labor
kopos is exertion in work or service, and in some contexts the burden or trouble imposed on someone.
The prevailing use denotes exertion connected with work, service, hardship, and outcomes that may be rewarded or brought to completion. A smaller group of occurrences concerns the trouble or burden caused to another person.
Senses in use
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Exertion in work, service, and hardship · dominant
Across varied forms, the term marks effort connected with identifiable work: in 1 Corinthians 3:8 the APB renders the clause about planting and watering as receiving a wage according to one's “labor,” while in 1 Thessalonians 2:9 it places the effort alongside hardship and night-and-day work. In 2 Corinthians 11:27 the dative singular κόπῳ occurs in a list with hardship, sleeplessness, hunger, and thirst; John 4:38 speaks of entering into what others have done, and Revelation 14:13 speaks of rest after such exertions.
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Trouble or burden imposed on someone · occasional
In these accusative plural and singular uses, the term concerns causing difficulty rather than productive work. Luke 11:7 has the person inside say “Do not bother me,” Luke 18:5 describes the widow's repeated coming as wearing the judge out, and Mark 14:6 asks why the woman is being troubled; Galatians 6:17 likewise speaks of someone furnishing trouble.
In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB commonly presents the term with “labor,” “labored,” or “labors” in work and hardship settings, but uses “trouble,” “bother,” and “wear me out” in interpersonal scenes. Because the APB is a whole-verse translation, these renderings indicate the clauses' overall presentation rather than fixed equivalents.