “carved for a palace.” The passive form presents the pillars as having received the shaping action.

   Psalm 144:12

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB presents the active use with “woodcutters,” “to chop trees,” “cut it,” and “those who chop wood,” while Psalm 144:12 uses “carved” for the passive image. These renderings confirm the clauses' imagery rather than defining each form independently.