za.am describes hostile indignation, including the denunciation or anger directed against persons or communities.

The attested use centers on hostile indignation directed toward a person or people, whether expressed as divine anger against enemies and cities or as denunciation in human speech. The same usage appears in commands and questions about denouncing, in descriptions of an indignant person or face, and in passive forms for someone under such anger.

1. Hostile indignation or denunciation · dominant

   In Malachi 1:4, the perfect form describes a people toward whom the LORD is indignant; Zechariah 1:12 likewise asks about Jerusalem and Judah, with which the LORD has been indignant. In Numbers 23:7 and Numbers 23:8, imperative and imperfect forms occur in the calls and questions about denouncing Israel, while Daniel 11:30 places the sequential perfect in a clause where a ruler turns back and is “enraged against the holy covenant” in the APB.

   Malachi 1:4Zechariah 1:12Numbers 23:7Numbers 23:8Daniel 11:30Proverbs 24:24

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB presents the relevant clauses with “enraged,” “indignation,” “indignant,” and “denounce,” especially in Daniel 11:30, Isaiah 66:14, Malachi 1:4, Numbers 23:7, Numbers 23:8, and Proverbs 24:24. These are renderings of the clauses rather than fixed equivalents for each form.