ta.mah marks being astounded when people face an unexpected scene, calamity, rebuke, or a work beyond belief.

The attested use describes astonishment in response to striking events: men react to their seating order, nations are commanded to be astounded at an unbelievable work, and figures are depicted as astonished or appalled amid rebuke and disaster. The same response is also associated with trembling and distress, while Ecclesiastes 5:7 does not allow the translation to isolate the term's contribution.

1. Being struck with astonishment · dominant

   In Genesis 43:33, the sequential imperfect describes the men’s reaction as they see the firstborn and youngest seated according to age; the APB renders the scene “in astonishment.” In Habakkuk 1:5, two imperative forms command the audience to look and be astounded at a work they would not believe when recounted. Imperfect forms in Isaiah 13:8, Jeremiah 4:9, and Job 26:11 occur in scenes of pain, perishing hearts, and heavenly pillars trembling at rebuke; the APB presents these reactions as staring, being “appalled,” or being “astonished.”

   Genesis 43:33Habakkuk 1:5Isaiah 13:8Jeremiah 4:9Job 26:11Isaiah 29:9

In the Anselm Project Bible: The APB variously presents the reaction with “in astonishment,” “be astounded,” “appalled,” and “are astonished.” In Psalm 48:6 it instead describes trembling and agony, and in Ecclesiastes 5:7 it does not isolate the term.