za.a.vah denotes a condition or object of dread imposed upon people before surrounding kingdoms and nations.

The term consistently marks people as made into an object or condition of dread in contexts of judgment, defeat, disaster, or public disgrace. Its use in Ezekiel 23:46 similarly places those given over to an assembly and plunder under this fearful outcome.

1. A feared outcome or object of dread · dominant

   In Deuteronomy 28:25, Jeremiah 15:4, Jeremiah 29:18, and Jeremiah 34:17, the feminine singular absolute form occurs in clauses where people are made such before kingdoms or nations amid defeat, sword, famine, pestilence, or reproach. In 2 Chronicles 29:8, the APB renders the result of wrath upon Judah and Jerusalem as an object of “trembling, horror, desolation, and hissing.” In Ezekiel 23:46, the APB renders those given to an assembly and plunder as given “to horror.”

   2 Chronicles 29:8Deuteronomy 28:25Ezekiel 23:46Jeremiah 15:4Jeremiah 29:18Jeremiah 34:17

In the Anselm Project Bible: Across the occurrences, the APB repeatedly uses “horror,” including statements that people are made a horror or given to horror. In 2 Chronicles 29:8 it places “horror” within a broader list.